共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Y. Wolf 《EPPO Bulletin》1977,7(2):277-281
The levant vole, Microtus guentheri (Danford et Alston), the only vole of major economic importance in the Middle East, is the species responsible for the often disastrous mice outbreaks known in this region since antiquity. Population cycles of vole populations and especially the impact of mass outbreaks have been less marked in recent times as a result of changes in cultivation methods, the introduction of new, less vulnerable crops (e.g. cotton) and the elimination of various former sources of infestation and spread of voles (drainage of swamps, regulation of rivers, etc.). On the other hand, new, permanent reservoirs of voles have been created; as, for instance, in alfalfa fields and orchards with permanent vegetation cover. Loss of crops in relation to expenditure of control in Israel is discussed. Various methods of control and rodenticides are reviewed. Organization of control operations, timing of control treatments as well as the need for forecasting impending vole outbreaks are emphasized. 相似文献
2.
Jens Jacob Phil Manson Ralf Barfknecht Timothy Fredricks 《Pest management science》2014,70(6):869-878
Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
W. B?umler 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1998,71(6):117-120
Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1980–1990 wurden auf insgesamt 100 Probefl?chen Wühlmausf?nge für die Schadensprognose in Forstkulturen durchgeführt.
Die gefangenen Tiere wurden im Labor eingehender untersucht und verschiedene Parameter mit der Dichteentwicklung der Schadnager
verglichen. Für einen beschr?nkten Zeitraum von etwa 3 Monaten war die ?u?erlich me?bare L?nge der m?nnlichen Gonaden mit
der Populationsentwicklung korreliert. Bei einer mittleren L?nge der Testes über 3,5 mm wurde eine Zunahme der Populationsdichte
beobachtet (Gradation). Bei einer geringeren Gonadenl?nge war die Populations-entwicklung rückl?ufig (Retrogradation). Dieser
Zusammenhang kann für eine Schadensprognose bedeutsam sein.
Predicting damages of voles in forest cultivations
Voles like the Field VoleMicrotus agrestis, the Common VoleM. arvalis, the Bank VoleClethrionomys glareolus and the Water VoleArvicola terrestris can cause severe damages in forest cultivations by gnawing the trunks and the roots of the young trees. Damages occur during winter time when the population density of these species is high and food resources are limited. The forecast of the development of vole populations is needed to prepare countermeasures against vole damages. The increase or decrease of a vole population can be predicted, if the fertility of the caught specimens is observed. The gonadal size of the males was a suitable predictor for the trend of the development of a vole population. The change of population density of the Bank Vole in a time interval of 3 month (September–December) was highly correlated (r=0.86) with the gonadal index of males. The percentage of pregnant or lactating femals was also a good indicator, but less suitable for practical use. It is assumed, that the hormones of the hypophysis like FSH, LH and Prolactin rule the growth of the gonads, the fertility and the reproduction in a vole population. Testis size is an indicator for the activity of these fertility hormones and for the reproductive process. It can be used to predict the development of vole populations for a limited time interval.相似文献
4.
A. Myllymki 《EPPO Bulletin》1977,7(2):523-531
For providing high-quality seed for forest nurseries, a large-scale seed cultivation program, including laying down 3,790 ha of seed orchards of pine, spruce and other forest trees, was established in Finland in the early 1960's. In particular, pine grafts are extremely vulnerable to damage by rodents, especially the field vole, Microtus agrestis (L.). An integrated rodent control program for all the existing seed orchards was established in 1969. From that time, rodent populations were surveyed every year according to a common scheme based on the Small Quadrat Method (SQM). Short-term forecasts and specific control instructions were issued shortly after the survey. Earlier, the principal method of controlling voles was surface treatment with endrin. At present, the bulk of grafts is protected by mechanical guards round the stems. Investments in guard materials, as well as labour costs of preparing and installing the guards, constituted more than 90% of all control costs from 1969 to 1976, and amounted to about 5 million Fmk. Total costs of rodent surveillance and supervision of the program were about 6% of control costs. Since the establishment of this integrated control program, the absolute numbers of grafts destroyed has considerably decreased, even though the area of seed orchards had more than doubled; thus the large investments in vole control have already been recovered. 相似文献
5.
6.
