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1.
The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer on the Opportunity rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Meridiani Planum. Chemical compositions differentiate between basaltic rocks, evaporite-rich rocks, basaltic soils, and hematite-rich soils. Although soils are compositionally similar to those at previous landing sites, differences in iron and some minor element concentrations signify the addition of local components. Rocky outcrops are rich in sulfur and variably enriched in bromine relative to chlorine. The interaction with water in the past is indicated by the chemical features in rocks and soils at this site.  相似文献   

2.
It is not known whether brown dwarfs [stellar-like objects with masses less than the hydrogen-burning limit, 0.075 solar mass (M)[symbol:see text]] are formed in the same way as solar-type stars or by some other process. Here we report the clear-cut identification of a self-gravitating condensation of gas and dust with a mass in the brown-dwarf regime, made through millimeter interferometric observations. The level of thermal millimeter continuum emission detected from this object indicates a mass ~0.02 to 0.03 M[symbol:see text], whereas the small radius, <460 astronomical units, and narrow spectral lines imply a dynamical mass of 0.015 to 0.02 M[symbol:see text]. The identification of such a pre-brown dwarf core supports models according to which brown dwarfs are formed in the same manner as hydrogen-burning stars.  相似文献   

3.
土壤、沉积物、水体和生物体之间的接触和作用形成了多种环境微界面。这些环境微界面是物质迁移转化的重要场所,而高度时空异质性的界面特征使得对其中化学反应信息的捕捉变得极其复杂且困难。薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术以其原位测量元素生物有效态和高空间分辨率等优势,适用于研究化学异质性的界面过程。本文系统总结了DGT技术在环境微界面的物质运移过程研究中的应用现状,包括以下3方面内容:一是一维物质浓度测定;二是二维化学分布成像;三是与薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)、平衡式孔隙水采样器(Peeper)和平面光极(PO)等技术联用同步获取多种溶质分布信息。现有研究证据表明,DGT适合在亚毫米(几十至几百微米)至毫米尺度研究环境微界面营养盐和污染物运移的生物地球化学过程,并可与其他化学成像技术结合研究物质跨界面运移的驱动因子和动力学特征。最后,在DGT技术发展与应用场景扩展等方面提出了几点展望。  相似文献   

4.
Chimpanzees from the Tai forest of C?te d'Ivoire produce unintentional flaked stone assemblages at nut-cracking sites, leaving behind a record of tool use and plant consumption that is recoverable with archaeological methods. About 40 kilograms of nutshell and 4 kilograms of stone were excavated at the Panda 100 site. The data unearthed show that chimpanzees transported stones from outcrops and soils to focal points, where they used them as hammers to process foodstuff. The repeated use of activity areas led to refuse accumulation and site formation. The implications of these data for the interpretation of the earliest hominin archaeological record are explored.  相似文献   

5.
天津市区土壤多环芳烃含量与国外若干城市的比较   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  
通过现场采样及室内测试方法，分析了天津市区土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量，并与国外的曼谷、塔林以及新奥尔良市区土壤中PAHs的含量进行了对比和分析。结果发现，工业化、城市化水平高的地区，土壤PAHs含量的总体水平较高，城市地区土壤PAHs污染一般以燃烧为主要来源，某些情况下，油矿类污染也是主要的污染源之一。从大尺度上看，气候是影响土壤中PAHs含量的重要环境因素。土壤中PAHs的挥发、光解等自然降解过程的强度存在着一定的纬度地带性变化规律，该过程强度由低纬向高纬逐渐降低。  相似文献   

6.
Laser-focused atomic deposition   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The ability to fabricate nanometer-sized structures that are stable in air has the potential to contribute significantly to the advancement of new nanotechnologies and our understanding of nanoscale systems. Laser light can be used to control the motion of atoms on a nanoscopic scale. Chromium atoms were focused by a standing-wave laser field as they deposited onto a silicon substrate. The resulting nanostructure consisted of a series of narrow lines covering 0.4 millimeter by 1 millimeter. Atomic force microscopy measurements showed a line width of 65 +/- 6 nanometers, a spacing of 212.78 nanometers, and a height of 34 +/-+ 10 nanometers. The observed line widths and shapes are compared with the predictions of a semiclassical atom optical model.  相似文献   

