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1.
Biodiversity and its fragility in Yunnan, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
PU Ying-shan ZHANG Zhi-yi PU Li-na HUI Chao-mao 《林业研究》2007,18(1):39-47
In Yunnan, 8 major aspects of biodiversity and fragility in landforms, ecosystems, distribution populations, alien invasion, segregation, pollution and maladministration with various menace factors causing biodiversity loss have been described. It is revealed that the facts that the biodiversity and fragility coexists in this paper. Accordingly, 6 major countermeasures for effective conservation and rational utilization of the provincial biodiversity were suggested on the basis of the scientific development concepts, principles of nature protection, conservation biology, resource management and ethnobotany and present status in Yunnan with rich intangible resources such as climatic, ethnical and cultural diversity, etc. 相似文献
2.
Mirjam Milad Harald SchaichMatthias Bürgi Werner Konold 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(4):829-843
With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well as changes in precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation in forest ecosystems. Species and habitats to be protected will be affected as well as related concepts and area specific objectives. Climate change impacts are likely to be aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such as fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To be reliable and effective, current objectives and guidelines of forest conservation need to be reassessed and improved. Our study analyses possible impacts of climate change on forests and identifies key future challenges for nature conservation in forests and ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers on climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and species published between 1995 and 2010. The geographical focus of the study is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting for direct and indirect impacts of gradual changes as well as stochastic disturbance events in forest ecosystems and their possible consequences for nature conservation.Even though broader aspects of nature conservation (protected areas, biodiversity) are frequently mentioned, little attention is given to forest-specific nature conservation. Particular aspects are insufficiently represented, such as the influence of climate change on different forest succession stages, the development of dead wood volume and quality, responses of secondary broadleaved species, azonal or extrazonal forests as well as ancient woodlands or remnants of historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise in the context of great uncertainties about future developments. Nature conservation concepts and objectives in forests need to be adapted either within a permanent evaluation process or through the inclusion of further changes a priori, even if they are to some extent unpredictable. In some cases adaptation measures within nature conservation (e.g. adjusting protected areas) may conflict with interests of other stakeholders. Further research, particularly on interrelations between different impacts and the adaptive capacity of current forest ecosystems, associated species and existing genotypes is urgently needed. The scale and complexity of the task at hand calls for the establishment and further strengthening of international research networks. 相似文献
3.
沿海湿地生物多样性保护及复合农林业利用 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在分析沿海湿地生物多样性保护所面临的机遇和挑战的基础上,论述了沿海湿地生物多样性保护与利用的哲学观点、主要威胁和制约因素,提出了沿海湿地生物多样性保护的运行路径、通道驿站和微观方法等,以及在建立防护林体系中进行复合农林业经营的构想,简述了沿海湿地生物多样性保护及利用所做的工作和今后重点开展的内容,为沿海湿地生物多样性保护及复合农林业利用提供依据。 相似文献
4.
为了促进社会经济的快速发展, 中国各级政府部门都出台了一系列的激励措施和扶持政策。这些激励措施在促进发展的同时, 可能会对生物多样性保护产生负面影响, 对中国生物多样性保护和履行国际公约造成一定的障碍。为了研究目前中国由于社会经济快速发展而导致的生物多样性保护的障碍, 文中从国际履约的角度出发, 对中国实现“爱知目标3”(取消、淘汰或改进包括补贴在内的各种危害生物多样性的激励措施)的障碍因素进行分类识别和评估。评估结果显示, 目前我国要减缓发展带来的生物多样性保护压力, 在法律与制度因素、利益和责任机制因素这2个方面存在较大的阻碍。 相似文献
5.
P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,38(1-3):223-246
Reflections on the past two decades of organized research in tropical agroforestry raise several issues. Research efforts
started with an inductive and experiential approach but have subsequently followed a deductive and experimental approach that
includes hypothesis testing and the development of predictive capability; agroforestry research is thus being transformed
into a rigorous scientific activity. The research agenda, so far, has given high priority to soil fertility and other biophysical
interactions, less priority to anthropological and sociological aspects, and little priority to evaluating costs and returns,
pests and diseases, and the so-called non-timber forest (tree) products. Moreover, larger-spatial-scale issues, such as carbon
sequestration, water quality, and biodiversity conservation, have been neglected because of the emphasis on field- and farm-scale
studies.