黄土高原棕色田鼠综合防治技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
棕色田鼠是一种高繁殖力种群,在豫西黄土高原,4月份麦田密度可达540～705只/hm~2,严重地破坏农业和果树的生产。1992～1995年连续4年在河南灵宝市程村乡和寺河乡开展棕色田鼠综合防治试验。以自制的复方田鼠灵杀灭棕色田鼠效果达94.95％,辅以调整作物结构、轮作倒茬、伏翻冬翻地、优化果园管理、挖防鼠沟及强化越冬地果园灭鼠等措施,使过去连年灭鼠变为隔年灭鼠,节省了大量人力、物力,减少了对环境污染。几年来通过对棕色田鼠的综合防治,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。 相似文献
7.
Gabriela Bujalska 《EPPO Bulletin》1977,7(2):411-414
A scheme of density regulation in an island population of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber) is presented. The key factor for the changes in numbers was mortality of untrappable voles. A peak in population numbers followed low mortality of the spring generation, and, in peak years, mortality of the autumn generation was always high. An experimentally enriched food supply resulted in low mortality of both the spring and autumn generations. Natality, which is usually stable, increased slightly as a consequence of the additional food supply. This was due to an earlier start of the breeding season (6 weeks earlier) and to an increase in numbers of mature (i.e. capable of reproduction) females. 相似文献
8.
Studies were conducted to assess the contribution of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system to a 7.2-fold difference in susceptibility to the lethal effects of endrin between endrin-resistant and -susceptible pine voles, Microtus pinetorum. Evaluations of microsomal enzyme systems were conducted for basal and endrin-treated pine voles of both strains. The microsomal activity of ICR white mice was investigated to provide a species comparison. Maximal microsomal mixed function oxidase activities were determined in in vitro incubations for the model substrates ethylmorphine, aniline, and benzo(a)pyrene. Vmax values were estimated for the rate of disappearance of benzo(a)pyrene in in vitro incubations. No significant strain differences in basal microsomal enzyme activity were found for the model substrates investigated, although activity was invariably higher in the resistant strain. The concentration of cytochrome P-450 was significantly higher in the resistant vole though actually less than 20% different. The occurrence of significant strain differences in the levels of microsomal enzyme activity induced by endrin were rare. Significant endrin treatment effects on the levels of microsomal enzyme activity for the pine vole were observed but the degree and direction of change depended on the substrate used. A marked species difference in microsomal mixed function oxidase activity was noted between pine voles and white mice. This was particularly evident for endrin-treated animals. The microsomal activity of endrin-treated white mice was greatly induced relative to basal levels. The degree of induction depended on the substrate used. The small strain differences in microsomal enzyme activity for the systems investigated were judged to be insufficient to explain the strain difference in susceptibility to endrin. 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
To estimate the impact of fenitrothion on small mammals, a breeding colony of wild southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) was successfully maintained. The red-backed vole is a nontarget species inhabiting coniferous forests that are subjected to aerial spraying of the pesticide for the control of spruce budworm infestations. The voles were used to examine toxicity and the metabolic pathways involved in the elimination of fenitrothion after intraperitoneal injection of the purified, undiluted organophosphate. The 96-hr LD50 was 1330 mg/kg. Toxicities toward males and females were not significantly different. All observed symptoms of intoxication and 99% of the mortality occurred within 48 hr of dose application. All major metabolites of fenitrothion metabolism in nonruminant mammals were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. At all doses, fenitrothion was rapidly metabolized and excreted. No body accumulation of residues was implied. The toxicity of fenitrothion was not correlated with increasing proportion of the dose converted into fenitrooxon. The low toxicity to red-backed voles is probably due, in part, to rapid metabolic detoxication by the two mechanisms cleaving fenitrothion at the P-O-aryl and PO-alkyl bonds, the latter becoming more prominent at high dose levels. 相似文献
12.