7.
湖北中晚更新世沉积物母质上土壤某些特性的比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在湖北省中晚更新世沉积母质发育的土壤上,观察了6个代表性剖面。并以黄土母质上发育的褐土作为对照,分层取样进行了某些土壤性质的测定。以此分析两种母质上形成的土壤的异同点。两种土壤共同的特征是全剖面质地粘重,粉粘比小。中更新世沉积物上发育的土壤,其盐基指数低于晚更新世沉积物上发育的土壤。而分解系数则相反。中更新世沉积物形成的棕红壤,其粘土矿物以高岭石、水云母为主;晚更新世沉积物形成的黄棕壤,黄褐土,粘土矿物以水云母、蛭石为主,高岭石次之。后者处于脱硅的初级阶段,前者则呈明显的脱硅现象,且土壤中存在的无定形硅前者约为后者的两倍。  相似文献   

8.
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Opportunity investigated the mineral abundances and compositions of outcrops, rocks, and soils at Meridiani Planum. Coarse crystalline hematite and olivine-rich basaltic sands were observed as predicted from orbital TES spectroscopy. Outcrops of aqueous origin are composed of 15 to 35% by volume magnesium and calcium sulfates [a high-silica component modeled as a combination of glass, feldspar, and sheet silicates (approximately 20 to 30%)], and hematite; only minor jarosite is identified in Mini-TES spectra. Mini-TES spectra show only a hematite signature in the millimeter-sized spherules. Basaltic materials have more plagioclase than pyroxene, contain olivine, and are similar in inferred mineral composition to basalt mapped from orbit. Bounce rock is dominated by clinopyroxene and is close in inferred mineral composition to the basaltic martian meteorites. Bright wind streak material matches global dust. Waterlain rocks covered by unaltered basaltic sands suggest a change from an aqueous environment to one dominated by physical weathering.  相似文献   

9.
Soil contamination with heavy metal(loid)s threatens soil ecological functions, water quality and food safety; the latter is the focus of this review. Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are the toxic elements of most concern for food safety because they are relatively easily taken up by food crops. Rice is a major contributor of both Cd and As intakes to the Chinese population. Contamination and soil acidification are the main causes of high Cd levels in rice grains produced in some areas of southern China. The risk of Cd and As accumulation in food crops can be mitigated through agronomic practices and crop breeding. Liming is effective and economical at reducing Cd uptake by rice in acid soils. Paddy water management can produce opposite effects on Cd and As accumulation. Many genes controlling Cd and As uptake and translocation have been characterized, paving the way to breeding low accumulating crop cultivars through marker-assisted molecular breeding or genetic engineering. It is important to protect agricultural soils from future contamination. Long-term monitoring of anthropogenic additions and accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils should be undertaken. Mass-balance models should be constructed to evaluate future trends of metal(loid)s in agricultural soils at a regional scale.  相似文献   

10.
The use of bottom-up approaches to construct patterned surfaces for technological applications is appealing, but to date is applicable to only relatively small areas (approximately 10 square micrometers). We constructed highly periodic patterns at macroscopic length scales, in the range of square millimeters, by combining self-assembly of disk-like porphyrin dyes with physical dewetting phenomena. The patterns consisted of equidistant 5-nanometer-wide lines spaced 0.5 to 1 micrometers apart, forming single porphyrin stacks containing millions of molecules, and were formed spontaneously upon drop-casting a solution of the molecules onto a mica surface. On glass, thicker lines are formed, which can be used to align liquid crystals in large domains of square millimeter size.  相似文献   

