共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Strukelj M Papadimitrakopoulos F Miller TM Rothberg LJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5206):1969-1972
Operating lifetime is the main problem that complicates the use of polymeric light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A class of electron transport (ET) polymers [poly(aryl acrylate) and poly(aryl ether)s] is reported in which moieties with high electron affinities are covalently attached to stable polymer backbones. Devices based on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) prepared with these materials exhibited a 30-fold improvement in stability and, in one case, dramatically lower (10 volts versus about 30 volts) operating voltage relative to those having conventional ET layers. The current-carrying capacity of indium tin oxide-PPV-polymeric ET layer-aluminum LEDs was also increased by a factor of 30. These improvements lead to an enhancement in power efficiency of nearly an order of magnitude. Choosing polymers with high glass transition temperatures increases device lifetime. 相似文献
2.
Rueckes T Kim K Joselevich E Tseng GY Cheung CL Lieber CM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5476):94-97
A concept for molecular electronics exploiting carbon nanotubes as both molecular device elements and molecular wires for reading and writing information was developed. Each device element is based on a suspended, crossed nanotube geometry that leads to bistable, electrostatically switchable ON/OFF states. The device elements are naturally addressable in large arrays by the carbon nanotube molecular wires making up the devices. These reversible, bistable device elements could be used to construct nonvolatile random access memory and logic function tables at an integration level approaching 10(12) elements per square centimeter and an element operation frequency in excess of 100 gigahertz. The viability of this concept is demonstrated by detailed calculations and by the experimental realization of a reversible, bistable nanotube-based bit. 相似文献
3.
Simpson JA Hamilton D Lentz G McKibben RB Mogro-Campero A Perkins M Pyle KR Tuzzolino AJ O'gallagher JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(4122):306-309
Fluxes of high energy electrons and protons are found to be highly concentrated near the magnetic equatorial plane from distances of ~ 30 to ~ 100 Jovian radii (R(J)). The 10-hour period of planetary rotation is observed as an intensity variation, which indicates that the equatorial zone of high particle fluxes is inclined with respect to the rotation axis of the planet. At radial distances [unknown] 20 R(J) the synchrotron-radiation-producing electrons with energies greater, similar 3 million electron volts rise steeply to a maximum intensity of ~ 5 x 10(8) electrons per square centimeter per second near the periapsis at 2.8 R(J). The flux of protons with energies greater, similar 30 million electron volts reaches a maximum intensity of ~ 4 x 10(6) protons per square centimeter per second at ~ 3.5 R(J) with the intensity decreasing inside this radial distance. Only for radial distances [unknown] 20 R(J) does the radiation behave in a manner which is similar to that at the earth. Burst of electrons with energies up to 30 million electron volts, each lasting about 2 days, were observed in interplanetary space beginning approximately 1 month before encounter. This radiation appears to have escaped from the Jovian bow shock or magnetosphere. 相似文献
4.
A glass filter from Surveyor 3 has a surface density of approximately 1 x 10(6) tracks per square centimeter from heavy solar flare particles. The variation with depth is best fitted with a solar particle spectrum dN/dE = 2.42 x 10(6) E(-2) [in particles per square centimeter per year per steradian per (million electron volts per nucleon)], where E is the energy and N is the number of particles, from 2 million electron volts per nucleon to approximately 7 million electron volts per nucleon and dN/dE = 1.17 x 10(7) E(-3) at higher energies. Not much difference is observed between 0.5 and 5 micrometers, an indication that there is a lack of track-registering particles below 0.5 million electron volts per nucleon. The Surveyor data are compatible with track results in lunar rocks, provided an erosion rate of approximately 10(-7) centimeter per year is assumed for the latter. The results also suggest a small-scale erosion process in lunar rocks. 相似文献
5.
External oscillating electric fields (1166 volts per centimeter, 5 hertz) enhanced the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into the DNA of chondrocytes isolated from the proliferative layer of embryonic (16 days) chick epiphysis. Verapamil or tetrodotoxin at 10(-6)M concentrations completely blocked the electric field effect. Tetracaine reduced the incorporation of [3H] thymidine in both control and electrically stimulated cells. The findings support the hypothesis that Na and Ca2 fluxes generated by the electrical perturbation trigger DNA synthesis in these cells. 相似文献
6.
