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《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2005,(6):45-46
本文研究了在含梅山猪50%的公猪中,与公猪膻味有关的年龄、阉割和日龄对粪臭素和雄烯酮在背膘中沉积的影响。在未去势公猪的背膘中,粪臭素和雄烯酮的沉积随着年龄(114、144和174 d)的增加而增加。去势能明显地减少各个年龄阶段粪臭素和雄烯酮的水平,但能明显地增加各个年龄阶段细胞色素P4502E1的水平,而细胞色素P4502E1是肝脏中粪臭素代谢所涉及的最初的酶。这些结果表明,雄烯酮水平的下降是由于去势影响了细胞色素P4502E1的表达调控,导致了粪臭素水平的下降。在日粮中饲喂甜菜会使粪臭素的水平减少,使细胞色素P4502E1的表达水平增加,但不会影响雄烯酮的水平。这表明,通过去势和在日粮中添加细胞色素P4502E1可以减少粪臭素的沉积。然而,通过日粮中改变细胞色素P4502E1的作用机理与去势不同。 相似文献
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作者研究了在含梅山猪50％的公猪中，与公猪膻味有关的日龄、阉割和日粮对粪臭素和雄烯酮在背膘中沉积的影响。在未去势公猪的背膘中，粪臭素和雄烯酮的沉积随着日龄(114、144和174d)的增加而增加。去势能明显降低各个日龄阶段粪臭素和雄烯酮水平，但能明显增加各个日龄阶段细胞色素P4502E1的水平，而细胞色素P4502E1是肝脏中粪臭素代谢所涉及的最初的酶。这些结果表明， 相似文献
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引起公猪肉异味物质的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
饲养公猪与阉猪相比 ,饲料转化率可提高 1 0 %,瘦肉率可提高 5%,胴体脂肪含量可下降 2 6%[1] ,还可减少去势的应激和劳动量。然而 ,公猪肉的一个问题是在烹调过程中会产生一种令人不快的异味。美国肉品检测法规规定 ,有较强异味的公猪肉必须禁食 ,有轻微异味的公猪肉只能用在香肠等食品中。Ｃ19 △16 类固醇 (主要是 5α 雄甾烯酮 ,5α 甾 1 6 烯 3 酮 )和粪臭素是引起公猪肉异味的两类主要物质。脂肪组织中5α 雄甾烯酮的浓度 (酶联免疫吸附分析法 )达到1 0ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,唾液腺中Ｃ19 △16 类固醇的浓度 (比色法 )达到 50ｍｇ/ｋｇ,脂肪… 相似文献
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气味是肉品的重要感官特性,决定了消费者是否购买。猪肉气味很大程度上受到雄性膻味的影响,目前认为膻味主要由雄烯酮（androstenone）和粪臭素（skatole）构成。传统上对生产猪肉的小公猪进行阉割,目的在于增加胴体中的脂肪含量、减少攻击性和性行为、降低产生膻味的危险。现在消费者倾向于购买瘦肉,阉割得以保留原因主要是降低膻味和减少公猪攻击性。 相似文献
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《动物科学与动物医学》2014,(3):28-28
哥本哈根大学的A．B．Strathe在《动物科学杂志》上发表文章解释道，公猪异味是·种令人不快的味道，会影响熟制猪肉的气味和口味，这种异味主要是健康公猪背膘中积累的粪臭素和雄烯酮造成的。该研究目的是评估粪臭素和雄烯酮的遗传参数，及其与生产与窝产仔性状之间的遗传相关。 相似文献
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本研究的目的是探索使用基因标记方法来减少不阉割公猪脂肪组织中雄烯酮和粪臭素的含量。通过剖检或屠宰场取样的方法总共取得3 474个公猪脂肪组织样品。同时对这些公猪位于40个候选基因上的97个SNP标记进行基因型分析,其中杜洛克、长白、大白中分别有61、80和83个多态性SNP。SNP与雄烯酮和粪臭素之间的关联通过两步分析法进行检测。不利SNP等位基因的数量分别与杜洛克中雄烯酮和长白中粪臭素显著相关。雄烯酮高过消 相似文献
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《畜牧兽医学报》2016,(6)
旨在探讨促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin releasing hormone,GnRH)主动免疫对公猪体内粪臭素代谢的影响。36只公猪随机分为免疫组(10周龄时初免,18周龄加免)、手术去势组(1周龄外科阉割)及完整对照组(不作任何处理)。应用ELISA检测血清中睾酮、雌二醇及雄烯酮含量,采用高效液相色谱检测脂肪中粪臭素、雄烯酮和血液中雄烯酮含量,荧光定量PCR检测肝中粪臭素代谢相关基因mRNA表达量,ELISA检测肝中粪臭素代谢相关蛋白表达。结果显示,GnRH主动免疫后,血清睾酮浓度显著下降(P0.05),睾丸严重萎缩。免疫组和手术组公猪血清中睾酮、雌二醇、雄烯酮浓度和脂肪中粪臭素、雄烯酮含量相似(P0.05),均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。免疫组公猪肝中CAR、COUP-TF1、CYP2E1、CYB5A、CYP2C49、GSTO2mRNA表达变化与手术组相似(P0.05),均显著高于对照组(P0.05);CYP2A19mRNA表达量手术组显著高于免疫组(P0.05),免疫组显著高于对照组(P0.05);而PXR、SULT1A1mRNA表达量在3组间无明显差异(P0.05)。免疫组公猪肝中CYP2A19、CYP2C49和GSTO2蛋白表达变化与手术组相似(P0.05),均显著高于对照组(P0.05);CYP2E1和CYB5A蛋白表达量在手术组最高,对照组最低,免疫组介于两组之间,与两组均有显著性差异(P0.05);而SULT1A1蛋白表达量在3组间无明显差异(P0.05)。综上表明,GnRH主动免疫降低公猪血清中睾酮、雌二醇和雄烯酮含量,上调肝CYP450s和GSTO2基因和蛋白表达,加速粪臭素在肝中的代谢,从而降低公猪膻味。 相似文献
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Grindflek E Meuwissen TH Aasmundstad T Hamland H Hansen MH Nome T Kent M Torjesen P Lien S 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(3):680-692
Boar taint is characterized by an unpleasant taste or odor in intact male pigs and is primarily attributed to increased concentrations of androstenone and skatole and to a lesser extent by increased indole. The boar taint compounds skatole and indole are produced by gut bacteria, metabolized in the liver, and stored in the fat tissue. Androstenone, on the other hand, is synthesized in the testis along with testosterone and estrogens, which are known to be important factors affecting fertility. The main goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between genetic factors involved in the primary boar taint compounds in an attempt to discover ways to reduce boar taint without decreasing fertility-related compounds. Heritabilities and genetic correlations between traits were estimated for compounds related to boar taint (androstenone, skatole, indole) and reproduction (testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and estrone sulfate). Heritabilities in the range of 0.47 to 0.67 were detected for androstenone concentrations in both fat and plasma, whereas those for skatole and indole were slightly less (0.27 to 0.41). The genetic correlations between androstenone in plasma and fat were extremely high (0.91 to 0.98) in Duroc and Landrace. In addition, genetic correlations between androstenone (both plasma and fat) and the other sex steroids (estrone sulfate, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone) were very high, in the range of 0.80 to 0.95. Furthermore, a genome-wide association study (GWA) and a combined linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis (LDLA) were conducted on 1,533 purebred Landrace and 1,027 purebred Duroc to find genome regions involved in genetic control of the boar taint