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1.
In this paper I review diseases reported in both captive and free-ranging wapiti in western North America, with some reference to diseases in captive red deer in Great Britain, Europe, New Zealand, and eastern North America.

With the exception of coronavirus in neonates, few viral agents are reported to cause serious disease losses in wapiti in North America at this time. Bacterial diseases of current significance include brucellosis (focus in Wyoming), clostridial diseases, coliform enteritis of neonates, pasteurellosis, and necrobacillosis. The endoparasites most likely to be seen causing lesions in wapiti of western North America are lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus), arterial worm (Elaeophora schneideri), and, possibly, liver fluke (Fascioloides magna). Ectoparasites of importance to wapiti are Psoroptes cervinus and Dermacentor albipictus. Nutritional diseases are not covered in this review.

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2.
The CONSULTANT database contains information on over 6,000 diseases of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine. It is used by hundreds of practices and institutions across North America. The four major functions of the database are computer-assisted diagnosis, review of and access to the clinical literature, teaching, and diagnostic coding.  相似文献   

3.
This study estimated the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nasal swabs of 458 horses in western Canada. The rate of colonization was 1.3% ± 5.84% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a rate similar to those reported elsewhere. Colonization tended to be transient and seemed unrelated to stress or administration of antimicrobials. Five of the 6 isolates were Canadian epidemic MRSA-5, a human clone that appears to predominate in horses in North America. The other isolate was spa type 539 (t034), a sequence type 398 strain, and this is the first report of this clone in horses in North America. Surveillance is warranted because of the potential of MRSA to cause disease in horses and humans.  相似文献   

4.
几种草坪草在兰州地区的植物量及动态研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
对来自丹麦、荷兰、美国 Pickseed和 Jacklin公司的 8个草坪草品种在兰州地区进行了植物量观测 ,结果表明 :多年生黑麦草 4个品种的植物量排序为 Barcredo>Cutter>Figaro>J6 1KR2 76 ;草地早熟禾 4个品种为 Baron>America>Panduro>J6 1KB2 75。来自荷兰及美国 Pickseed公司的 4个品种 ,在兰州地区的适应性均高于丹麦和美国 Jacklin公司的 4个品种 ,反映出品种间生态适应性的差别  相似文献   

5.
For the first time in America, a potential intermediate host for Anoplocephala perfoliata has been reported, obtaining cysticercoids in mites of the genus Scheloribates. Epidemiological aspects of anoplocephalides in horses related to other cestodiasis from domestic herbivores in Argentina are discussed.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens is a good indicator of the prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. The prevalence of T. gondii in 77 free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Colombia, South America was determined. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), and found in 32 (44.4%) of 72 chickens with titers of 1:5 in 4, 1:10 in 3, 1:20 in 1, 1:40 in 1, 1:80 in 8, 1:160 in 8, 1:320 in 3, and 1:640 or higher in 4. Hearts and brains of 31 seropositive chickens were pooled and bioassayed in mice. Tissues from 32 (16+16) seronegative chickens were pooled and fed to two, T. gondii-free cats, and tissues from nine chickens without matching sera were fed to one T. gondii-free cat. Feces of cats were examined for oocysts. T. gondii oocysts were excreted by a cat that was fed tissues of 16 seronegative chickens. T. gondii was isolated by bioassay in mice from 23 chickens with MAT titers of 1:20 or higher. All infected mice from 16 of the 23 isolates died of toxoplasmosis. Overall, 82 (81.1%) of 101 mice that became infected after inoculation with chicken tissues died of toxoplasmosis. Genotyping of these 24 isolates using polymorphisms at the SAG2 locus indicated that seven T. gondii isolates were Type I, 17 were Type III, and none was Type II. Phenotypically, T. gondii isolates from chickens from Colombia were similar to isolates from Brazil but different from the isolates from North America; most isolates from chickens from Brazil and Colombia were lethal for mice whereas isolates from North America did not kill inoculated mice. Genetically, none of the T. gondii isolates from Colombia and Brazil was SAG2 Type II, whereas most isolates from chickens from North America were Type II. This is the first report of genetic characterization of T. gondii isolates from Colombia, South America.  相似文献   

