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1.
Two experiments were designed to determine the effect of gas production during in vitro digestion on functional specific gravity (FSG) of forage particles. In Exp. 1, FSG of ground alfalfa hay decreased from 1.123 to 1.049 between 3 and 9 h of incubation and increased thereafter to reach a plateau at 1.309 after 30 h of incubation. Gas production peaked at 6 h, but gas associated with particles increased until 9 h of incubation. Gas associated with solid residue was correlated to gas production (r = -.67) but also was influenced by gas holding capacity and rate of escape from the particles. In Exp. 2, measurements were performed on ground alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, and bromegrass hay containing 42.6, 35, and 66.4% NDF, respectively. Gas production seemed to be related to the amount of readily available substrate. Although at 9 h of incubation more gas was produced by alfalfa silage (.235 mL.min-1.g of DM-1) than by bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay (.087 and .187 mL.min-1.g of DM-1, respectively), gas associated with particles was greater for alfalfa hay (.416 mL/g of DM) than for bromegrass hay and alfalfa silage (.256 and .281 mL/g of DM, respectively). The increase in FSG was more rapid for alfalfa silage than for the hays. After 27 h of digestion, gas associated with particles (milliliters per gram of DM) and FSG were .164, 1.226; .147, 1.235; and .001, 1.467 for bromegrass hay, alfalfa hay, and alfalfa silage, respectively. Gas produced during fermentation delayed the increase in specific gravity of forage particles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
The effects of barley flour on the fermentation parameters of alfalfa silage and on the productivity of dairy cows were investigated. Alfalfa forage was ensiled either with or without barley flour. Barley flour was soaked in water for 24 h before being mixed with alfalfa (12 kg: 100 kg dry matter bases) at ensiling. Eighteen multi-parous cows were assigned to three equal treatment groups using a completely randomized design. Three isocaloric and isonitrogenous total mixed rations containing alfalfa hay, ordinary alfalfa silage or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage were then prepared. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid and butyric acid were lower in barley flour mixed alfalfa silage compared to that in ordinary alfalfa silage but the concentration of lactic acid was lower in the ordinary alfalfa silage. Feeding behavior, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites were measured. Although dry matter intake and milk production were not affected, the effect of preparation of alfalfa influenced feeding behavior and rumen fermentation parameters. Cows on alfalfa silage diets spent longer ruminating compared to those fed alfalfa hay. The ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea were affected by ensiling (alfalfa hay versus alfalfa silages) while both parameters were lower in cows fed on barley flour mixed alfalfa silage than those fed on ordinary silage. Although similar blood glucose was recorded for cows fed on alfalfa silages, it was higher in cows fed on alfalfa hay. It is concluded that the addition of barely flour when making alfalfa silage may improve both the fermentation process during ensilage and the ruminal ammonia nitrogen utilization with no significant effects on productivity.  相似文献   

3.
Six Hereford steers averaging 256 kg were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement within a 6 x 6 Latin square design to study the effect of forage conservation (silage vs hay) and N supplementation (0, 200 g of fish meal plus 43 g of urea, or 400 g of fish meal) on ruminal characteristics, digestibility, blood urea, and in situ degradability of DM, N, and ADF. Dry matter intake of forage and total DMI did not differ among treatments (P greater than .05) and averaged 5.3 and 5.5 kg, respectively. Steers fed silage had greater (P less than .05) pH and concentrations of ammonia N, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate in the rumen than in the rumen of those fed hay. Nitrogen supplementation increased (P less than .05) concentrations of total VFA and valerate in the rumen. Digestibility of N and ADF was greater (P less than .05) for silage than for hay, and N supplementation increased digestibility of N. Plasma urea concentrations were greater (P less than .05) for steers fed silage than for those fed hay. These data suggest that feed utilization is better with silage than with hay and is increased by N supplementation.  相似文献   

4.
本研究旨在评定不同蛋白质饲料(豆粕、双低菜籽粕、膨化大豆、玉米蛋白粉、棉籽粕)和粗饲料(苜蓿干草、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、苜蓿青贮、羊草)的营养价值,并研究其奶牛瘤胃降解特性.选择5头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋评定法评定饲料瘤胃有效降解率和动态降解率.结果表明:1)各蛋白质饲料干物质(DM)含量差异不显...  相似文献   

