共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
M. K. da Silva Moço E. F. da Gama-Rodrigues A. C. da Gama-Rodrigues R. C. R. Machado V. C. Baligar 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):127-138
Agroforestry systems deposit great amounts of plant residues on soil and this leads to high levels of soil organic matter
content and has increased soil biodiversity and improved its conservation. This study compares the distribution of meso and
macrofaunal communities in soil and litter under cacao agroforestry systems and in a natural forest in the southern Bahia
state of Brazil. Soil and litter samples were obtained in September 2003, February 2004, and August 2004 in five cacao agroforestry
systems. The systems evaluated included: cacao renewed under Erythrina sp. (Erythrina poeppigiana) (CRE); cacao renewed under natural forest (Cabruca, CRF); an old cacao system under Erythrina sp. (OCE); an old cacao system under a natural forest system (Cabruca, OCF) and a cacao germplasm collection area (CGC).
As a reference soil and litter under a natural forest (NF) was included. Organisms were collected over a 15-day period with
a Berlese–Tullgren apparatus. The density and richness of total fauna varied distinctly according to sites, sampling time
and material sampled (soil and litter). 16,409 of fauna were recovered from soil and litter samples and the density of total
fauna was 2,094 individuals m−2 in the litter and 641 individuals m−2 in the soil. The richness was 11.8 in the litter and 7.5 in the soil. The cacao agroforestry systems adopted for growing
cacao in the southern Bahia region of Brazil have beneficial effects on the soil and litter faunal communities, and such systems
of cacao cultivation could be considered as a conservation system for soil fauna. The development of a litter layer resulted
in higher abundance and diversity of soil fauna. 相似文献
2.
F. C. Zaia A. C. Gama-Rodrigues E. F. Gama-Rodrigues M. K. S. Mo?o A. G. Fontes R. C. R. Machado V. C. Baligar 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(2):197-212
Large amounts of plant litter deposited in cacao agroforestry systems play a key role in nutrient cycling. Organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and microbial biomass were investigated in cacao agroforestry systems on Latosols and Cambisols in Bahia, Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbial C and N, mineralizable N and organic P in two soil orders under three types of cacao agroforestry systems and an adjacent natural forest in Bahia, Brazil and also to evaluate the relationship between P fractions, microbial biomass and mineralized N with other soil attributes. Overall, the average stocks of organic C, total N and total organic P across all systems for 0?C50?cm soil depth were 89,072, 8,838 and 790?kg?ha?1, respectively. At this soil depth the average stock of labile organic P was 55.5?kg?ha?1. For 0?C10?cm soil depth, there were large amounts of microbial biomass C (mean of 286?kg?ha?1), microbial biomass N (mean of 168?kg?ha?1) and mineralizable N (mean of 79?kg?ha?1). Organic P (total and labile) was negatively related to organic C, reflecting that the dynamics of organic P in these cacao agroforestry systems are not directly associated with organic C dynamics in soils, in contrast to the dynamics of N. Furthermore, the amounts of soil microbial biomass, mineralizable N, and organic P could be relevant for cacao nutrition, considering the low amount of N and P exported in cacao seeds. 相似文献
3.
H. W. Fassbender L. Alpízar J. Heuveldop H. Fölster G. Enríquez 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1):49-62
Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica.For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered.The implications of the models are discussed in detail.Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered.N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986 For part II see this issueAgroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica 相似文献
4.
H. W. Fassbender L. Alpízar J. Heuveldop H. Fölster G. Enríquez 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1-3):49-62
Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems
of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica.
For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference
between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests)
of the system are considered.
The implications of the models are discussed in detail.
Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered.
N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall
patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986 For part II see this issue
Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit),
Turrialba, Costa Rica 相似文献
5.
S. Aleixo A. C. Gama-Rodrigues M. G. Costa M. V. S. Sales E. F. Gama-Rodrigues J. R. B. Marques 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(3):423-437
Little is known about the phosphorus (P) fractions and P lability of agroforest soils in tropical regions, particularly those of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforests. We hypothesized that the effect of P fertilization on the distribution of P fractions in the soil based on the source-sink relationship differs for different cacao agroforestry systems. The cacao agroforestry systems studied were the following: open cacao-cabruca, closed cacao-cabruca, cacao + erythrina, mixed cacao + rubber tree, and cacao + rubber tree intercropping. A natural forest and an unfertilized pasture were used as reference systems. The P fractions were determined using the Hedley sequential extraction method, and the P transformation processes were evaluated via structural equation modeling. The impact of low P fertilizer input on the P fractions varied according to the specific environmental conditions of each cacao production system. Consequently, there was high dissimilarity among all of the cacao sites. In all of the cacao agroforestry systems, there was an increase in inorganic P (Pi), especially the labile fraction (resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi), but organic P (Po) increased only in the cacao + erythrina system and in the rubber tree planting row of the cacao + rubber tree intercropping system. As a result, the fitted structural models indicated that the inter-relationships of the geochemical processes were more important for determining the P availability than the biological processes. However, the Po concentrations and relative proportion were high in all of the cacao agroforestry systems, thereby revealing the high potential of supplying P to plants via the mineralization process in the eventual removal of mineral fertilization. 相似文献
6.