Overall, the high expectations that were raised about the role and potential of agroforestry as a development vehicle have
not been fulfilled. In order to overcome this, it is imperative that research be focused on the generation of appropriate,
science-based technologies of wide applicability, especially under resource-poor conditions and in smallholder farming systems.
Future research agendas should entail a judicious blending of science and technology. Applied research should build upon the
findings of basic research to generate technologies for application at the farm, regional and global levels. Such research
should place increased focus on previously neglected subjects, for example, the exploitation of indigenous fruit-producing
trees, the agronomic components of agroforestry systems, and the global issues mentioned above. Furthermore, an appropriate
methodology that embodies economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits needs to be developed to realistically assess
the impacts of agroforestry, and an enabling policy environment that will facilitate agroforestry adoption needs to be made
available.
Agroforestry research of the 21st century should strive to build bridges from the inductive phase of the past, through the
deductive phase of the present, to the future phase of harnessing science and generating technologies for the benefit of the
land and its present and future users.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Before prioritising regional agroforestry training and extension content, it is necessary to discover which practices are
common, what benefits are perceived, which barriers prevent use, and how people feel about practices. Agroforestry taps both
agriculture and forestry agencies to increase the possible set of educators for landowners and managers. Interdisciplinary
activities also present barriers to professionals unfamiliar with some topics or not served by lead partner agencies. To understand
motives, barriers and needs involved in agroforestry extension and training activities for professionals, the Center for Subtropical
Agroforestry (CSTAF) designed a survey to gauge knowledge, practice and information needs of professionals in Alabama, Florida
and Georgia. Landowners in Alabama and Florida received similar survey questionnaires. Initial interviews of a test group
with open-ended questions formed the basis for a closed-ended mail survey to all agriculture and natural resource extension
agents and county foresters in the subtropical area. Response rates for various professional groups varied between 14% and
43%, and most ranked the potential for use of agroforestry as moderate or high. In all three states, wildlife habitat, water
quality and soil conservation were the most important benefits seen by extension professionals. The most important concerns
identified were lack of familiarity, lack of demonstrations, no financial incentive, and lack of information about agroforestry.
These data provide insights about how to prioritise research and materials development and indicate that agroforestry training
can be expected to be of value to at least half of the regional forestry and extension professionals. 相似文献
7.
浅论自然保护区管理信息化建设 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自然保护区管理信息化建设是互联网革命的要求，是信息经济时代的要求，是发展生态经济的要求，是生物多样性保护与利用的要求，是适应生态系统管理的要求，通过信息化建设实现资源共享，提高管理水平。提出了推进自然保护区信息化建设应采取的措施。 相似文献
8.
森林认证对生物多样性影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
维护森林生态系统的完整性,尤其是保护生物多样性是开展森林认证的重要目的之一。文中概述2大国际森林认证体系（FSC和PEFC）认证标准中有关生物多样性保护的要求,分析森林认证对生物多样性的影响,探讨现有认证标准与实现生物多样性保护之间的差距。分析表明,森林认证对生物多样性的保护具有积极作用,森林认证可作为促进生物多样性保护的有力工具;由于受到诸多因素的影响,在全球认证体系中生物多样性保护标准和指标的确立普遍缺乏科学数据支撑,不同区域差异较大,且生物多样性的监测和评估相对滞后。森林认证对全球森林资源的可持续发展具有重要的意义,生物多样性保护工作将成为推动森林认证持续发展的重要力量。 相似文献
9.
Guillermo Martínez Pastur Emilie Andrieu Louis R. Iverson Pablo Luis Peri 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(3):315-318
Forest ecosystems are impacted by multiple uses under the influence of global drivers, and where landscape ecology tools may substantially facilitate the management and conservation of the agroforestry ecosystems. The use of landscape ecology tools was described in the eight papers of the present special issue, including changes in forested landscapes due to agricultural and forestry activities, landscape changes due to recent intensification of agriculture, and the impacts of agroforestry as compared to natural forest ecosystems. Landscape ecology can improve the economic, environmental and social values of agroforestry, and this knowledge should help to develop new management alternatives for agroforestry. We believe that these papers will inform management at the landscape level, especially in agroforestry landscapes, offering new tools for management and conservation. 相似文献
10.
Shibu Jose 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):1-10
Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a number of ecosystem services; however, until recently evidence in the agroforestry
literature supporting these perceived benefits has been lacking. This special issue brings together a series of papers from
around the globe to address recent findings on the ecosystem services and environmental benefits provided by agroforestry.