compounds androstenone, skatole, and indole, and sex hormones related to fertility traits. Up to 3,297 informative SNP markers were included for both breeds, including SNP from several boar taint candidate genes. From the GWA study, we found that altogether 27 regions were significant at a genome-wide level (P < 0.05) and an additional 7 regions were significant at a chromosomal level. From the LDLA study, 7 regions were significant on a genome-wide level and an additional 7 regions were significant at a chromosomal level. The most convincing associations were obtained in 6 regions affecting skatole and indole in fat on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 13, and 14, 1 region on chromosome 6 affecting androstenone in plasma only, and 5 regions on chromosomes 3, 4, 13, and 15 affecting androstenone, testosterone, and estrogens. 相似文献
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Windig JJ Mulder HA Ten Napel J Knol EF Mathur PK Crump RE 《Journal of animal science》2012,90(7):2120-2129
The purpose of this study was to evaluate measures of boar (Sus scrofa) taint as potential selection criteria to reduce boar taint so that castration of piglets will become unnecessary. Therefore, genetic parameters of boar taint measures and their genetic correlations with finishing traits were estimated. In particular, the usefulness of a human panel assessing boar taint (human nose score) was compared with chemical assessment of boar taint compounds, androstenone, skatole, and indole. Heritability estimates for androstenone, skatole, and indole were 0.54, 0.41, and 0.33, respectively. The heritability for the human nose score using multiple panelists was 0.12, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 for individual panelists. Genetic correlations between scores of panelists were generally high up to unity. The genetic correlations between human nose scores and the boar taint compounds ranged from 0.64 to 0.999. The boar taint compounds and human nose scores had low or favorable genetic correlations with finishing traits. Selection index estimates indicated that the effectiveness of a breeding program based on human nose scores can be comparable to a breeding program based on the boar taint compounds themselves. Human nose scores can thus be used as a cheap and fast alternative for the costly determination of boar taint compounds, needed in breeding pigs without boar taint. 相似文献
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The relationship between the metabolism of androsterone and skatole, the major compounds responsible for boar taint, was investigated in F4 Swedish Yorkshire x European Wild Pig intact males. The metabolism of androstenone and skatole were studied in liver microsomes, and the testicular steroid production was measured in testes microsomes. Including androstenone in the assays of skatole metabolism reduced the formation of 6-hydroxyskatole (pro-MII), and three other skatole metabolites (P<.05). The formation of three additional metabolites was not affected. Liver microsomal incubations of androstenone produced two metabolites, I and II. The rate of the formation of metabolite I and the rate of androstenone metabolism were correlated with the rate of skatole metabolism. Liver metabolism of androstenone was not related to levels of androstenone in fat. Testicular synthesis of 16-androstene steroids was correlated with combined synthesis of estrogens and androgens, plasma levels of androstenone, levels of skatole in fat, and skatole metabolism in the liver (P<.05). Plasma levels of estrone sulfate were correlated with levels of skatole in fat and with androstenone levels in fat and plasma and were negatively correlated with synthesis of skatole metabolite F-1 and pro-MII sulfation. These results indicate that the liver metabolism of androstenone and skatole are related. However, it is likely that the relationship between levels of androstenone and skatole in fat is due more to a link between the testicular synthesis of androstenone rather than to the metabolism of androstenone and skatole in the liver. Sex steroids may affect this relationship because of their biosynthesis along with androstenone and possible inhibition of skatole metabolism in the liver. 相似文献
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Vaccination of boars with a GnRH vaccine (Improvac) eliminates boar taint and increases growth performance. 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
F R Dunshea C Colantoni K Howard I McCauley P Jackson K A Long S Lopaticki E A Nugent J A Simons J Walker D P Hennessy 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(10):2524-2535