8.
The complex and rapid-paced development of international trade, coupled with increasing societal demands for the production not only of abundant and inexpensive food, but also of food that is safe and has been raised in a humane and environmentally friendly manner, demands immediate attention from the veterinary community. The new culture of global trade agreements, spurred by the development of the WTO, dictates massive changes and increasing integration of public and private sectors. This is a huge growth area for our profession and will require individuals with a skill set we do not yet provide in our educational framework. In North America, veterinary education is parochial and focused on specialization. This strong orientation toward companion animals fails to provide adequate training for those interested in acquiring the necessary skills for the emerging area of globalization and trade. In South America, curricula are less harmonized with one another and there is tremendous variation in degree programs, rendering it difficult to ascertain whether veterinarians are prepared to assume decision-making responsibilities regarding international transport of food. If we do not begin to prepare our graduates adequately for this emerging market demand, the positions will be filled by other professions. These other professions lack broad-based scientific knowledge about animal physiology and disease causation. Decisions made without adequate background could have devastating consequences for society, including incursions of unwelcome diseases, food safety problems, and public health issues. To prepare our new veterinary graduates for the future and this emerging market, it is important to nurture a global mindset within our academic communities and to promote communications, languages, and an interdependent team mentality. Areas of technical expertise that need a place, perhaps a parallel track, in the curriculum include production medicine, public health, food safety, and international veterinary medicine. The major trade corridors of the future regarding animal-based protein flow between North and South America. It is absolutely essential that we find areas of consensus and deficiencies so that we can harmonize our trade agreements and ensure adequate flow of safe food products from one continent to the other.  相似文献   

9.
Hemagglutination activity, structural protein profiles and neutralization assays were used in a comparative study of bovine herpesvirus 1 strains from the U.S.A., Canada, Great Britain, Denmark and Malaysia with equine, feline and human herpesviruses in order to further characterize the bovine herpesvirus 1 hemagglutinin. Bovine herpesvirus 1 strains of different geographical origins all showed hemagglutinating activity for mouse erythrocytes; furthermore, feline herpesvirus 1 was also shown to hemagglutinate mouse erythrocytes. Analyses of partly purified viruses showed that a distinctive and specific polypeptides profile is associated with each species of herpesviruses used in our study; strains of bovine herpesvirus 1 from North America, Europe and Southeast Asia however, presented a remarkable similarity as to their electrophoretic protein patterns. A protein similar to the 97-kDa bovine viral hemagglutinin was not identified with the hemagglutinating feline herpesvirus. An important neutralization epitope on the bovine viral hemagglutinin was also not found on feline, equine and human herpesviruses but was identified on all bovine strains tested from North America, Europe and Southeast Asia stressing the importance of the bovine hemagglutinin for eventual prophylactic purposes.  相似文献   

10.
West Nile virus, a mosquito‐vectored flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis serogroup, was first detected in North America following an epizootic in the New York City area in 1999. In the intervening 11 years since the arrival of the virus in North America, it has crossed the contiguous USA, entered the Canadian provinces bordering the USA, and has been reported in the Caribbean islands, Mexico, Central America and, more recently, South America. West Nile virus has been reported in over 300 species of birds in the USA and has caused the deaths of thousands of birds, local population declines of some avian species, the clinical illness and deaths of thousands of domestic horses, and the clinical disease in over 30 000 Americans and the deaths of over 1000. Prior to the emergence of West Nile virus in North America, St. Louis encephalitis virus and Dengue virus were the only other known mosquito‐transmitted flaviviruses in North America capable of causing human disease. This review will discuss the North American experience with mosquito‐borne flavivirus prior to the arrival of West Nile virus, the entry and spread of West Nile virus in North America, effects on wild bird populations, genetic changes in the virus, and the current state of West Nile virus transmission.  相似文献   