BACKGROUND: Minimising the concentration of active ingredient in rodenticide bait is desirable economically and for the protection of the agroecosystem. This study aimed to identify a zinc phosphide concentration that balances palatability and efficacy for common vole (Microtus arvalis Pall.) management and to compare the attractiveness of two bait carriers. RESULTS: Bait uptake of voles was reduced by 87–98% compared with plain bait when bait contained 0.4–3.2% zinc phosphide. There was an almost 50% decrease in the uptake of zinc phosphide when the zinc phosphide concentration of bait was doubled. Red dye used in commercially available bait decreased bait consumption by 10%. Daily consumption of zinc phosphide bait on days 2 to 5 was half the consumption on the first day of exposure. In bait choice tests, wheat kernels were preferred initially, but within 12 h similar amounts of wheat‐based pellets and wheat kernels were eaten. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results from the laboratory trial, a zinc phosphide concentration of 2.1% seemed to balance uptake/efficacy best and may be most appropriate for the management of common vole populations. This concentration is substantially lower than the concentration used in many registered products. A reduced concentration of active ingredient and the use of pellet bait instead of wheat which is highly attractive for birds may have advantages for agroecosystem health when applying zinc phosphide for rodent control. © Jens Jacob, Mechthild Budde and Angela Leukers, employees of the Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Germany. Printed with permission. 相似文献
13.
洞庭湖区东方田鼠对溴敌隆的敏感性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从洞庭湖防洪大堤护坡和湖滩捕捉试鼠,在实验室做无选择性摄食试验。将试鼠雌雄分开,随机分组,配制0.000 2％溴敌隆毒饵进行不同时间的攻毒试验。用SPSS进行几率单位加权回归法(Bliss法)的计算,探讨不同食毒期与对应死亡率之间的关系。结果表明,东方田鼠性别之间对溴敌隆的敏感性差异无统计学意义,故将雌雄数据合并计算,得毒力回归方程y=0.07+2.65x,LFP50、LFP98、LFP99及其95％置信限分别是0.94(0.43～1.33)、5.63(3.51～20.83) d和7.14(4.15～33.52) d。按WHO修订以致死99％敏感靶标鼠种的食毒期(LFP99)取整天数作为抗药性检验标准,洞庭湖区东方田鼠对0.000 2％的溴敌隆毒饵食毒期超过8 d存活为产生抗药性。 相似文献
14.
The basic hypothesis underlying a population dynamics model for the field vole (Microtus agrestis [L.]) in central Scandinavia is described and discussed. The hypothesis is that most aspects of population dynamics of the field vole may be understood by analyzing the nutritional (energy and matter) balance of individual animals and their differential allocation of available nutrients. Digested nutrients are assumed to be utilized for maintenance cost, M; growth, A S; reproduction, R; and dispersion behaviour (including dispersal), D. The simulation model whose main ideas are described verbally is being developed at present. The model is intended to simulate density, age structure, reproductive activity of different categories of the population and spatial distribution; grazing impact apportioned among the most important potential food species (or group); interaction with sympatric rodents, their predators and parasites. Special emphasis is placed on the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape. The population dynamics model is of the Monte Carlo type and considers the realization of a series of events by calculating average probabilities and “drawing” random numbers. The model simulates individual animals in a large heterogeneous area. Qualitative predictions based on our basic hypothesis are discussed and compared with available field information. 相似文献
15.
16.
Hepatic microsomes from female montane voles, Microtus montanus, metabolized biphenyl to 4-hydroxybiphenyl (359 ng/mg microsomal protein/min), 3-hydroxybiphenyl (49 ng/mg/min), and 2-hydroxybiphenyl (29 ng/mg/min). Phenobarbital treatment of the voles (ip) induced in vitro biphenyl hydroxylations by about 324, 865, and 445% for 4-, 3- and 2-hydroxylation, respectively. Comparable studies were made of female, white Swiss Webster mice. The major microsomal metabolite was 4-hydroxybiphenyl (1010 ng/mg/min) but more 2-hydroxybiphenyl (118 ng/mg/min) was formed than 3-hydroxybiphenyl (92 ng/mg/min). Phenobarbital treatment of the mice barely changed biphenyl 2-hydroxylation (?1.3%) but did raise 3- and 4-hydroxylation (55 and 211%, respectively). Treatment of voles with 3-methylcholanthrene raised biphenyl 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxylation by about 81, 50, and 47%, respectively, whereas in mice the increases were 176, 41, and 31%, respectively. β-Naphthoflavone treatment had similar effects. The vole liver microsomes were dependent upon NADPH for biphenyl hydroxylation. The carbon monoxide difference spectra of reduced cytochrome in the microsomes show a peak at 450.4 nm. This was unchanged by phenobarbital and only slightly shifted (?0.8 nm) by 3-methylcholanthrene or β-naphthoflavone treatment. Voles and mice represent different families of the order Rodentia. The results obtained with voles more closely resemble those reported for hamsters which are in the same family but a different subfamily than voles. Comparative consideration of the taxonomic relations of the rodents, therefore, may be useful in interpreting their comparative toxicology. 相似文献
17.