Peri- and postpubertal boars accumulate substances (e.g., androstenone and skatole) in their fatty tissue that are responsible for boar taint in pork. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a GnRH vaccine, Improvac, in eliminating boar taint. Three hundred male (200 intact boars, 100 barrows) crossbred (Large White x Landrace) pigs were used in a 2 x 3 factorially arranged experiment. The respective factors were sex group (barrows, boars treated with placebo, or boars treated with Improvac) and slaughter age (23 or 26 wk). Vaccines were administered 8 and 4 wk before slaughter. All Improvac-treated pigs exhibited anti-GnRH titers. Testes and bulbo-urethral gland weights in treated pigs were reduced by approximately 50% (P < 0.001) and serum testosterone levels were below 2 ng/mL in the majority of treated boars (94 and 92% across both age groups at 2 and 4 wk, respectively). Boar taint, as assessed by the concentration of androstenone and skatole in s.c. fat, was suppressed to low or undetectable levels in 100% of Improvac-treated boars. No Improvac-treated pigs had significant concentrations of either androstenone (> 1.0 microg/g) or skatole (> 0.20 microg/g). In contrast, 49.5% of placebo-treated controls had significant androstenone and 10.8% had significant skatole levels, resulting in 10% of the control boars with high concentrations of both compounds. The mean concentrations of taint compounds in the Improvac-treated pigs were not significantly different from those in barrows. Improvac-treated boars grew more rapidly (P = 0.051 and < 0.001 for pigs slaughtered at 23 and 26 wk of age, respectively) than control boars over the 4 wk after the secondary vaccination, possibly because of reduced sexual and aggressive activities. Compared with barrows, Improvac-treated boars were leaner and had superior feed conversion efficiency. The vaccine was well tolerated by the pigs, and no observable site reactions could be detected at the time of slaughter. Vaccination of boars with Improvac allows production of heavy boars with improved meat quality through prevention and control of boar taint. 相似文献
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G Zamaratskaia L Rydhmer G Chen A Madej HK Andersson K Lundström 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(6):500-506
This study aimed to describe the association between incidence of boar taint and pubertal changes in gonadal hormones, size of reproductive organs and aggressive behaviour in entire male pigs. In total, 111 entire male pigs were included in the study. Sampling was performed first at 90 kg live weight (LW) and, then, at 115 kg LW. Variables measured were skatole and androstenone levels in plasma and fat, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in plasma, free oestrone in fat, weight of testes and length of bulbourethral glands. Aggressive interactions between pigs were registered when a limited amount of feed was provided to the pigs prior to routine feeding. The number of initiated interactions (attacks) and the difference between number of initiated and received interactions (relative attacks) were calculated for each pig. Multivariate analysis revealed that gonadal hormones and reproductive organ size influenced prevalence of boar taint, accounting for 30% of the variation in skatole levels in fat and for 37% of the variation in androstenone levels in fat. These relations were independent of aggression levels in entire male pigs. Skatole levels were influenced by the levels of oestrone sulphate in plasma and free oestrone in fat, but not levels of plasma testosterone. Pigs with testes weight below 565 g and a bulbourethral gland length <90 mm did not produce high amounts of skatole; therefore, these values can be used as a threshold level to detect pig carcasses with low skatole levels. High androstenone levels could not be predicted by measuring reproductive organ sizes. More research is required to develop a rapid and accurate method for the analysis of carcasses of entire male pigs. 相似文献
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G Zamaratskaia J Babol A Madej EJ Squires K Lundström 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2004,39(3):168-172
This study describes the age-related variation in boar taint compounds, skatole and androstenone, and testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta (E17 beta), oestrone sulphate (ES), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), triiodothyronine (T(3)) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in six boars. Three pairs of littermates of crossbred entire male pigs (from three Yorkshire x Duroc dams and one Hampshire sire) were included. Blood samples were taken at the age of 9-15 weeks and thereafter at weekly intervals from the age of 20-32 weeks. Plasma concentrations of skatole, androstenone, testosterone, E17 beta, ES, DHEAS, T(3) and IGF-1 were measured. We found that skatole levels in boars increased at the age around puberty after an increase in the levels of testicular steroids. Levels of skatole were not associated with the levels of sex steroids, T(3) and IGF-1. However, the increased level of testicular steroids is probably the underlying factor needed for high skatole levels to occur although the specific mechanism leading to increased skatole levels remains unknown. 相似文献