Patrícia A. B. Barreto Emanuela F. Gama-Rodrigues A. C. Gama-Rodrigues Alexandre G. Fontes José C. Polidoro Maria Kellen S. Moço Regina C. R. Machado V. C. Baligar 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,81(3):213-220
Agroforestry systems can play a major role in the sequestration of carbon (C) because of their higher input of organic material
to the soil. The importance of organic carbon to the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil quality is well recognized.
However, total organic carbon measurements might not be sensitive indicators of changes in soil quality. Adoption of procedures
that can extract the more labile fraction preferentially might be a more useful approach for the characterization of soil
organic carbon resulting from different soils. This study aimed to evaluate organic carbon (C) fractions distribution in different
soil layers up to 50 cm depth in two soil orders under cacao (Theobroma
cacao) agroforestry systems (AFS) in Bahia, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from four depth classes (0–5, 5–10, 10–30 and 30–50 cm)
under two cacao agroforestry systems (30-year-old stands of cacao with Erythrina glauca, as shade trees) in Latosol and Cambisol, in Bahia, Brazil. The determination of oxidizable carbon by a modified Walkley–Black
method was done to obtain four C fractions with different labile forms of C (fraction 1: labile fraction; fraction 2: moderate
labile fraction; fraction 3: low labile fraction and fraction 4: recalcitrant fraction). Overall, at two cacao AFS, the C
fractions generally declined with increase in soil depth. The C fractions 1 and 2 were 50% higher on upper layers (0–5 and
5–10 cm). More than 50% of organic C was found in more labile fraction (fraction 1) in all depths for both soils. High value
of C fraction 1 (more labile C)-to-total organic C ratio was obtained (around 54–59%, on Latosol and Cambisol, respectively),
indicating large input of organic matter in these soils. 相似文献
7.
Patrick Hoehn Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter Damayanti Buchori Teja Tscharntke 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):163-171
Tropical insect species show year-round breeding activity due to favourable climatic conditions. However, most species also
display seasonal reproductive peaks, but little is known about underlying causes of temporal density changes. We investigated
population dynamics of the pest predator Rhynchium haemorrhoidale (F.) (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) and its natural enemies in relation to season, climate and varying shade tree composition in
cacao agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Nesting of R. haemorrhoidale showed clear seasonality with highest densities in the wet season and lowest in the dry season, which was not related to
changes in temperature. Wasp densities increased with land-use intensity, presumably because less-shaded areas offer more
favourable climatic conditions and higher densities of the major prey, the cacao pest Agathodes caliginosalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pupal body size was higher in June than in November indicating increasing intraspecific competition
due to high wasp densities and food shortage at the beginning of the wet season. Body size between habitat types was similar,
thus season appeared to be more important than habitat in terms of food supply. High wasp densities in the wet season were
associated with high diversity of the altogether seven parasitoid species. In conclusion, we found a pronounced seasonality
of the wasp R. haemorrhoidale and a preference for little shaded agroforestry, which may be due to enhanced temperature and density of its prey. Our data
indicate a high potential for biological control of a major cacao pest by management of nesting sites of R. haemorrhoidale. 相似文献
8.