As prelude to the special issue, this paper examines four major ecosystem services and environmental benefits of agroforestry:
(1) carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil enrichment and (4) air and water quality. Past and present
evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can be a viable land-use option
that, in addition to alleviating poverty, offers a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits. This realization
should help promote agroforestry and its role as an integral part of a multifunctional working landscape the world over. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):39-63
Abstract The agroforestry program of the AMISCONDE Initiative was implemented in 13 buffer zone communities of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve. This program introduced citrus (Citrus spp.) and promoted the widespread inclusion of poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) shade trees, ground story vegetation, and soil conservation techniques to the local cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica var caturra). This program sought long-term socioeconomic and ecological health in these buffer zone communities through conservation and development projects such as coffee agroforestry systems. This paper examines the ecological and socioeconomic benefits of two introduced coffee agroforestry systems: coffee-poró and coffee-citrus. The project has decreased agrochemical inputs, integrated multi-strata vegetation, and implemented soil conservation techniques such as vetiver grass, cover crops, terraces, water channeling, and shade trees in an effort to sustainably manage coffee production on the steep buffer zone slopes. The agroforestry project of the AMISCONDE Initiative has likely improved the production of coffee ecologically and economically. However, new specialty markets should be explored to increase economic and ecological gains. Organic and fair trade coffee niche markets are suggested as alternatives for meeting the long-term AMISCONDE objectives of community development and conservation. 相似文献
12.
In global terms, European farms produce high yields of safe and high quality food but this depends on the use of many off-farm inputs and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, loss of soil nutrients and other negative environmental impacts incur substantial societal costs. Farmers in the European Union receive support through a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that comprises direct payments to farmers (Pillar I) and payments related to rural development measures (Pillar II). This paper examines the ways in which agroforestry can support European agriculture and rural development drawing on the conclusions of 23 papers presented in this Special Issue of Agroforestry Systems which have been produced during a 4-year research project called AGFORWARD. The project had the goal of promoting agroforestry in Europe and focused on four types of agroforestry: (1) existing systems of high nature and cultural value, and agroforestry for (2) high value tree, (3) arable, and (4) livestock systems. The project has advanced our understanding of the extent of agroforestry in Europe and of farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, including the reasons for adoption or non-adoption. A participatory approach was used with over 40 stakeholder groups across Europe to test selected agroforestry innovations through field trials and experiments. Innovations included improved grazing management in agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value and the introduction of nitrogen fixing plants in high value timber plantations and olive groves. Other innovations included shelter benefits for arable crops, and disease-control, nutrient-retention, and food diversification benefits from integrating trees in livestock enterprises. Biophysical and economic models have also been developed to predict the effect of different agroforestry designs on crop and tree production, and on carbon sequestration, nutrient loss and ecosystems services in general. These models help us to quantify the potential environmental benefits of agroforestry, relative to agriculture without trees. In view of the substantial area of European agroforestry and its wider societal and environmental benefits, the final policy papers in this Special Issue argue that agroforestry should play a more significant role in future versions of the CAP than it does at present. 相似文献
13.
14.
Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a
substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research
on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores
the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders
were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research
institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an
increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally
remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access
roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture,
and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil
erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture
was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to
meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing
increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such
as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy
issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
In tropical regions where agricultural activities are limited, agroforestry is an alternative for both economic development and for the management and conservation of biodiversity. The potential role of different types of land use as reservoirs of dung beetle diversity in the wet tropical forest of the Pacific lowlands of Colombia is evaluated in three agroforestry systems that differ in canopy cover and the sowing density of Borojoa patinoi crops associated with timber forest. Although total species richness was similar among land use types, differences related to the decrease in the abundance and biomass of the species were remarkable, and reflected in turn by the diversity and structure of the guilds. The general pattern observed was one in which the structure of the dung beetle assemblage of B. patinoi growing below a diversified and permanent tree cover was similar to that of the primary and secondary forest. Beetle diversity in management systems with less tree cover or a high sowing density of B. patinoi was lower and very similar to that of abandoned agricultural fields. This suggests that B. patinoi agroforestry systems can be viewed as valuable instruments for biodiversity management and conservation in the wet tropical forests of the Pacific lowlands and not just as substitutes for forest, though we must be aware that structural changes in the beetle community may in turn affect the ecological processes regulated by these insects in the agrosystems under study. 相似文献
16.