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Varona L Vidal O Quintanilla R Gil M Sánchez A Folch JM Hortos M Rius MA Amills M Noguera JL 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(2):301-307
The genetic basis of the main components of boar taint was investigated in intact male pigs in a commercial population. We analyzed fat androsten-one and skatole concentrations from 217 males of an outbred Landrace population. Records were normalized using a logarithm transformation and tested for normality using a Wilk-Shapiro test. Bayesian analysis was then used to map QTL in 10 candidate regions previously selected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 13. The criterion for QTL detection was the Bayes factor (BF) between polygenic models with and without QTL effects. Both traits had considerable genetic determination, with posterior means of total heritabilities ranging from 0.59 to 0.73 for androstenone and from 0.74 to 0.89 for skatole. Positive evidence for a fat skatole QTL was detected on SSC6 (BF = 5.16); however, no QTL for androstenone were found in any of the 10 chromosomal regions analyzed. With the detection of a QTL for the fat skatole concentration segregating in this population, marker-assisted selection or even gene-assisted selection could be used once the causal mutation of the QTL was identified. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to elucidate the effects of social factors on the concentrations of boar taint substances, androstenone and skatole, in boars. The factors included dominance (social rank) and the effects of strongly tainted animals on other members of the group. Four successive replicates of 100 pigs (50 boars + 50 gilts) with an average live weight of 24 kg were randomly allocated to 10 pens of 10. Data for this study were collected during the period of 67 to 114 kg of live weight and included the repetitive recording of agonistic behavior during competitive feeding; blood sampling for determination of plasma androstenone, skatole and testosterone in boars; feces sampling for determination of skatole content; and collection of bulbourethral glands in boars, and uteri plus ovaries in gilts at slaughter, for the assessment of sexual maturity. Results show an influence of social rank on plasma concentrations of androstenone (P = .0001) and testosterone (P = .0001), the weight of the bulbourethral glands (P = .0001), and plasma skatole (P = .02). Pens were classified according to the pig with the highest concentration of androstenone in the pen into high, medium, and low maximum pens. In pens with high maximum concentrations of androstenone, the second-highest androstenone concentration (P = .0001), and the average concentration (P = .0003) in the pen were higher than those in pens with medium or low maximum concentrations of androstenone. Mean aggression level was also higher (P = .02), but pens with high maximum aggression level did not have higher mean androstenone concentration. Rank effect on androstenone was more important than aggression effect. Neither maximum androstenone concentration nor maximum aggression level in a pen was related to the pen mean stage of sexual maturity in either sex. No influences of rank, aggression, or aggression received were found on the feces skatole level, and no pheromonal communicative function was demonstrated for skatole. High androstenone concentrations did not have a suppressive effect on androstenone concentrations in other males of the group; on the contrary, the levels were increased. This may be due to a stimulating effect of androstenone and, possibly, mating activity. Consequently, in the production of boars for slaughter, strongly tainted animals should be avoided or removed and mating activity minimized. This could be facilitated by, for instance, slaughtering before sexual maturity or separate rearing of the sexes. 相似文献