This paper reviews the research themes and methodologies used by CATIE in agroforestry research with shade trees over coffee
(Coffea arabica) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) during the past 20 years. Initially research focused on characterization and production studies (of crop and timber including
border areas) of traditional systems using temporary and permanent sample plots on private farms. The assessment area of traditional
shade-coffee (or cacao) systems should be the whole plot, including the border areas, and not some subjectively selected central
area which supposedly represents unit area productivity. Uncontrolled crop, tree, and management heterogeneity limited extrapolation
of early on-farm research results to other farmers' fields. Replicated case studies of best bet technologies (traditional
or experimental) on different farms are often preferable to the use of formal experimental designs. On-station research included
the use of systematic spacing designs to test extreme shade tree density treatments of coffee. Most nutrient cycling studies
were also carried out on-station, using service and timber shade species over coffee and cacao to evaluate the ability of
these agroforestry systems to maintain nutrient reserves and diversify production. Plot size (even 36 × 36 m) was limiting
for long term research because of inter-plot interference, both below- and above ground, when using fast growing, tall timber
trees as shade. These experiences suggest a minimum plot size of 2,500 m2. Individual tree designs and tree-crop interface studies (e.g. regression analysis of data taken along transects) are promising
experimental/sampling approaches that need further development. The principal research thrusts proposed for the next five
years are bio-physical process research on coffee responses to shade and competition with trees (growth, carbon allocation,
phenology, disease-pest tolerance, yields and coffee quality effects) and socioeconomic analyses of both traditional and new
or improved shade – coffee combinations vs. monocultures.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Financial returns, stability and risk of cacao-plantain-timber agroforestry systems in Central America 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Diversification of agroecosystems has long been recognized as a sound strategy to cope with price and crop yield variability, thus increasing farm income stability and lowering financial risk. In this study, the financial returns, stability and risk of six cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) – laurel (Cordia alliodora (R&P) Oken) – plantain (Musa AAB) agroforestry systems, and the corresponding monocultures, were compared. Production and cost data were obtained from an on-going eight-year old experiment. The agroforestry systems included a traditional system and a replacement series between cacao (278, 370, 556, 741 and 833 plants ha–1) and plantain (833, 741, 556, 370 and 278 plants ha–1) with a constant laurel population (timber tree; 69 trees ha–1). An ex-post analysis was conducted using experimental and secondary data to build a simulation model over a 12-year period under different price assumptions. The probability distribution functions for the three commodity prices were modeled and simulated through time, accounting for their possible autocorrelation and non-normality. The expected net incomes from the agroforestry systems were considerably higher than from monocultures. The agroforestry systems were also less risky. Agroforestry systems with proportionally more cacao than plantain were less risky, but also less stable. The timber component (C. alliodora) was a key factor in reducing farmer's financial risks. Methodologically, the study illustrates a technique to evaluate both expected returns and the corresponding financial risks to obtain a complete, comparable profile of alternative systems. It shows the need to allow for the possibility of non-normality in the statistical distributions of the variables entering a financial risk and return analysis. 相似文献
10.
J. Heuveldop H. W. Fassbender L. Alpízar G. Enríquez H. Fölster 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1-3):37-48
During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity.
Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses.
The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1):
At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1.
Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in
the nutrient cycles.
The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986.
Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit),
Turrialba, Costa Rica 相似文献
11.
J. Heuveldop H. W. Fassbender L. Alpízar G. Enríquez H. Fölster 《Agroforestry Systems》1988,6(1):37-48
During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha–1.a–1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity.Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha–1.a–1):
At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha–1.a–1.Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha–1.a–1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha–1.a–1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles.The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha–1.a–1):
For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986.Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica 相似文献
12.
Cacao agroforestry systems (CAFS) can provide supporting services such as optimum light conditions for cacao growth, water and nutrient cycling and regulating services such as pest and disease control and climate regulation. This review considers recent literature on the manifestation of these services in CAFS around the world to provide an overview of scientific knowledge. Crown structures of associated trees can facilitate optimum light conditions for cacao growth, and provide water through vertical root segregation. Leaf litter fall and roots from associated species contribute to nutrient cycling. Both nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing species can provide nutrients to the cacao plant, though competition from certain species may limit phosphorus and potassium uptake. Pest and disease regulating services can arise through careful shade management to create a microclimate which reduces susceptibility of cacao to fungal diseases and sun-loving pests. All CAFS store carbon to varying degrees; those resembling original forest much more than simple two-species systems from which shade trees are removed after maturity of the cacao stand. CAFS also promotes biodiversity conservation depending on structure, management, and landscape arrangement, though not to the extent of natural forests. Research opportunities to increase provision of these services include optimal spatial arrangement for nutrient cycling and functional diversity as well as landscape connectivity for biodiversity conservation. Trade-offs between carbon storage, biodiversity, cacao yield and socio-economic resilience are presented, indicating that optimization of ecosystem services in CAFS requires consideration of interactions between all services, including socio-cultural and economic ones. 相似文献
13.
