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1.
Abstract. The fry of several salmonid species were vaccinated by direct immersion in either Yersinia ruckeri or Vibrio anguillarum bacterin and the level of protective immunity was determined by the survival of fish after bath challenge with virulent organisms. The immersion time for effective vaccination was obtained within 5 s and protective immunity was demonstrated within 5 days at 18°C and within 10 days at 10°C. The minimum size at which maximum protective immunity occurred was between 1.0 and 2.5 g. Immunity appeared to be a function of size and not age, but differences in response among several species were indicated. In fish under 1.0 g, the level of protective immunity could be increased using a more concentrated bacterin. The results were similar with both bacterins.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract. The level of protective immunity was determined for several salmonid species following vaccination by the direct immersion method with commercial Vibrio anguillarum (two serotypes) and Yersinia ruckeri (Hagerman strain) bacterins. The duration of protective immunity varied with the bacterin concentration, size and species of fish, but the duration between the two bacterins was comparable. In fish under 1 g duration of protective immunity was longest when the most concentrated bacterin was used. Generally, immunity lasted in 1-g fish for about 120 days, in 2-g fish for about 180 days, but in 4-g fish and larger immunity lasted for a year or longer. Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) and sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ) retained immunity for a longer time and pink salmon ( O. gorbuscha ) the shortest time. Chinook salmon ( O. tshawytscha ) and rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) were intermediate. Field data generally followed the laboratory tests, but the duration appeared somewhat shortened. In one test 20-g rainbow trout were vaccinated by the shower method and no loss of immunity occurred after 311 days.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract. The influence of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on blood chemistry, immunity and disease resistance was studied in two experiments with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Moist diets with increasing amounts of digestible CHO ranging from 0 to 30% (dry weight) were used. In the first experiment with adult (0.5 kg) fish, blood haemoglobin concentration was negatively correlated with increasing dietary CHO level, while serum glucose and protein did not differ between the groups. Serum cortisol increased linearly in fish fed from 5 to 30% CHO. Serum haemolytic activity was negatively correlated with dietary levels of CHO. Humoral immune responses elicited after vaccination by intraperitoneal injection or by dip immersion with Vibrio salmonicida showed no differences according to diet 10 and 17 weeks post-vaccination. Mortality after challenge with live Aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal injection was lowest in fish fed 10% CHO. In the second experiment with juvenile Atlantic salmon (3g), there were minor differences in body and organ weights. Plasma glucose, protein and cholesterol were elevated in fish fed the highest CHO levels. Fish exposed to immersion challenge with different water concentrations of Vibrio anguillarum showed no statistical differences in mortality. The studies indicate that varying dietary levels of CHO affected immunity and resistance to bacterial infections to a minor extent in Atlantic salmon at low water temperatures during freshwater and seawater stages.  相似文献   

4.
Serum and mucosal antibody responses of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were characterized by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following immunization with various preparations of formalin‐killed Flavobacterium psychrophilum cells. The protective nature of these preparations was then determined by immunizing rainbow trout fry and challenging with the bacterium. Juvenile rainbow trout immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with formalin‐killed F. psychrophilum emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), and i.p. with formalin‐killed F. psychrophilum either with or without culture supernatant generated significant serum antibody responses by 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. Significant mucosal antibody responses were detected by 9 weeks only in fish immunized i.p. with killed F. psychrophilum/FCA. Following immunization and bacterial challenge of rainbow trout fry, protective immunity was conferred in F. psychrophilum/FCA and saline/FCA groups with relative per cent survival values of up to 83 and 51, respectively. Significant protection was not observed in treatment groups immunized by immersion or i.p. without adjuvant at the challenge doses tested. Results suggest that stimulation of non‐specific immune factors enhances the ability of fish to mount a protective immune response, but specific antibody appears necessary to provide near complete protection. In this study, an ELISA was developed to monitor anti‐F. psychrophilum antibody production in trout. The relationship of such responses to protective immunity suggests that future vaccination strategies against coldwater disease may require stimulation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract. The protective effect of Vibrio angnillarum immunization administered by the direct immersion technique in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck and Schlegel, was investigated. The activities of phagoeytic cells were suppressed at the time of vaccination by previous bath exposures to a cyclophosphamide solution containing a concentration of 500 mg/kg/ml on days 2 and 3 before vaccination. An artificial challenge was carried out 3 weeks after vaccination by bath exposure. The survival rate of the vaccine group pretreated with cyclophosphamide was 96%. In the group given traditional vaccine only, 73% survived; and in the non-vaccine control group, 10% survived. These results suggest that protective immunity of ayu vaccinated by the direct immersion technique may not implicate the early activities of phagoeytic cells.  相似文献   