11.
新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情动态及防控措施   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
2009年3月18日由墨西哥发端的人类大流行性甲型(A型)H1N1流感疫情迅速在全球蔓延,并已扩散到中国。新型A型H1N1流感突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽,并相继在北美、南美、大洋洲出现疫情。2009年4月21日,新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情首次在北美的加拿大发生;2009年6月24日,在南美的阿根廷发生猪流感疫情;2009年7月24日,远在大洋洲的澳大利亚也出现猪流感疫情;更糟糕的是在2009年7月23日,在南美紧邻阿根廷的智利的禽类(火鸡)首次发生A型流感疫情。此次新型A型H1N1流感疫情呈现大流行病学显著变化:①突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽;②突破地理屏障,在三大洲先后暴发规模不等、强度不一的多起疫情。因此,我国卫生主管部门、兽医主管部门和出入境检验检疫部门应高度戒备,密切关注,采取严格的生物安全措施,严防疫情疫病跨越国境,特别是防止新型A型H1N1流感疫情在人群、猪群、禽群之间相互传播,避免疫情在人类和动物进一步扩散。  相似文献   

12.
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis which can affect many species. Control programs need accurate diagnosis to be successful, and currently, diagnosis relies on serology. It presents three main issues: the sampling, the antigen panel, and the cutoff point. Herein, we propose a systematic review on leptospirosis among dogs, pigs, and horses in Latin America in order to improve the understanding of the seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in these species in the region as well as the temporal development of the research on this topic and, consequently, improve the chances of success on control programs. Internet databases were consulted over 2015. Inclusion criteria included serosurvey using MAT; a relevant number of animals; the presence in the antigen panel of at least one representative of serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola for dogs, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, and Pomona for pigs, and Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis for horses; and a cutoff point of ≥100. Overall, 240 papers were studied, of which 87 referred to dogs, 66 to pigs, 39 to horses, and 48 to more than one of the studied species. In relation to those that met all the inclusion criteria, it was 45 (66.2%) in dogs, 23 (41.8%) in pigs, and 23 (63.9%) in horses. Leptospirosis is widespread in Latin America. Predominant serogroups are Canicola to dogs and Icterohaemorrhagiae to pigs and horses. Therefore, research on animal leptospirosis should be encouraged in Latin America, in order to reach a greater standardization in studies and then achieve better results on control programs.  相似文献   

13.
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which causes an acute hemorrhagic and highly contagious disease in cyprinids, was first described in Europe and subsequently reported in parts of Asia and North America. SVCV can be classified into four genogroups: Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id. While Ia and Id have wide circulation and are reported to cause outbreaks in North America and Europe, respectively, Ib and Ic were last reported in the 1980s. We used a Bayesian framework to determine the nucleotide substitution rates, relative genetic diversity, and time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of SVCV using large sets of sequences of the phosphoprotein and glycoprotein (G) genes. The sampled genetic diversities of Ia and Id were found to have arisen during the year 1996 (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1986-1998) and 1957 (1926-1972), respectively, with consistent results across the two genes. The TMRCA for SVCV was estimated to have been around 1850 (1727-1938). The substitution rate for Ia is at least 5-7 times higher than that of Id. The rate of nonsynonymous (dn) to synonymous (ds) substitutions (dn/ds=ω) for the G gene of Ia (ω=0.608) is significantly higher than that of Id (ω=0.0749), indicating both exhibit distinct selection profiles. The SVCV population experienced a bottleneck during the early 1990 s followed by a sudden rebound, primarily due to the sudden increase in genetic variants in Ia and Id, which coincided with the timing of a recent series of outbreaks reported in Europe and North America.  相似文献   

14.
JEV、PPV、PRRSV、PRV多联PCR的应用研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
用 JEV、PRRSV二联 PCR,PPV、PRV二联 PCR以及这 4种病毒 4联 PCR对来自内蒙、广州、广西、天津、北京、吉林病料进行检测 ,共检了 1 4 6份病料。其中 PRRSV阳性 7份 ,PPV阳性 1 2份 ,PRV阳性 2 1份 ,PRV和 PPV混合感染 4份。并对 5份人工接种 JEV小鼠病料检测 ,其中 4份为阳性。随后对部分阳性 PCR扩增产物进行点杂交和核苷酸测序鉴定 ,证实了 PCR扩增准确性。对内蒙 PRRSV阳性扩增带测序结果显示 ,我国流行 PRRSV为美洲型 ,在扩增片段的核苷酸序列上有 3个碱基差异  相似文献   