5.
旨在探讨非常规粗饲料(玉米芯、毛豆荚壳)与奶牛常用粗饲料(苜蓿干草、玉米青贮)在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律,试验选用3只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法测定4种粗饲料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解规律。结果表明:1)苜蓿干草和毛豆荚壳的CP含量分别为17.55%和11.10%,且苜蓿干草显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05);玉米芯和玉米青贮的CP含量分别为2.97%和8.41%,且玉米芯显著低于玉米青贮(P<0.05);玉米芯的NDF和ADF含量显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),达到79.98%和43.35%。2)苜蓿干草的DM有效降解率最高(P<0.05),由高到低依次为苜蓿干草、毛豆荚壳、玉米青贮和玉米芯。毛豆荚壳的CP有效降解率显著高于其他3种粗饲料(P<0.05),由高到低依次为毛豆荚壳、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和玉米芯。苜蓿干草的NDF有效降解率显著高于毛豆荚壳(P<0.05),玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05);玉米芯的ADF有效降解率最高(P<0.05),苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和毛豆荚壳无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,玉米芯和毛豆荚壳可作为非常规粗饲料资源加以开发利用。  相似文献   

6.
This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty‐five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis‐9, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3.  相似文献   

7.
本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。  相似文献   

8.
This study was conducted to investigate the particulate passage rate, nutrient characteristics and fermentation parameters across the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in lactating dairy cows fed cereal straws in comparison with alfalfa hay. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets consisting of 55% concentrate, 15% corn silage and 30% different forage sources as follows (% of dry matter [DM]): (i) 23% alfalfa hay and 7% Chinese wild rye hay (AH); (ii) 30% corn stover (CS); and (iii) 30% rice straw (RS). The Cr‐mordanted corn silage‐neutral detergent fibre was used to estimate the passage flow at week 14. After 14‐week feeding, the animals were slaughtered to collect the gastrointestinal digesta. Dietary forage sources had little effect on the fractional passage rates in the rumen (range from 5.05 to 6.25%/hr) or hindgut (range from 4.49 to 5.24%/hr). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the caecum was highest, followed by the rumen, colon and rectum, and the lowest in the abomasum and duodenum, indicating that the large intestines, especially caecum, are the important positions for carbohydrate degradation. Greater proportion of propionate and butyrate and lower acetate were found in the AH compared to CS or RS in colon, but higher acetate in abomasum was found in the cows fed CS or RS compared to AH. In conclusion, cereal straw diets did not change the particulate passage rate in the rumen and hindgut which might be mainly due to the similar DM intake among these three diets. Different forage source diets significantly changed VFA proportion in the abomasum and colon, indicating the existence of different digestion or absorption rates in these tracts among the experimental diets.  相似文献   

9.
To evaluate the influence of mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and ruminal function, five ruminally cannulated steers (550 kg) were fed an orchard grass hay diet ad libitum in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The mass of ruminal contents was altered by adding varying weights of modified tennis balls to the rumen before the initiation of each 15-d experimental period. Treatments consisted of 50 balls with a specific gravity of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, or 1.4; the total weight of the balls was 7.45, 8.50, 9.25, 10.55, and 11.55 kg, respectively. Increasing the specific gravity of the balls added to the rumen decreased DMI and particle passage rate (P < 0.05) in a linear manner. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and ruminal function of both forage and concentrate diets. Five ruminally cannulated steers (580 kg) were fed a 70% concentrate (DM basis) or an orchardgrass hay diet ad libitum in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The mass of ruminal contents was altered as in the first experiment. Treatments consisted of 0 balls added to the rumen of steers fed concentrate diet (control), 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.1 given to steers fed a concentrate diet, 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.4 given to steers fed a concentrate diet, 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.1 given to steers fed a hay diet, and 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.4 given to steers fed hay diet. The addition of balls to the rumen of steers fed the concentrate diet decreased DMI (P < 0.05) compared with the 0-ball treatment, and increasing specific gravity of balls also decreased DMI (P < 0.01) for both concentrate and hay diets. Adding balls to the rumen of steers fed the concentrate diet decreased particle passage rate (P < 0.05), whereas increasing specific gravity of balls decreased particle passage rate for both concentrate and hay diet. The results of this study suggest that the density of ruminal digesta can have an influence on voluntary intake of both forage and concentrate diets.  相似文献   