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In the pig industry, male piglets are surgically castrated early in life to prevent boar taint. Boar taint is mainly caused by androstenone and skatole. Androstenone is a pheromone that can be released from the salivary glands when the boar is sexually aroused. Boars are housed in groups and as a consequence boars can influence and be influenced by the phenotype of other boars by (non-)heritable social interactions. The influence of these social interactions on androstenone is not well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate whether androstenone concentrations are affected by (non-)heritable social interactions and estimate their genetic correlation with growth rate and backfat. The dataset contained 6,245 boars, of which 4,455 had androstenone observations (68%). The average number of animals per pen was 7 and boars were housed in 899 unique pen-groups (boars within a single pen) and 344 unique compartment-groups (boars within a unique 'room' within a barn during time). Four models including different random effects, were compared for androstenone. Direct genetic, associative (also known as social genetic or indirect genetic effects), group, compartment, common environment and residual effects were included as random effects in the full model (M3). Including random pen and compartment effects (non-heritable social effects) significantly improved the model (M2) compared with including only direct, common environment and residual as random effects (M1, P < 0.001), and including associative effects even more (M3, P < 0.001). The sum of the direct and associative variance components determines the total genetic variance of the trait. The associative effect explained 11.7% of the total genetic variance. Backfat thickness was analysed using M2 and growth using M3. The genetic correlation between backfat (direct genetic variance) and total genetic variance for androstenone was close to 0. Backfat and the direct and associative effects for androstenone had genetic correlations of 0.14 ± 0.08 and -0.25 ± 0.18, respectively. The genetic correlation between total genetic variances for growth rate and androstenone was 0.33 ± 0.18. The genetic correlation between direct effects was 0.11 ± 0.09 and between associative effects was 0.42 ± 0.31. The genetic correlations and current selection towards lower backfat and greater growth rate suggest that no major change in androstenone is expected when breeding goals are not changed. For selection against boar taint and therefore also against androstenone , results recommend that at least the social environment of the boars should be considered. 相似文献
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G Zamaratskaia A Madej J Babol EJ Squires K Lundström 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(2):156-160
Relationship between free oestrone and boar taint compounds in adipose tissue were studied in two groups of entire male pigs of different breeds. Group A consisted of 33 entire crossbred male pigs (dam Yorkshire and sire backcross Yorkshire x Wild Boar, generation seven). Group B consisted of 194 entire male pigs of crossbreeds between Swedish Hampshire (H) and Finnish Landrace (L), LH x H, H x LH, LH x LH (dam x sire). The measurements of free oestrone in adipose tissue were performed with a new method developed and validated in our laboratories. The standard curve was linear for concentrations of free oestrone ranging from 0.13 to 5.10 ng/g. The method exhibited parallelism of results between serial dilutions and a mean recovery of 97 +/- 13.7%. Intra-assay variations for samples with concentrations of free oestrone from 0.67 to 2.08 ng/g were from 9.23 to 11.94%. Inter-assay variations for the samples with concentrations of free oestrone from 0.89 to 2.96 ng/g were from 3.78 to 10.11%. The levels of free oestrone in fat from group A were well correlated with fat levels of androstenone (r = 0.66; p < 0.001) and levels of oestrone sulphate in peripheral plasma collected at the same time as the fat (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). The levels of free oestrone in fat from group B were significantly correlated to fat levels of androstenone (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and skatole (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). In group B, age-related differences in fat levels of free oestrone, androstenone and skatole were studied. Free oestrone and skatole levels increased simultaneously at the age of 22 week (p < 0.05 for both), and androstenone levels increased at the age of 26 week (p < 0.05). It was suggested that the levels of free oestrone in adipose tissue might be used for the evaluation of hormonal status of male pigs as an alternative to plasma levels of testicular hormones. The levels of free oestrone might be involved in the regulation of skatole levels in fat as indicated by both the simultaneous increases in skatole and free oestrone levels in fat and positive correlation between skatole and free oestrone. 相似文献