15.
Haemoproteus spp. are ancient apicomplexan hemoparasites that have undergone extensive coevolution with their natural hosts and are typically species specific, with inapparent or minimal pathogenicity. A promiscuous genotype of Haemoproteus capable of undergoing host switching on a familial level was identified. This protozoan caused severe disease with high mortality in 6 species of exotic passerine birds housed in California at the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park: Surinam crested oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus decumanus), Guianan turquoise tanager (Tangara mexicana mexicana), blue-necked tanager (Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala, Guianan red-capped cardinal (Paroaria gularis gularis), magnificent bird of paradise (Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini), and superb bird of paradise (Lophorina superba). The birds had few or no clinical signs. Necropsy findings consisted of hemocoelom and irregularly scattered areas of hemorrhage and hepatocellular necrosis. Affected areas of liver contained solitary protozoal megaloschizonts in varied states of degeneration and peripheral nonsuppurative inflammation. No other parasite life stages were found in parenchymal organs or blood smears. Polymerase chain reaction using consensus primers for an avian malarial mitochondrial cytochrome B gene segment was positive in all cases. Sequencing and BLAST analysis identified the protozoan as a Haemoproteus sp. related to Haemoproteus spp. found in asymptomatic passerine birds native to North America. In situ hybridization was performed in 3 animals with a mitochondrial cytochrome B probe and was positive only in megaloschizonts. These findings suggest the recognition of a genotype of Haemoproteus that exhibits high levels of host infidelity and causes severe disease in captive birds exotic to North America.  相似文献   

16.
Mycoplasma bovis: disease,diagnosis, and control   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Mycoplasma bovis is a major, but often overlooked, pathogen causing respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle. It is found worldwide and has spread into new areas, including Ireland and parts of South America, in the last decade. In Europe, it is responsible for at least a quarter to a third of all calf pneumonia although this may be an underestimate as few laboratories regularly monitor for mycoplasmas. Like all mollicutes, M. bovis is inherently refractory to certain groups of antibiotics because it does not possess a cell wall; furthermore evidence is accumulating that strains of M. bovis are becoming resistant to antibiotics, including tetracycline, tilmicosin and spectinomycin, traditionally used for their control. No vaccines are presently available for the control of M. bovis infections.  相似文献   

17.
Murray KO  Mertens E  Despres P 《Veterinary research》2010,41(6):67-Dec;41(6):67
Zoonotic West Nile virus (WNV) circulates in natural transmission cycles involving certain mosquitoes and birds, horses, humans, and a range of other vertebrates are incidental hosts. Clinical infections in humans can range in severity from uncomplicated WNV fever to fatal meningoencephalitis. Since its introduction to the Western Hemisphere in 1999, WNV had spread across North America, Central and South America and the Caribbean, although the vast majority of severe human cases have occurred in the United States of America (USA) and Canada. By 2002-2003, the WNV outbreaks have involved thousands of patients causing severe neurologic disease (meningoencephalitis and poliomyelitis-like syndrome) and hundreds of associated fatalities in USA. The purpose of this review is to present recent information on the epidemiology and pathogenicity of WNV since its emergence in North America.  相似文献   

18.
The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: Cuterebridae), is geographically found throughout Neotropical America, is considered the major causal agent of furuncular myiasis. This parasite generates considerable damage in affected livestock. Its low host specificity leads to reports of parasitism in several domestic species. The goal of the present study is to report a case of natural infestation by the human botfly (D. hominis) in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Parasitism in llamas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Llamas in North America are infected with a number of helminth parasites, including: gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, meningeal worms, tapeworms, and flukes. Most of these helminths can be treated with the anthelmintic currently used to treat cattle and sheep. At least two protozoan parasites, coccidia and toxoplasma, have been reported in the llamas in North America. Coccidia can be controlled with the anticoccidial drugs used to control these organisms in other domestic animals. Toxoplasma has been reported uncommonly in llamas in North America and control is very difficult. Several external parasites occur in llamas in North America, including lice, mites, ticks, and the deer nasal bot. Except for the deer nasal bot, the other external parasites in the llama can be treated with pesticides approved for use in cattle.  相似文献   

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