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1.
为调查玉米/大豆间作种植模式对农田大型土壤动物群落结构动态特征的影响,采用手拣法捕获土壤动物,于2016年6～9月玉米生育期内对大型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、垂直分布和功能群特征进行了研究。结果表明:玉米生育期共捕获大型土壤动物818只,隶属于34个类群。大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在拔节期间作种植显著提高了土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);玉米拔节、抽穗和成熟期10～20 cm土层大型土壤动物个体数显著高于0～10和20～30 cm土层(P<0.05)。Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数随玉米生长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在拔节期Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数均最大;Simpson指数总体与Shannon-Weiner指数变化趋势相反,随玉米生长呈现先下降后升高的趋势。间作种植在成熟期显著提高了植食性大型土壤动物个体数,在拔节期显著提高了捕食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈增加的趋势;捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生育期基本呈增加的趋势。  相似文献   

2.
摘 要 调查不同玉米秸秆还田量下农田大型土壤动物群落动态特征，于2016年6—9月玉米生育期内进行，采用手拣法捕获土壤动物。结果表明：共捕获大型土壤动物2 681只，隶属于41个类群。方差分析显示，13 500 kg?hm-2还田处理(SR4)显著提高了大型土壤动物个体数，12 000 kg?hm-2还田处理(SR3)显著提高了大型土壤动物类群数。多样性表明：多样性指数和丰富度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出先增加后下降的趋势；均匀度指数随玉米生长季总体呈现出下降的趋势；优势度指数总体与多样性指数变化趋势相反，随玉米生长季呈现出先下降后增加的趋势。垂直分布表明：随玉米的生长时期的推移，表层0~10 cm土层的大型土壤动物有向10~20 cm土层下移的趋势。功能群特征表明：捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现先增加后下降的趋势；植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长季呈现增加的趋势；杂食性大型土壤动物个体数在玉米生长季无明显变化。RDA分析表明：受农田土壤环境因子影响较大的大型土壤动物类群主要是研究区的优势类群，大型土壤动物的个体数与土壤有机质含量和土壤含水量关系紧密。总体上，玉米秸秆还田影响地表土壤的微环境，进而影响了大型土壤动物群落的组成、分布特征和功能群，玉米秸秆还田有益于农田大型土壤动物功能群的发展。  相似文献   

3.
为了解放牧和刈割对草甸草原中小型土壤动物群落结构的影响,于2019~2020年在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗贝加尔针茅草甸草原采用自由放牧、刈割和围封3种不同草地利用方式下,研究了内蒙古草甸草原中小型土壤动物群落结构特征。调查研究在草地返青期、生长期和枯黄期3个时期进行,共捕获中小型土壤动物284只,隶属于12目34个类群。结果表明:放牧导致中小型土壤动物数量、类群数和多样性指数降低,而刈割影响相对较轻;返青期、生长期、枯黄期对应的春、夏、秋三季中小型土壤动物群落结构存在明显差异,土壤动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均在草地枯黄期最多。放牧和刈割利用方式下改变了草甸草原中小型土壤动物在草地生长期Shannon-Weiner指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数的变化趋势。中小型土壤动物群落表聚性在刈割利用方式中表现最为典型,放牧利用方式下0~10 cm土层中小型土壤动物有向10~20 cm 土层移动趋势;土壤pH和速效钾含量与中小型土壤动物类群有密切关系。  相似文献   

4.
采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。  相似文献   

5.
对大兴安岭北部塔河县7个森林群落的土壤动物进行研究,将该区土壤动物划分为腐食性、植食性和捕食性动物三个功能类群,无论个体数量还是生物量,腐食性动物所占比例都最大,而植食性和捕食性动物所占比例较小。土壤动物各功能类群在组成、个体数量和生物量等方面均具有相对稳定性,并在一定程度上反映了环境质量。土壤环境条件优越的群落,腐食性动物的个体数量及生物量所占比例相应较大。与小兴安岭森林土壤动物相比,大兴安岭地区腐食性动物所占比例减小,植食性和捕食性动物所占比例相应增加。各地区的共有类群反映了大环境的相似程度,而特有类群则反映出各自局地环境的特殊性,它们对生态系统具有指示作用。  相似文献   

6.
不同堆腐时间猪粪对花生产量及土壤动物群落影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了科学制订猪粪堆肥腐熟度的标准,在田间试验条件下s以施化肥和不施肥处理为对照,研究了不同堆腐时间(0 d、10 d、20 d和30 d)猪粪对花生产量及土壤生物的影响。采用手捡法和Tullgren漏斗法分别捕获土壤动物,进行分类鉴定。结果表明:猪粪堆腐30 d处理的花生产量最高,为6 713.4 kg.hm 2,显著高于猪粪堆腐0 d、10 d、20 d和不施肥处理(P<0.05)。各处理土壤动物数据的方差分析表明,手捡法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在处理间均无显著差异(P>0.05);Tullgren漏斗法分离土壤动物个体数(F=2.69,P<0.05)和均匀度指数(F=6.40,P<0.01)在处理间有显著和极显著差异,捕获个体数排序为:猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d>猪粪堆腐0 d>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>不施肥对照;均匀度指数排序为:猪粪堆腐0 d>不施肥>猪粪堆腐20 d>化肥>猪粪堆腐10 d>猪粪堆腐30 d。手捡法和Tullgren法分离土壤动物类群数、个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同取样时间之间均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。S rensen指数和Whittaker指数表明,不同处理间土壤动物群落物种和群落组成的相似度均较高。将猪粪腐熟指标分别与手捡法和Tullgren法捕获土壤动物的总类群数、总个体数、多样性指数和均匀度指数进行相关分析,结果表明,手捡法捕获土壤动物总个体数、总类群数和不同腐熟度猪粪总氮含量呈显著负相关(相关系数r分别为0.951、0.967,P<0.05),总个体数与花生产量负相关(r=0.916,P<0.1),腐殖质总量与多样性指数呈正相关(r=0.916,P<0.1)。Tullgren法捕获土壤动物类群数与胡敏酸呈显著负相关(r=0.958,P<0.05),与猪粪总磷含量呈负相关(r=0.917,P<0.1),与pH和富里酸呈正相关(r分别为0.919、0.921,P<0.1)。土壤动物主成分分析结果表明,在手捡法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的直翅目、蜱螨目、蜘蛛目和倍足纲等动物出现较多;在Tullgren法捕获动物中,猪粪腐熟30 d处理的弹尾目、膜翅目、原尾目、盲蛛目、双尾目、鞘翅目和双翅目出现较多。研究表明,施用高腐熟度猪粪可显著提高花生产量。高腐熟度猪粪处理下,手捡法捕获大型土壤动物个体数和种群数较少,群落多样性和均匀度较高;Tullgren法捕获中型土壤动物个体数较多,种群数和群落多样性较低,均匀度显著较低。  相似文献   