10.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence and forage and cow-calf production were evaluated on pastures containing smooth bromegrass with or without grazing-tolerant or hay-type alfalfa cultivars rotationally stocked in either a season-long or complementary system. In 1997, six 2.02-ha pastures were seeded with smooth bromegrass, a mixture of a grazing-tolerant alfalfa (Amerigraze variety) and smooth brome-grass, or a mixture of a hay-type alfalfa (Affinity variety) and smooth bromegrass to be used in season-long stocking systems. Four 2.02-ha pastures were seeded with smooth bromegrass on 1.21 ha of each pasture, and mixtures of either the grazing-tolerant or hay-type alfalfa cultivars and smooth bromegrass on the 0.81 ha of each pasture to be used in complementary stocking systems. All 10 pastures were divided into 10 paddocks and rotationally strip-stocked at 1.98 cow-calf units/ha with crossbred cows and calves for 120 and 141 d starting May 18, 1998 (yr 1), and May 6, 1999 (yr 2), respectively. Each year, first harvest forage was harvested as hay from 40% of all 10 pastures, this being the portions of the pasture seeded with the alfalfa-smooth brome-grass mixtures for pastures with the complementary stocking systems. In yr 1 and 2, the remaining 60% of each pasture was grazed for the first 44 and 54 d, and 100% of each pasture was grazed on d 45 to 120 and d 55 to 141, respectively. Proportions of alfalfa in the live dry matter of pastures seeded with the grazing-tolerant and hay-type alfalfa cultivars decreased by 70 and 55% in paddocks stocked season-long and by 60 and 42% in paddocks used for complementary stocking (alfalfa cultivar, P < 0.05; stocking system, P < 0.05) in yr 1, but decreased by 72% across cultivars and stocking systems in yr 2. Total (P < 0.08) forage masses in September of yr 1 and in August of yr 2 were greater in pastures in which alfalfa paddocks were stocked season-long than in those with complementary alfalfa stocking. Grazing of alfalfa in grass mixtures increased calf and total cow/calf weight gains in comparison with grazing of smooth bromegrass, but alfalfa persistence, measured as a proportion of the live dry matter, was not affected by alfalfa cultivar.  相似文献   

11.
Phosphorus (P) excretion in manure is a concern for dairy and beef producers. Excess P released into surface water runoff can lead to eutrophication and algal blooms in streams and lakes. One approach to reducing P excretion is to reduce dietary P. Data regarding P release from feedstuffs is limited and more precise formulations based on specific feed P release in the digestive tract may be one way to lower excreted P. In this experiment, the mobile nylon bag technique was used to determine the disappearance of P in corn silage, alfalfa hay, Coastal bermudagrass hay, and Tifton‐85 bermudagrass hay in steers after ruminal (24 h), ruminal + pepsin/HCl (rumen + PHCl), and ruminal + pepsin/HCl + intestinal (rumen + PHCl + I) incubation. Ruminal disappearance of P differed (p < 0.05) between feedstuffs and by site of incubation. Total tract (rumen + PHCl + I) P disappearance for corn silage, alfalfa hay, Coastal bermudagrass hay, and Tifton‐85 bermudagrass hay were 90.6%, 93.7%, 83.8% and 84.0% respectively. The range in P release (approximately 7%) indicates that considering P availability when balancing rations could have a measurable impact on subsequent P excretion from ruminants. More data concerning P availability as affected by other feed ingredients or plant species, maturity, and/or quality are needed to more accurately define P release from ruminant feeds.  相似文献   

12.
The utility of five water soluble markers (WSM) for measuring rumen liquid volume and dilution rate was examined in nine in vitro and in vivo experiments. The WSM tested included polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complexes of Cr, Co, Fe and Yb. Feedstuffs incubated in vitro absorbed variable amounts of distilled H2O and autoclaved rumen fluid with roughages imbibing greater (P less than .05) amounts of fluid than feeds higher in starch. Liquid present in the feeds tested reached equilibrium with added WSM in about 20 min. Corn grain in the whole or ground form appeared to exclude 4 to 16% of the WSM while imbibing water. Cottonseed hulls reduced detectable PEG due to some water soluble substance present. The WSM tested did not produce different estimates of dilution rate (P = .65) and volume (p = .29) of steers fed either 80% whole shelled corn, 90% chopped alfalfa hay or 90% prairie hay diets. Ruminal liquid measured by hand removal was about 4% greater than volume estimated by WSM. The percentage of total ruminal water associated with solids varied from 27 to 86% among steers. Compared with steers fed an 80% whole shelled corn diet, steers fed equal dry matter from alfalfa hay had 15% more dry matter in the rumen, 21% larger liquid volume, 80% greater ruminal liquid dilution rate and 116% greater rate of liquid flow from the rumen. Dilution rate of ruminal liquid during feeding was examined with six steers fed a 90% chopped alfalfa hay diet once daily at 1.8% of body weight. Dilution rate estimated with Co EDTA increased by 166% during the 4 h after feeding. The WSM did not influence (P greater than .10) digestibility of dry matter with steers fed a 90% roughage or a 90% concentrate ration. Recovery of WSM administered via a rumen cannula ranged from 96.8 to 99.7% in feces and 1.2 to 3.4% in urine. All WSM examined appeared suitable for estimating rumen liquid volume and dilution rate for diets not containing cottonseed hulls.  相似文献   