Elisa Ranchelli Ralf Barfknecht Dario Capizzi Francesco Riga Valeria Mazza Filippo Dell'Agnello Marco Zaccaroni 《Pest management science》2016,72(5):857-863
Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii) is a rodent species of the Cricetidae family, inhabiting southern European agroecosystems. It is considered to be the main cause of rodent‐attributed damage in Italy. To achieve an effective management, detailed knowledge of this species is needed. However, the available information about this species is fragmentary and incomplete. In this paper, the existing knowledge of Savi's pine vole taxonomy, reproduction, population dynamics, habitat and food preferences is reviewed in order to organise available information and identify priority areas of future research. Some of the changes in farming practices that have occurred in recent decades may have increased the impact of Savi's pine vole populations in crop fields. To manage this pest species effectively, an integrated strategy is recommended (involving habitat management, trapping and, when appropriate, the use of rodenticides). The apparent lack of cyclical population outbreaks and the relatively small litter size and long gestation and interpartum period of this species suggest that it could be more manageable than other vole species, while its strict herbivorous diet, stable population size in open habitats and wide distribution seem to indicate it as an ideal model species for risk assessment studies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Alternative control techniques to the use of endrin ground spray were investigated in apple orchards in Washington (US). Non-toxic control strategies using cultural practices proved highly successful in reducing high populations of Microtus montanus to low levels. Early spring raking and mowing followed by the application of herbicides to a strip along the tree line appeared to have the greatest effect. Regular mowing between the tree rows and the maintenance of bare ground under the trees prevented significant build-up of the population. Similar cultural work also substantially improved the efficacy of subsequent rodenticide applications. The economic impact of the vole damage on apple orchards, even those composed of mature trees, is substantial and the expense of intensive cultural work is justified where high vole populations are possible. 相似文献
19.
不同季节出生的布氏田鼠繁殖发育模式分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
布氏田鼠是我国内蒙古东部草原的主要害鼠之一,具有明显的季节性繁殖特征。本研究于2013年采集内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草原繁殖盛期(6-7月)和末期(8月)的布氏田鼠,比较了种群组成和繁殖器官的季节特点。结果表明,从繁殖盛期到末期,越冬鼠比例呈现下降趋势,当年鼠比例逐渐上升。不同年龄、性别的布氏田鼠存在明显的繁殖状态上的差异:与当年出生个体相比,越冬鼠参与繁殖时间长,在整个繁殖期都参与繁殖,是繁殖期尤其是繁殖早期种群繁殖的主力;与雄鼠相比,当年出生雌鼠会更多参与繁殖,在6月中旬的繁殖盛期,当年生雌鼠的怀孕率达39%,而当年雄鼠未参与繁殖。这些结果表明,不同性别、不同时期出生的布氏田鼠采取了不同的繁殖策略,体现为各自在种群繁殖中的贡献不同,因此在分析其暴发成灾机制时应考虑种群中性别和年龄组成。 相似文献
20.
R. Tertil 《EPPO Bulletin》1977,7(2):317-339
Impact of the common vole, Microtus arvalis (Pallas), upon the winter wheat and alfalfa crops was determined. Net-bottomed coops were used for estimating the effect of vole grazing. Exposure of winter wheat to vole grazing at the stages of earing and flowering was the most harmful. Losses were up to 91% of the potential crop yield, while the proportion of the best grain size fraction (2.8 mm) dropped to a minimum level. Coefficients reflecting the influence of vole grazing on the crop were determined. The coefficient TOTAL is an index of the total impact of consumption. The impact, It, at time t equals the consumption, Ct, at this time multiplied by the value of TOTAL. For alfalfa, these coefficients range from 1.28 to 11.73. The results obtained in this study have made it possible to determine the effective rodent pressure on crop yield. 相似文献