6.
Bacterial cells of the marine fish pathogen Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida were grown in novel culture media. A mixture of whole cells and extracellular components was inactivated and used in bath, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral vaccination of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, employing two sizes of fish. A commercial vaccine was used for comparative purposes. Control and immunized fish were either bath or intraperitoneally challenged 6 and 12 weeks post-vaccination. Small fish had significantly higher relative percentage survival with the novel vaccine mixture both at 6 and 12 weeks post-vaccination by bath, in comparison with the commercial vaccine. No protection was afforded at 6 or 12 weeks post-immunization by either vaccine after challenge via i.p. injection. Sea bass (1.5-2 g) intraperitoneally vaccinated with various adjuvanted vaccine mixtures were not protected against pasteurellosis. In contrast, larger sea bass (20 g) benefited from vaccination with the novel vaccine mixtures. Intraperitoneal challenge with the pathogen resulted in protection in both fish groups vaccinated with novel vaccine mixtures, whereas control fish suffered high mortalities (> 80%). Orally vaccinated fish were immersion challenged with the pathogen. At 6 and 12 weeks post-vaccination the control fish had a high mortality and the fish vaccinated with the novel vaccine mixture achieved good protection.  相似文献   

7.
The humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. Immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and anti-Ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post-immunization. The level of Ich infection and survival of catfish were determined after theront challenge. Cutaneous and serum anti-Ich antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection, or with sonicated trophonts administered by i.p. injection, than in fish immunized with sonicated trophonts by immersion, with bovine serum albumin by i.p. injection, or non-immunized controls. Host protection was noted only in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection or with sonicated trophonts by i.p. injection. There was a positive correlation between higher levels of anti-Ich antibodies and host survival in the immunized fish.  相似文献   

8.
Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel), were immunized by the intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection route with formalin‐killed whole cells of Vibrio anguillarum that originated from a diseased fish. Fifty days later, a booster vaccination was given by the same route. Control fish were similarly treated with sterile phosphate‐buffered saline. The efficacy of vaccination was evaluated based on protection against two bacterial challenges and immune responses (both specific and non‐specific). The challenges were performed by i. p. injection with V. anguillarum or V. parahaemolyticus. The results indicated that the vaccinated fish showed higher non‐specific immune activity than the unvaccinated fish. The effects of vaccinations on the phagocytic activity of phagocyte, bactericidal and lysozyme activities were notable, especially on bactericidal activity. Determined by ELISA, antiserum of vaccinated fish displayed high antibody titres. The vaccination conferred protection against V. anguillarum challenge (81.25–93.75% relative percentage survival (RPS)). The RPS was 46.15–53.85% against V. parahaemolyticus challenge, indicating some degree of cross‐protective immunity.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract. Both under-yearling and post-yearling Atlantic salmon parr produced high agglutinating antibody titres in response to a single intraperitoneal injection of killed bacterial kidney disease (BKD) cells emulsified in. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Low or no response was observed in animals injected with BKD cells in saline or in animals vaccinated by hyperosmotic immersion. Immunological duration was insufficient in fish vaccinated as under-yearling parr to provide protective immunity 2 years later when the fish had become smolts. Atlantic salmon post-yearling parr injected with BKD cells in FCA demonstrated a reduced prevalence of BKD lesions compared to control animals when both were observed as smolts 1 year after vaccination.  相似文献   