13.
为了解决高丹草因水分高造成青贮发酵品质不佳的问题,通过添加不同种类干草(玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和苜蓿干草)及干草添加量(12.5,25.0,37.5和50.0kg/t)对混贮高丹草营养价值、青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,单独青贮高丹草的丁酸含量较高,弗氏评分等级仅为"可",添加干草混贮可显著提高青贮高丹草的发酵品质,从添加干草的种类来看,添加小麦秸秆组青贮发酵品质最高,添加苜蓿干草组营养价值最高,苜蓿干草组的体外72h干物质消失率(IVDMD)、产气速率(c)和达到最大产气量1/2时的产气速率(AGPR)均为最高,3种干草在72h累积产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气延滞时期方面差异不显著(P0.05);从干草的添加量来看,添加25.0kg/t干草的青贮发酵品质最优,达到产气量1/2所需要时间也最长,添加50.0kg/t干草的营养价值和IVDMD最高,添加37.5kg/t干草的产气速率和AGPR最大,添加不同重量干草对混贮高丹草的72h累积产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气延滞时期无显著影响(P0.05)。综合考虑青贮发酵品质和饲料营养价值,得出最佳的混贮模式为在高丹草中添加37.5kg/t小麦秸秆,添加50.0kg/t苜蓿干草混贮高丹草的体外干物质消失率最高,添加37.5kg/t苜蓿干草组产气速率最快,添加50.0kg/t小麦秸秆组的72h累积产气量和理论最大产气量最高。  相似文献   

14.
[方法]选用装有瘤胃瘘管和小肠瘘管的肉牛作为试验动物,尼龙袋法测定肉牛常见饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率。[结果]结果表明,DM瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为玉米粉、麦麸、苜蓿干草、豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米青贮、醋糟、白酒糟;CP瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为苜蓿干草、麦麸、豆粕、醋糟、玉米粉、玉米青贮、菜籽粕、白酒糟;DM小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、白酒糟、醋糟、麦麸、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮;CP小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、苜蓿干草、麦麸、白酒糟、玉米青贮、醋糟。[结论]试验表明,不同饲料瘤胃降解特性不同,为小肠提供过瘤胃可消化蛋白的能力不同,且饲料的DM小肠消化率小于CP小肠消化率。  相似文献   

15.
An in vitro trial was conducted to investigate the effect of different inoculum sources (buffalo vs. cattle) on rumen fermentation and degradability. Incubations were carried out using rumen fluid obtained from buffalo or cattle fed the same diet [60% grass hay and 40% concentrate; 18 kg dry matter (DM)/day]. The fermentation kinetics of eight feeds commonly used in ruminant nutrition (alfalfa hay, barley meal, beet pulp, corn meal and silage, ryegrass hay and silage and soya bean meal s.e.) were studied with the in vitro gas production technique and rumen fermentation parameters (substrate disappearance, pH and volatile fatty acids production) were determined after 120 h of incubation. The linear relationship indicates that the microbial metabolic pathways of the two inocula for all the substrates were qualitatively similar, albeit often quantitatively different. In this in vitro study, a significant influence of rumen inoculum (buffalo vs. cow) on fermentation and degradability of the examined substrates was found. The differences in buffalo and cattle rumen fermentation can be explained with a different microbial activity of the two ruminant species, because of different amount of microbial population or microbial population constituted by different species of bacteria and protozoa.  相似文献   