G. Moreno S. Aviron S. Berg J. Crous-Duran A. Franca S. García de Jalón T. Hartel J. Mirck A. Pantera J. H. N. Palma J. A. Paulo G. A. Re F. Sanna C. Thenail A. Varga V. Viaud P. J. Burgess 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):877-891
Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services. 相似文献
17.
Gender is often a useful distinction for analysis and project design, but in some cases it is too narrowly applied to capture some of the fundamental differences among female producers. Evaluating agroforestry practices in the Siaya and South Nyanza districts of Kenya, the authors argue that, in designing agroforestry interventions and assessing policy or program impacts, there is a need to go beyond simple gender distinctions and look at additional stratifiers such as the individual producer's access to resources, including use rights and control over the benefits from and use of a particular resource. Furthermore, the study reveals some of the difficulties in separating activities and effects by gender in households where agroforestry decisions are often joint. The results of their study show that species choice, tree product marketing and use, and the employment or soil conservation and fertility management practices arenot clearly differentiated by gender, but rather, more variable across the marital status of women. 相似文献
18.
Forest changes over a century in Sardinia: implications for conservation in a Mediterranean hotspot 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Mediterranean basin is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. However, only 5% of its original vegetation is still in place, and the landscape has been managed and transformed by humans for at least the last two millennia. In the last century the mechanization of agriculture and the over-use of semi-natural habitats have influenced the region even more than before, with huge consequences, especially on islands. Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean basin, and it has been considered for long as a semi-natural area with an economy based on traditional agroforestry and pastoral practices. Considering four maps covering Sardinia and ranging from 1935 to 2007, we measured the rate of forest changes demonstrating a constant trend towards forest increase, and with a complete recovery of the total forest surface compared to the late 1800s. The traditional agroforestry practices decrease in time due to socio-economic reasons, with deeper consequences for the mosaic of traditional agricultural areas and semi-natural habitats, as well as for the conservation of the unique biodiversity of Sardinia. Species typically linked to Mediterranean forests recovered and are recovering, while species linked to traditional semi-natural landscapes decreased, facing conservation problems. We suggest that the current challenges for biodiversity conservation in the island should be focused together with the agricultural policies towards the preservation and improvement of traditional open areas, even important in the history of the entire Mediterranean hotspot. 相似文献
19.
Jorge L. Vivan Peter H. May Luís H. H. da Cunha Walter S. de Boef Charles R. Clement 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(3):591-604
Evaluation and monitoring are critical to agroforestry (AFS) project management, especially if they aim to contribute to use
and conservation of biodiversity and plant genetic resources. A methodology to analyze information used in decision-making
processes was developed and applied in a biodiversity conservation project in the Brazilian Amazon. Quality of information
gathered at landscape, AFS, species (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, both wild and cultivated varieties) and genetic diversity levels in three dimensions was analyzed. The information
at the landscape level was good, while that in the organizational-institutional and socio-economic dimensions was acceptable;
information gaps were serious in the genetic-ecological dimension. Ecological and economic functionality assessment based
on indicators built upon reported administrative actions suggests that information related to conservation played a greater
role in decision-making and management than information associated with use and development. The application of the methodology
proved instrumental for enhancing efficacy of decision-making within an adaptive management approach to plant genetic resources
use and conservation. 相似文献
20.
Coffee agroforestry is a conservation strategy that has shown promise to support the diversity of bird, bat, and insect communities, but few studies have focused on non-volant mammals in coffee farms. We assessed mammal diversity within coffee agroforestry systems in Kodagu, India and investigated the impacts of the non-native shade tree species, Grevillea robusta, on mammal diversity. Twenty farms, with varying amounts of G. robusta planted within the coffee farm, were sampled throughout three rainfall zones during the 4-month study period. We captured six species of small mammals, with indirect methods yielding an additional five species, totaling 11 mammal species. Contrary to current ecological thought, we found that increased amounts of G. robusta did not have a negative impact on either abundance or richness of mammals. Small mammal abundances were higher at farms with greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover and larger, mature shade trees, while small mammal species richness was found to increase with an increase in tree species richness as well as greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover. Additionally, small mammal abundance was higher at coffee farms closer to forested areas. Based on these findings, we suggest the maintenance or cultivation of shade tree richness, mature shade trees, and herbaceous ground cover within coffee farms and preservation of forested areas within the landscape to enhance coffee agroforestry habitat for non-volant mammals. We hope that these habitat requirements will be incorporated into conservation strategies for the promotion of biodiversity within coffee agroforestry systems. 相似文献