11.
高寒草甸“黑土滩”对土壤养分的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对玛多县花石峡镇原生植被土壤和"黑土滩"土壤养分的研究结果表明:玛多县花石峡镇高寒草甸"黑土滩"土壤与原生植被土壤相比,总的养分含量均下降了,并且随着土层的加深,所有供试土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量都呈下降趋势;土壤的有机碳和全氮在各土层间都表现出显著的差异(P<0.05);并且土壤的有机碳密度随退化程度的加剧和土层的加深而显著下降;原生植被(未退化地)土壤的pH均小于 "黑土滩"土壤,并随着土壤深度的加深而升高;总的来看,8月土壤养分含量总体上均高于6月的土壤,并且都主要集中在表层土壤中.  相似文献   

12.
Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars in the Mawrth Vallis region show several phyllosilicate species, indicating a wide range of past aqueous activity. Iron/magnesium (Fe/Mg)-smectite is observed in light-toned outcrops that probably formed via aqueous alteration of basalt of the ancient cratered terrain. This unit is overlain by rocks rich in hydrated silica, montmorillonite, and kaolinite that may have formed via subsequent leaching of Fe and Mg through extended aqueous events or a change in aqueous chemistry. A spectral feature attributed to an Fe2+ phase is present in many locations in the Mawrth Vallis region at the transition from Fe/Mg-smectite to aluminum/silicon (Al/Si)-rich units. Fe2+-bearing materials in terrestrial sediments are typically associated with microorganisms or changes in pH or cations and could be explained here by hydrothermal activity. The stratigraphy of Fe/Mg-smectite overlain by a ferrous phase, hydrated silica, and then Al-phyllosilicates implies a complex aqueous history.  相似文献   

13.
沘江流域农田土壤重金属污染特征及原因剖析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以沘江流域农田土壤为研究对象,通过土壤采样测试分析,运用单因子评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和相对污染指数法,分析了沘江流域农田土壤重金属As、Cd、Pb和Zn的污染特征及原因。结果表明:按照国家土壤环境质量标准(Ⅱ),沘江流域农田土壤中Cd大范围严重超标,其次是Pb和Zn,而As没有超标;土壤单因子污染指数CdZnPbAs,农田土壤广泛受到重金属Cd的极重污染,大部分农田土壤受Zn重污染,Pb中度污染且集中在矿区2号段,而As仅对2号段少部分农田土壤有中度污染;内梅罗综合污染指数显示,农田土壤内梅罗综合污染指数达到重污染等级;相对污染指数显示,农田土壤As、Cd、Pb和Zn相对污染指数均超标,超标率PbZnCdAs,说明兰坪铅锌矿的开发对土壤污染影响最大的是Pb和Zn。沘江流域农田土壤中重金属污染不仅由金顶铅锌矿开发所造成,而且与其高背景值也有关系。沘江上游到下游沿岸农田土壤重金属污染空间变化显著。矿区上游土壤的重金属单因子污染和综合污染均最低,离矿区最近的土壤污染最高,离矿区稍有一定距离的土壤污染迅速下降,中游的4号段污染有一定升高,到5号段云龙县城附近污染又逐渐上升,但上升幅度较小。沘江流域农田As、Cd、Pb和Zn污染之间的相关性显著,同源的概率非常大,存在4种重金属复合污染的危险。  相似文献   

14.
巨龙竹竹材结构及其变异的解剖学研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
对巨龙竹两种变异类型的秆茎结构进行了解剖学研究，对其维管束、导管、纤维的形态特征进行了定量显微观测和系统分析，结果为：巨龙竹的维管束为断腰型和双断腰型，双断腰型的维管束仅发生在茎秆的基部；维管束的长度为0．17～1．77mm，平均0．68mm；宽0．14～1．08mm，平均0．67mm；长宽比0．29～3．00，平均1．03；最大密度17．5个/mm^2，最小为1个／mm^2，平均5．98个／mm^2；在同一秆茎的不同高度(轴向)及同一高度的不同部位(径向)维管束的大小和分布各有不同；巨龙竹发生节间缩短的变异时，节间中的各项成分如导管、纤维等亦有缩短的趋势。  相似文献   