10.
Atlantic salmon were fed 40, 300 or 1100 mgall-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate kg feed?1 for 12 weeks.After 6 weeks half of the fish in each group were marked and vaccinated (i.p.injection) against furunculosis and vibriosis. Liver α-tocopherol levelsreflected the dietary input after 6 and 12 weeks of feeding. Noimmunomodulatoryeffects of dietary vitamin E on baseline levels of the immune parameters beforevaccination were detected in this study, as evaluated by antibody dependent andspontaneous plasma complement activities. In general, vaccination increasedplasma complement activities and the number of antigen specific antibodyproducing cells as compared with unvaccinated control fish, but with nodifferences with respect to the vitamin E regimes. Also the ability ofunvaccinated fish to withstand experimental furunculosis was unaffected bydietary vitamin E. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acidinthe liver were, however, negatively affected 6 weeks post vaccination comparedto respective unvaccinated fish.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were immunized with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) theronts and trophonts, and the immune response and host protection against both homologous and heterologous serotypes of Ich were evaluated. Immunizations were done with two immobilization serotypes (ARS4 and ARS6) of live theronts by bath immersion (trial I) and with sonicated trophonts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (trial II). Cutaneous and serum antibody titres against Ich following immunization were measured and survival of catfish was determined after theront challenge. Theronts were immobilized by the antiserum from fish immunized with homologous theronts or trophonts, but not by the serum of fish immunized with the heterologous serotype. Serum from fish immunized by immersion with live theronts showed higher enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titres against both homologous and heterologous serotypes than fish immunized by i.p. injection of trophonts. Channel catfish immunized by immersion with live theronts or by i.p. injection with sonicated trophonts developed an immune response against Ich and provided cross-protection against challenge from both serotypes (ARS4 and ARS6) of the parasite. Sonicated trophont antigens in aqueous solution by i.p. injection could stimulate an immune response in fish, but the immunity was of short duration.  相似文献   