Helander MG Wang ZB Qiu J Greiner MT Puzzo DP Liu ZW Lu ZH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6032):944-947
In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a stack of multiple organic layers facilitates charge flow from the low work function [~4.7 electron volts (eV)] of the transparent electrode (tin-doped indium oxide, ITO) to the deep energy levels (~6 eV) of the active light-emitting organic materials. We demonstrate a chlorinated ITO transparent electrode with a work function of >6.1 eV that provides a direct match to the energy levels of the active light-emitting materials in state-of-the art OLEDs. A highly simplified green OLED with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 54% and power efficiency of 230 lumens per watt using outcoupling enhancement was demonstrated, as were EQE of 50% and power efficiency of 110 lumens per watt at 10,000 candelas per square meter. 相似文献
7.
[目的]为能实时检测灌溉施肥系统进行水肥自动混合时的肥液浓度。[方法]基于电导电极设计了一种以9 V电池供电的肥液浓度在线检测仪,通过测量肥液电导率间接实现肥液浓度的测量,测量结果可通过显示器直接显示,还可通过SPI接口输出至水肥自动混合控制器。为尽量降低极化效应的影响,试验确定了以幅值为±3.5 V的方波信号作为电导电极的激励源。该检测仪具有温度自动补偿和量程自动切换功能,并通过试验确定了测量量程范围的划分及各个小量程对应的分压电阻与方波激励信号频率。[结果]在农业上,常用的0.1%~1.0%施肥浓度范围内,对检测仪进行了试验验证,其平均相对误差为2.77%。[结论]该检测仪能满足实际应用要求。 相似文献
8.
Photoelectrolytic decomposition of water with visible irradiation is demonstrated in a cell made of p-type gallium phosphide as the cathode and platinum as the anode. A maximum energy conversion efficiency of 0.1 percent is achieved with an external bias of 1.3 volts. The stability of the electrode is demonstrated, and the results are discussed in terms of a composite energy diagram. 相似文献
9.
A method is described for increasing luminescence in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) light-emitting diodes. Cis linkages were engineered into the PPV chain. These linkages interrupt conjugation and interfere with the packing of the polymer chains, which results in the formation of amorphous PPV. Large-area electroluminescent devices were prepared from this polymer. Devices made of an aluminum electrode, PPV as the luminescent layer, and an electron-transporting layer have internal quantum efficiencies of 2 percent, a turn-on voltage of 20 volts, and can carry current densities of 2000 milliamperes per square centimeter. The current density is at least an order of magnitude higher than previously obtained. 相似文献
10.
Weisheit M Fähler S Marty A Souche Y Poinsignon C Givord D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5810):349-351
A large electric field at the surface of a ferromagnetic metal is expected to appreciably change its electron density. In particular, the metal's intrinsic magnetic properties, which are commonly regarded as fixed material constants, will be affected. This requires, however, that the surface has a strong influence on the material's properties, as is the case with ultrathin films. We demonstrated that the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of ordered iron-platinum (FePt) and iron-palladium (FePd) intermetallic compounds can be reversibly modified by an applied electric field when immersed in an electrolyte. A voltage change of -0.6 volts on 2-nanometer-thick films altered the coercivity by -4.5 and +1% in FePt and FePd, respectively. The modification of the magnetic parameters was attributed to a change in the number of unpaired d electrons in response to the applied electric field. Our device structure is general and should be applicable for characterization of other thin-film magnetic systems. 相似文献
11.
[目的]采用紫外可见光谱技术研究电极响应机理。[方法]首次研制基于二苯甲酮缩氨基硫脲合镍(Ⅱ)金属配合物[Ni(Ⅱ)-BBKT]为中性载体的电位型阴离子选择性电极。[结果]该电极对水杨酸根(Sal-)具有优良的电位响应性能和选择性,在磷酸盐缓冲体系(pH 5.0)中电极电位呈现近能斯特响应,线性响应范围为5.9×10-5～1.0×10-1mo l/L,斜率为-55.9 mV/dec(25℃),检测下限为8.2×10-5mol/L,其选择性次序为Sal->ClO4->SCN->I->NO2>Br->NO3->Cl->SO32-。[结论]该离子选择性电极具有设备简单,操作方便,测量的范围宽广,灵敏度高等优点,在医学和环境监测中具有一定的应用前景。 相似文献
12.