15.
The properties and potential of soils of the tropics are poorly understood. The old idea that laterite is formed when tropical soils are cleared is true of only a small proportion of the area. In most features, soils in the tropics are similar or equivalent to soils in the temperate regions. Specifically, soil organic matter contents, commonly believed to be low in the tropics, are essentially similar to those of the temperate regions. While the basic concepts about physical and chemical behavior developed in the nonglaciated temperate regions are directly applicable to the tropics, the development of soil management practices for sustained food production involves different strategies because of environmental and economic constraints. A major distinction is made between the development of high base status and low base status soils. With the former, soil management practices should be aimed at maximizing the potential of high-yielding varieties and improving intercropping systems with relatively intensive fertilizer inputs. With the low base status soils of the vast savanna and jungle areas energyrelated inputs should be optimized by (i) selecting of crop varieties and species more tolerant to nutritional deficiencies or toxicities, (ii) applying fertilizers at lower rates than those recommended by classic marginal analysis, and (iii) increasing the efficiency of applied fertilizers in such soils.  相似文献   

16.
为了研究城郊农业土壤重金属空间分布特征和来源,以宁镇城郊农业土壤为研究对象,利用Arcgis中地统计学方法研究了三种尺度下重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb的空间变化特征,运用PCA法分析土壤重金属的来源及尺度差异。研究结果表明:除了Ni之外,土壤中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb的含量均超过了南京土壤背景值,土壤重金属的空间格局呈现明显差异;Ni、As在小尺度下能更好地反映其本身的空间分布格局,而Cr、Pb在大尺度下能更好地反映出主要的空间分布特征,Cu、Zn在3种尺度下均没有明显差异。通过主成分分析和周边环境分析,认为Pb、As主要受交通运输活动的影响,Cu、Zn主要受农业活动的影响, Ni、Cr则受土壤成土母质的影响,但不同尺度显示的土壤成分与重金属关联性存在差异,小尺度要明显好于中、大尺度。  相似文献   

17.
Eruption of 1-million-year-old tholeiitic basalt >1800 meters below sea level (>18 megapascals) in a backarc rift behind the Bonin arc produced a scoriaceous breccia similar in some respects to that formed during subaerial eruptions. Explosion of the magma is thought to have produced frothy agglutinate which welded either on the sea floor or in a submarine eruption column. The resulting 135-meter-thick pyroclastic deposit has paleomagnetic inclinations that are random at a scale of <2.5 meters. High magmatic water content, which is about 1.3 percent by weight after vesiculation, contributed to the explosivity.  相似文献   

18.
The morphological properties of the rice meadow-boggy soils in the Kuban region have been characterized. The basic elementary processes of soil-formation, such as gleization, hardsetting, and decarbonizing, have been revealed. It is indicated that the buried relic horizons of soils formed under the soil-formation conditions differed from those in the modern environments and they are found at the depth of 93 cm. The thickness of the top buried layer is 2–3 times greater than that of the arable horizons. The buried horizons are deeply compacted and little affected by the processes of leaching and gleization.  相似文献   

19.
Diamond powder can be successfully cemented with cobalt. At 62 kilobars the sintering occurs over the temperature range from 1570 degrees to 1610 degrees C. The maximum microhardness of the compact ( 3000 kilograms per square millimeter on the Knoop scale) is obtained with a mixture of 20 percent cobalt (by volume) and a diamond particle size of 1 to 5 micrometers.  相似文献   

20.
依托扫描电子显微技术,研究了长白山高山珍稀濒危植物牛皮杜鹃、毛毡杜鹃及苞叶杜鹃的叶片结构,分析了其对高山环境的适应性。结果表明:3种杜鹃叶片均为异面叶,具表皮附属物。上表皮由1～2层细胞组成,有角质层,无气孔器;下表皮由1层细胞组成,有气孔器分布。栅栏组织细胞排列紧密有2～8层,海绵组织细胞间隙大,中脉维管束为圆形外韧型。此外,叶片的表皮附属物类型,气孔器特点,海绵组织细胞排列方式等差异明显。3种杜鹃植物的扫描电镜结构特征,既为种间鉴别提供了依据,也反映了其对高山环境的适应性。   相似文献   

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