12.
Passive immunization of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was conducted to determine whether anti- Streptococcus iniae whole sera (ASI), heat inactivated anti- S . iniae whole sera (HIASI) and normal whole sera (NWS) were protective when intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into tilapia. The ASI was produced in tilapia actively immunized (challenged) with virulent S. iniae by i.p. injection. An antibody response against S. iniae was demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 18% of the immunized fish died because of the S. iniae infection. The actively immunized tilapia demonstrated a secondary antibody response and immunity to S. iniae after challenge with S. iniae by i.p. injection. Survival was 100% in the actively immunized fish. The NWS was obtained from tilapia free of ASI antibody and susceptible to S. iniae infection (40% mortality). In two separate experiments, significantly higher mortality was noted in tilapia passively immunized with NWS (33 and 53%) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (30 and 60%), in comparison with mortalities of 0 and 10% or 3.3 and 6.7% in the fish passively immunized with ASI or HIASI 14 days after S . iniae infection by i.p. injection ( P  = 0.0003 and 0.0023). Results suggest that immunity provided by ASI and HIASI was because of antibody against S. iniae . Inactivation of complement in the HIASI treatment further suggests that ASI antibody plays a primary role in immunity against S. iniae infection.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract. The histological responses of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis , given an intramuscular injection of a formalin-killed bacterin of Vibrio anguillarum are described. Lesions at the site of injection showed muscular necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells by the second day after injection, and production of granulation tissue from the fifth to the fourteenth day. Protective responses against vibriosis were studied histopathologically in ayu that were vaccinated by intramuscular injection with formalin-killed Vibrio bacterin and by immersion in sonicated Vibrio bacterin, and challenged by a subcutaneous injection with viable Vibrio on the fourteenth day after the vaccination.
Efficacy of both methods was confirmed by the survival of vaccinated fish after the challenge. There was slight bacterial multiplication in the fish, and bacterial phagocytosis by infiltrated neutrophils and tissue necrosis in the injected area on the third day after the challenge. In contrast, non-vaccinated fish died within 24h of challenge, with extensive bacterial multiplication and tissue necrosis in the injected area and visceral organs.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. Fish surviving infection with the pathogenic ciliated protozoan, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet, 1876), become resistant to subsequent infection by the parasite. The acquired immunity suggests that development of a vaccine against the parasite may be possible. Because of the advantages of immunoprophylaxis for treatment of the disease, an effort has been made to determine whether fish exposed to killed parasite preparations can resist subsequent lethal challenge. Both the route of administration and the effects of stage specific antigens have been examined. Channel catfish vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or bath immersion with killed I multifiliis tomites show 100% mortality following a standard challenge protocol. Similarly, 100% mortality was observed in test groups injected with tomite cilia. In both cases, a consistent difference in days to death between control and test group animals was observed. Although complete mortality was seen with fish injected with tomite preparations, fish vaccinated with killed trophonts (the feeding stage of the parasite) had a much greater degree of protection with approximately 50% of fish surviving an otherwise lethal challenge. Finally, animals injected intraperitoneally with live tomites showed nearly complete immunity and were identical in their response to fish which survive natural infection. The response of fish vaccinated with live parasites indicates that animals injected intraperitoneally can develop surface immunity and that i.p. injection is a suitable route of administration for potential I. multifiliis vaccines.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract. A bacterin for immunization against bacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum is described. Cultures were grown in Evelyn's KDM2 medium containing 10% calf serum in a fermenter under the following conditions: pH 7.2, 15°C, 800ml/min air, 200 rev/min agitation and 5–15 days of incubation. Possible substitutes for calf serum were 10% horse serum 0.15% starch and leptospira medium. The bacterins were inactivated with 0.3% formalin and no adjuvants were used. Other tests evaluated pH-lysed bacterin, 50% concentrated bacterin and 50% concentrated pH-lysed bacterin. Juvenile rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri Richardson, were vaccinated either by intraperiotoneal (i.p.) injection, 2 min immersion or 2-step hyperosmotic infiltration. Fish were held from four to six weeks at 11°C, then challenged by i.p. injection with the homologous virulent bacterium. Fish died from days 19 to 40 after challenge. The best preparation was pH-lysed bacterin given by a single i.p. injection; hyperosmotic and immersion vaccination were not effective. Typically when 80% or more of unvaccinated controls were infected as detected by Gram stain, 10% or less of the vaccinated fish were infected.  相似文献   

16.
The commercial furunculosis vaccine Aquavac Furovac 5 and an autogenous vaccine, based on the challenge strain, induced immune protection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), as shown in challenge tests 120 days post-immunization by injection (relative percentage of survival, RPS = 72-99%). This protective effect lasted for at least 6 months post-immunization at appreciable levels (RPS = 50-52%). Neither the autogenous vaccine nor the commercial vaccine was able to induce significant levels of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida in turbot when administered by immersion. Antibody levels were high or moderate in fish vaccinated by injection with the different vaccines and very low in fish vaccinated by immersion. The field results show that delivering an oral boost after the primary vaccination by injection did not enhance protection of turbot against furunculosis and that water-based (autogenous vaccine) and oil adjuvanted (Alpha Ject 1200) vaccines administered by injection conferred similar levels of protection (RPS > 80%) in turbot.  相似文献   