[目的]研究钯化学修饰电极在H2O2检测中的应用。[方法]采用循环伏安法制备了钯修饰的复合陶瓷碳电极(Pd/CCE),研究了该修饰电极对H2O2的电催化性能。[结果]在含有PdCl2.2H2O的H2SO4溶液中(pH 1.2),控制扫描电位范围为0～1.0 V(vs.SCE)连续扫描40圈时制得的Pd/CCE修饰电极对H2O2具有较强的电催化活性,安培法检测H2O2的线性范围为6.0×10-5～1.0×10-2mol/L,检出限为2.2×10-5mol/L(3Sb)。[结论]直接电沉积得到的钯修饰电极,可实现较低电位下测定H2O2,且电极具有制作简单、价格低廉、响应时间短和表面容易更新等特点。 相似文献
13.
[目的]研究了芦丁在石墨烯修饰电极上的电化学行为及其测定方法。[方法]采用化学还原法,制备了氨基功能化的石墨烯,并用于构建灵敏的芦丁电化学传感器。采用循环伏安法和差分脉冲法,研究芦丁在该修饰电极上的电化学行为,并用差分脉冲法对芦丁进行检测。[结果]高比表面积和高导电性的石墨烯使芦丁在该传感器上表现出增强的电化学活性。电极反应动力学研究表明,芦丁在该修饰电极表面经历了一个受表面控制的准可逆过程。在最优试验条件下,芦丁的还原峰电流与其浓度在2×10-8～1×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为1.0×10-8mol/L。[结论]该修饰电极具有良好的选择性和稳定性,可实现实际样品中芦丁含量的灵敏检测。 相似文献
14.
供水吸力对温室黄瓜产量与水分利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
【目的】研究不同供水吸力即不同土壤水分对温室黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）生长发育的影响,确定黄瓜不同生育期对水分的需求,为温室黄瓜灌溉决策提供理论依据。【方法】采用负水头供水控水盆栽装置,通过设定装置不同的供水吸力（WST）来持续稳定控制不同的土壤含水率,分析各供水吸力处理的黄瓜叶片光合、产量与水分利用效率的差异。【结果】负水头供水控水盆栽装置能通过调节供水吸力持续稳定控制土壤不同含水率;黄瓜植株在3—5 kPa供水吸力范围内产量与商品瓜率最高,叶片净光合速率、干物质积累量也较高;3—13 kPa处理范围内的黄瓜水分利用效率差异不明显,最高为7 kPa处理的36.57,1 kPa处理的黄瓜水分利用效率最低,与其它处理差异显著,表明对黄瓜各生育期进行分期水分调控才能显著提高水分利用效率;试验结果还表明,黄瓜随着生育进程需水量越来越大,供水不足会导致生长点枯死而停止生长,影响黄瓜产量与商品瓜率,黄瓜采收后期适当加大水分供应可以增加采收后期产量。【结论】3—5 kPa的供水吸力较适合温室黄瓜的生长,此时土壤相对含水量为67%—81%;适当降低黄瓜苗期土壤水分、控制花期土壤水分和增加结果期土壤水分能进一步提高产量与水分利用效率。 相似文献
15.
[目的]研究制备一种以谷氨酸与邻二氮菲合铁配离子形成的缔合物为电活性物的新型全固态聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜谷氨酸涂丝选择电极。[方法]以谷氨酸与邻二氮菲合铁配离子形成的缔合物为电活性物,研究全固态涂丝型PVC谷氨酸根选择电极的制备,并利用该电极对谷氨酸根的响应,测定血清中谷氨酸的含量,将其结果与高效液相色谱法进行对比,分析该方法的实用性。[结果]电极的线性响应范围为1.0×10-1～1.0×10-5mol/L,级差32 mV/pC,检测限为8×10-6mol/L。[结论]试验中所制备电极响应迅速,重现性好,利用其测定谷氨酸含量方法简便,结果与高效液相法相符,其是一种易于微型化的载体动态检测方法。 相似文献
16.