16.
本试验选用黄土高丘陵沟壑区推广应用的玉米、燕麦、苜蓿裹包青贮及苜蓿干草为试验材料,旨在研究其在肉牛体外瘤胃发酵性能及组合效应,为其科学应用提供技术支持。将4种优质饲草按干物质基础组成7种不同比例组合,即C1(50%玉米青贮+50%燕麦青贮)、C2(50%玉米青贮+50%苜蓿青贮)、C3(80%玉米青贮+20%苜蓿干草)、C4(50%燕麦青贮+50%苜蓿干草)、C5(70%玉米青贮+10%燕麦青贮+20%苜蓿青贮)、C6(65%玉米青贮+15%燕麦青贮+25%苜蓿青贮)和C7(50%玉米青贮+20%燕麦青贮+30%苜蓿青贮)共构成11种发酵底物。结果表明:4种单一饲料在各时间点的产气量(GP)玉米青贮最高,苜蓿青贮最低(P<0.05);7种组合不同时间点产气特点为,C3的GP最高,C4最低(P<0.05)。4种单一饲料的快速降解部分产气量(a)和产气速率常数(c)分别为玉米青贮和苜蓿干草最高,与其他单一饲料存在显著差异(P<0.05);7种组合中的a和c均以C2最高;慢速降解部分产气量(b)和潜在产气量(a+b)均以C3最高,亦均显著高于其他组合(P<0.05)。体外发酵48 h后,4种单一饲料中玉米青贮的干物质消失率(DMD)显著高于其他3种(P<0.05);培养液的pH介于6.27~6.72,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05);氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度燕麦青贮最高(P<0.05)。7种组合的DMDC2显著低于C5和C7(P<0.05);pH介于6.40~6.69,其中C3显著低于其他6种(P<0.05);NH3-N的浓度C1与C2显著高于其他5种(P<0.05)。4种单一粗饲料的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)为玉米青贮显著高于苜蓿青贮和干草(P<0.05);7种组合培养48 h后,培养液的TVFA浓度C2和C4显著低于C5和C6(P<0.05)。综上,玉米青贮的体外发酵GP、DMD、TVFA及乙酸浓度均最高;苜蓿青贮的体外发酵GP较低,发酵速度慢;不同组合的综合组合效应值(MFAEI)均为正值,由高到低依次为C4、C2、C5、C1、C3、C6、C7。  相似文献   

17.
为明确不同分级指数（Grading index,GI）下牦牛日粮粗饲料营养情况,本试验选取了5种不同GI（7.20,6.43,5.66,4.89,4.12）的玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合,其质量比分别为70：30,60：40,50：50,40：60,30：70,进行牦牛瘤胃体外发酵试验,旨在探究不同组合下牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果。试验结果表明：发酵48 h时,GI=7.20组合的累积产气量（Gas production,GP）显著高于或极显著高于其他组合（P<0.05或P<0.01）;各GI组合的干物质降解率（Dry matter degradation in vitro,IVDMD）差异不显著（P>0.05）;发酵3 h和12 h时,GI=7.20组合的中性洗涤纤维降解率（Neutral detergent fiber in vitro,IVNDFD）与GI=6.43组合差异不显著但极显著高于其他GI组合（P<0.01）;3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h时的氨态氮（NH3-N）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,48 h时的NH3-N浓度随着GI降低呈现出先减小后增加趋势,GI=7.20时的NH3-N浓度最大;发酵48 h时,各GI组合的微生物蛋白（Microbial protein,MCP）浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但GI=7.20时的MCP浓度最大;发酵48 h时,乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（Total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,GI=7.20时的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度最大;各GI组合发酵6 h~48 h均呈现了正组合效应,综合组合效应值（Multiply factors associative effects index,MFAEI）随着GI减小呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且各时间段GI=7.20组合的MFAEI高于其他GI组合。综上所述,GI值为7.20玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果最优。  相似文献   

18.
本试验旨在探究不同配比杂交构树、玉米秸秆青贮和燕麦青干草组合的体外消化特性及组合效应,以筛选出三种饲草间最适组合配比。采用单因素试验设计,将杂交构树、玉米秸秆青贮和燕麦青干草组成不同配比的混合粗饲料,以精粗比40:60混合作为发酵底物,进行48 h的山羊瘤胃体外发酵试验,共15个处理,每处理3个重复,测定48 h总产气量、pH、氨态氮、微生物蛋白、干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率,计算单项组合效应和多项组合效应。结果显示:混合饲草比单一饲草更能提高体外发酵效果,组合杂交构树:燕麦青干草=50:50、杂交构树:燕麦青干草=75:25、杂交构树:玉米秸秆青贮=50:50体外发酵效果不佳及多项组合效应为负,筛选出三个最优组合为玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=50:50、玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=25:75和杂交构树:玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草=50:25:25,且玉米秸秆青贮:燕麦青干草比例1:1组合效应较好。  相似文献   

19.
由于贵州省空气湿度大,导致该地区干草系列产品发展的成本较高,且无法适应市场规律,因此,更适合发展优质饲草青贮及发酵全混合日粮（FTMR）等厌氧保存产品。而在实际生产过程中,农户和养殖企业则更加关心这些饲草产品的生产成本。介绍了优质饲草的青贮和FTMR加工技术,并以肉牛为例,分析了贵州省较为常见的青贮玉米、燕麦、苜蓿干草青贮和FTMR的饲喂价值、生产成本和效益,以期能为贵州饲草加工和草食家畜养殖企业提供参考。  相似文献   

20.
Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.  相似文献   

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