17.
In order to clarify the effectiveness of ultrasonication on vaccine delivery, juvenile sea bream, Pagrus major , were treated with eight different ultrasonic methods. A mixed vaccine against Vibrio alginolyticus and V. anguillarum was used to immunize the fish . The intensity and frequency of the ultrasound were 280 mW cm–2 and 35 kHz, respectively. The ultrasonic methods included continuous or pulsed ultrasound for 3 min, and continuous or pulsed ultrasound for 3 min before and/or after immersion for 3 min. Of all the eight ultrasonic methods tested, `pulsed ultrasound followed by immersion' and `immersion, pulsed ultrasound, and followed by immersion again' provided the best protection, which were comparable with protection of fish immunized by intraperitoneal injection. Moreover, the convenience of applying these two ultrasonic methods for immunization was comparable with the immersion method and was much better than intraperitoneal injection. If 2 × 108 CFU mL–1 of this mixed vaccine was used for vaccination repeatedly five times by ultrasonic methods, it could still produce good protection for the immunized sea bream. Therefore, the ultrasonic method is an effective and practical approach for fish vaccination on a large scale.  相似文献   

18.
Teleosts are able to raise a protective immune response, comprising both innate and adaptive elements, against various pathogens. This is the basis for a widespread use of vaccines, administered as injection or immersion, in the aquaculture industry. It has been described that repeated injection vaccination of fish raises a secondary immune response, consisting of rapid, accelerated and increased antibody reaction. This study reports how rainbow trout responds to repeated immersion vaccination against yersiniosis (ERM) caused by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. It was found that rainbow trout does not raise a classical secondary response following repeated immersion vaccination. Serum antibody titres were merely slightly increased even after three immunizations, using 30‐s immersion into a bacterin consisting of formalin‐inactivated Y. ruckeri (serotype O1, biotypes 1 and 2), performed over a 3‐month period. The densities of IgM‐positive lymphocytes in spleen of fish immunized three times were increased compared to control fish, but no general trend for an increase with the number of immunizations was noted. The lack of a classical secondary response following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by limited uptake of antigen by immersion compared to injection.  相似文献   

19.
Challenge methods for inducing nocardiosis, caused by Nocardia seriolae in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, were evaluated. The first method involved intraperitoneal injection of 1.1 x 10(2), x 10(3) and x 10(4) cfu of N. seriolae; the second was by bath immersion with three different concentrations of bacterial suspension for 10 min; the third was by intradermal injection using a multipuncture device; the fourth was by oral administration using a tube; the fifth was based on the co-habitation of uninfected fish with others that had been artificially infected, i.e. intraperitoneally or by immersion for 10 min. The LD(50) values for the infection trials were 1.9 x 10(2) (intraperitoneal injection), 1.5 x 10(4) mL(-1) (immersion), 4.3 x 10(6) (intradermal injection) and 1.7 x 10(7) (oral administration). In the co-habitation challenge, mortalities were 70% and 50% in groups of non-infected fish mixed with fish infected by the i.p. injection and immersion methods, respectively. Fish challenged by intraperitoneal injection developed adhesions. Fish challenged by other methods did not show any gross clinical signs and moribund fish were similar to natural infection.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract. A vaccine solution of a formalin-killed culture of Vibrio anguillarum cells was observed to be toxic to young ayu when administered by the hyperosmotic infiltration method. The toxin was present in the culture broth. After the toxin was removed from the broth by centrifugation, the fish were dipped in 5.32% NaCl solution for 2 min and then in a solution containing precipitated cells for 3 min. The immunized fish were protected against vibriosis when challenged one month after immersion. The bacterin was administered to ayu by a further two methods, both using lyophilized whole cells of formalin-killed V. anguillarum. In one method, the fish were placed in a 5.32% NaCl solution for 2 min and then in a solution containing lyophilized cells at 2 g/l of well water for 3 min (two-step immersion). In the other method, the fish were placed in a 5.32% NaCl solution containing lyophilized cells also at 2 g/l for 3 min (one-step immersion). A high level of protection against artificial challenge was achieved with either method. No agglutinating antibodies to V. anguillarum were detected in either the serum or mucus of fish dipped in a vaccine solution, a supernatant, or a precipitated solution, one month after immersion. On the other hand, serum titres were detected in fish vaccinated by injection, although no titres were detected in mucus. LD50 values are presented for the virulence of the V. anguillarum strain. Compared to the original strain, virulence increased after the third passage in ayu, but decreased after the thirteenth passage in medium.  相似文献   

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