[目的]构建两系不育系水稻P88S育性转换的积温模型。[方法]对2005年和2006年P88S在海南育性转换的试验数据进行分析。[结果]发现P88S在气温在26～28℃之间的可育性是由温度的绝对值和温度的累积效应决定的,并得到了1个基于双稳态的温度累积效应模型。[结论]利用积温模型可以有效地说明两系不育系春秋季育性转换温度的不对称性,即从可育转换为不育需要更高的温度,从不育转换为可育则需要更低的温度,并说明影响水稻育性的因素可能存在累加效应。 相似文献
17.
18.
Pathways through networks of branched DNA 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
O Smithies 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,169(948):882-883
19.
Krimigis SM Armstrong TP Axford WI Bostrom CO Gloeckler G Keath EP Lanzerotti LJ Carbary JF Hamilton DC Roelof EC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4532):571-577
The low-energy charged particle instrument on Voyager 2 measured low-energy electrons and ions (energies greater, similar 22 and greater, similar 28 kiloelectron volts, respectively) in Saturn's magnetosphere. The magnetosphere structure and particle population were modified from those observed during the Voyager 1 encounter in November 1980 but in a manner consistent with the same global morphology. Major results include the following. (i) A region containing an extremely hot ( approximately 30 to 50 kiloelectron volts) plasma was identified and extends from the orbit of Tethys outward past the orbit of Rhea. (ii) The low-energy ion mantle found by Voyager 1 to extend approximately 7 Saturn radii inside the dayside magnetosphere was again observed on Voyager 2, but it was considerably hotter ( approximately 30 kiloelectron volts), and there was an indication of a cooler ( < 20 kiloelectron volts) ion mantle on the nightside. (iii) At energies greater, similar 200 kiloelectron volts per nucleon, H(1), H(2), and H(3) (molecular hydrogen), helium, carbon, and oxygen are important constituents in the Saturnian magnetosphere. The presence of both H(2) and H(3) suggests that the Saturnian ionosphere feeds plasma into the magnetosphere, but relative abundances of the energetic helium, carbon, and oxygen ions are consistent with a solar wind origin. (iv) Low-energy ( approximately 22 to approximately 60 kiloelectron volts) electron flux enhancements observed between the L shells of Rhea and Tethys by Voyager 2 on the dayside were absent during the Voyager 1 encounter. (v) Persistent asymmetric pitch-angle distributions of electrons of 60 to 200 kiloelectron volts occur in the outer magnetosphere in conjunction with the hot ion plasma torus. (vi) The spacecraft passed within approximately 1.1 degrees in longitude of the Tethys flux tube outbound and observed it to be empty of energetic ions and electrons; the microsignature of Enceladus inbound was also observed. (vii) There are large fluxes of electrons of approximately 1.5 million electron volts and smaller fluxes of electrons of approximately 10 million electron volts and of protons greater, similar 54 million electron volts inside the orbits of Enceladus and Mimas; all were sharply peaked perpendicular to the local magnetic field. (viii) In general, observed satellite absorption signatures were not located at positions predicted on the basis of dipole magnetic field models. 相似文献
20.
Yang WL Fabbri JD Willey TM Lee JR Dahl JE Carlson RM Schreiner PR Fokin AA Tkachenko BA Fokina NA Meevasana W Mannella N Tanaka K Zhou XJ van Buuren T Kelly MA Hussain Z Melosh NA Shen ZX 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5830):1460-1462
We found monochromatic electron photoemission from large-area self-assembled monolayers of a functionalized diamondoid, [121]tetramantane-6-thiol. Photoelectron spectra of the diamondoid monolayers exhibited a peak at the low-kinetic energy threshold; up to 68% of all emitted electrons were emitted within this single energy peak. The intensity of the emission peak is indicative of diamondoids being negative electron affinity materials. With an energy distribution width of less than 0.5 electron volts, this source of monochromatic electrons may find application in technologies such as electron microscopy, electron beam lithography, and field-emission flat-panel displays. 相似文献