7.
陕北枣林土壤动物功能类群及其害虫生态调控   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在陕北枣林研究区域内,以土壤动物为研究对象,采取野外调查取样、定点动态观测与室内鉴定分类的研究方法,选取了延安万花山、延川县、清涧县、佳县枣林4个样点7个样地,于2007年3月、6月、9月、11月,对土壤动物功能类群进行了初步研究。陕北枣林土壤动物可划分为植食性、捕食性、腐食性、枯食性、菌食性土壤、杂食性土壤动物6个功能类群,基于土壤动物功能类群与枣林病虫害生态调控的内在关系,建构陕北枣林害虫生态调控体系,为深入探讨土壤动物与枣林害虫生态调控的关系提供基础资料和理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
分别于2011年5月、7月和9月,通过设置免耕农田不同的玉米秸秆覆盖率,调查了中小型土壤动物的生态分布特征.采用Tullgren法分离中小型土壤动物,室内显微镜下鉴定.结果表明:共获得中小型土壤动物6 814只.其中优势类群:甲螨(Oribatida)和辐螨(Actinedida),占总个体数的77.71％.土壤动物集中分布在0-10 cm土层,占总个体数的76％,表聚性明显.Margalef物种丰富度指数(R)指数显示,R(全秸秆覆盖+免耕)3.10＞R(50％秸秆覆盖+免耕)2.96＞R(普通玉米田)2.18,说明全玉米秸秆覆盖免耕的农田中小型土壤动物类群多样性最高,个体数量最多.50％秸秆覆盖和全秸秆覆盖处理下中小型土壤动物的丰富度均高于普通玉米田.全秸秆覆盖免耕条件下螨类的数量是2 680只,是普通玉米田螨类数量的1.32倍.在50％秸秆覆盖+免耕、全秸秆覆盖+免耕和普通玉米田这3种不同秸秆覆盖率和土壤环境下,中小型土壤动物的季节分布差异明显.全秸秆覆盖与普通玉米田相比,能提供更丰富的生存条件,有效提高了中小型土壤动物的生物多样性.  相似文献   

9.
朱新玉  胡云川  侯瑞华 《土壤》2016,48(6):1131-1138
为查明故道湿地大型土壤动物类群对不同湿地类型的响应,于2014年对豫东黄河故道的盐碱滩地、湿草地、芦苇湿地和林地4种类型湿地的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查。结果表明:豫东黄河故道不同湿地类型大型土壤动物群落的类群数和优势类群均存在显著差异,优势类群和主要类群的差异也反映出不同湿地类型环境的异质性。季节变化对大型土壤动物群落类群数、密度和多样性指数均有显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),且不同湿地类型大型土壤动物对季节变化的响应存在差异。湿地不同的土壤环境因子,尤其是土壤有机质、氮磷和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的含量与大型土壤动物类群数、密度和多样性间存在显著相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。  相似文献   

10.
外源C、N干扰下吉林黑土区农田土壤动物组成与结构   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
2011年5月至9月作物生长期间,采用手拣法、改良干漏斗与湿漏斗三种方法,对吉林黑土区7种外源C、N干扰处理,即对照组(不施肥,CK)、0.5倍、1.0倍和2.0倍的外源C和N处理(C0.5、C1.0、C2.0、N0.5、N1.0、N2.0)农田土壤动物组成与结构进行研究.在作物生长季节,5次采样共获得土壤动物56 886只(未鉴定标本80只),隶属3门11纲23目3亚目79科(总科).数据分析显示,农田土壤动物主要集中在0～5 cm,基本上是随着土壤剖面加深而呈现下降趋势;与对照(CK)相比,农田土壤动物个体数与类群数随外源C浓度升高而呈递增趋势;农田大型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递减趋势;农田中小型土壤动物个体数随外源N浓度升高呈递增趋势.在研究时段内,土壤动物个体数与类群数于5-8月份呈现出上升趋势,9月份出现下降.方差分析显示,外源C、N干扰对农田中小型土壤动物个体数与类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数影响显著(p＜0.01),农田土壤动物个体数与类群数在作物生长季节内变化显著(P＜0.01).外源C、外源N分解释放出的养分与中小型土壤动物个体数、类群数以及大型土壤动物类群数密切相关.外源C有益于农田土壤动物功能群、大型与中小型农田土壤动物群落组成多样化.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

15.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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