Fine root dynamics of shaded cacao plantations in Costa Rica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Root turnover may contribute a significant proportion of recycled nutrients in agroforestry systems and competition between trees and crops for nutrients and water may depend on temporal fine root regrowth patterns. Fine root biomass ( 2 mm) and fine root productivity were measured during one year in plantations of cacao (Theobroma cacao) shaded by Erythrina poeppigiana or Cordia alliodora planted on a deep alluvial soil in Turrialba, Costa Rica. Fine root biomass of approximately 1.0 Mg ha–1 varied little during the year with maximum values at the beginning of the rainy season of 1.85 Mg ha–1 in the cacao-C. alliodora system compared to 1.20 Mg ha–1 for cacao-E. poeppigiana. Fine root productivity of C. alliodora and E. poeppigiana (maximum of 205 and 120 kg ha–1 4 week–1, respectively) was greatest at the end of the rainy season, while for cacao it was greatest at the beginning of the rainy season (34–68 kg ha–1 4 week–1), which suggests that if nutrient competition occurs between the shade trees and the cacao, it could be minimized by early fertilization during the beginning of the rains immediately after pruning the shade trees. Annual fine root turnover was close to 1.0 in both systems. Assuming that fine root biomass in these mature plantations was constant on an annual basis, nutrient inputs from fine root turnover were estimated as 23–24 (N), 2 (P), 14–16 (K), 7–11 (Ca) and 3–10 (Mg) kg ha–1 year–1, representing 6–13% and 3–6% of total nutrient input in organic matter in the C. alliodora and E. poeppigiana systems, respectively. 相似文献
14.
Shade trees play an important role within agroforestry systems by influencing radiation and wind regimes as well as nutrient and hydrological cycling. However, there is a lack of quantitative assessments of their functions. One of the reasons is the rare information on structural characteristics of shade tree species. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide basic information on the structure of frequently used shade tree species for the implementation of models simulating the ecosystem processes in agroforestry systems. The investigation of the shade trees was conducted at two cacao agroforestry sites on Sulawesi, Indonesia. The measurements of the main structural parameters: diameter at breast height, tree height, trunk height, crown length and crown radius were carried out for the shade tree species Aleurites moluccana, Cocos nucifera and Gliricidia sepium. For data collection, the National Forest Inventory Field Manual Template by FAO (2004) was applied. Based on this information allometric functions were derived for the correspondent shade tree species. The best significant relationships were obtained for the height-crown length relationship of the dicotyledonous tree species’ A. moluccana and G. sepium with a coefficient of determination r² = 0.925 and r² = 0.738, respectively, and the height-crown length relationship of the monocotyledonous palm C. nucifera with r² = 0.663. The transferability tests ‘analysis of covariance’ and ‘homogeneity of slopes’ have shown that the obtained allometric functions are also applicable to other cacao agroforestry systems of the region. 相似文献
15.
Quintino R. Araujo Guilherme A. H. A. Loureiro Sandoval O. Santana Virupax C. Baligar 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(6):625-647
Information concerning the classification of soils and their properties under cacao agroforestry systems of the Atlantic rain forest biome region in the Southeast of Bahia, Brazil is largely unknown. Soil and climatic conditions in this region are favorable for high soil carbon storage. This study is aimed to classify soils under cacao agroforestry and further, to quantify carbon stocks in these soil profiles. Soil classification was performed, and the amount of C stored was estimated, based on the thickness of the soil horizons, their bulk density, and total organic carbon stored. In the sites studied under cacao, four general classes of soils were identified: Ultisols, Oxisols, Alfisols, and Inceptisols. Carbon stocks in these soil profiles showed wide variation, ranging from 719.24 to 2089.93 Mg ha?1. Carbon stocks in soil surface and subsurface layers in different agroforestry systems with cacao (cacao cabruca, cacao?×?rubber tree, and cacao?×?erythrina) were comparable; however, total storage of organic C in these soils was higher than expected, compared to values reported for the International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC), based on the FAO-UNESCO database, and were also higher than estimated regional soil data. 相似文献
16.
Mattalia Giulia Wezel Alexander Costet Pierre Jagoret Patrick Deheuvels Olivier Migliorini Paola David Christophe 《Agroforestry Systems》2022,96(7):1077-1089
The demand for cocoa has increased over the past years following the growth of cocoa-based products linked to the rise in living standard in highly populated countries. Cacao industry is therefore currently facing the dilemma of producing more cacao while ensuring its sustainability. Cacao monocrops and agroforestry systems (AFS) are two contrasting ways to produce cocoa, yet their impact on yields, contribution to farmer livelihood, cocoa quality remains understudied. Therefore, we reviewed existing literature comparing (1) monocrop cacao farming systems with (2) simple or (3) complex AFS. We found 19 comparisons of the cocoa yields in monocrops and simple AFS and 20 comparisons of monocrop and complex AFS. Three main research findings derive from this work. First, in about one third of cases, cacao trees yield more (or equally) in AFS than in monocrops. However, when considering only simple AFS, cacao trees yield more or equal to cacao monocrop in 52% of the cases. Second, cocoa AFS yields an average of 14% less than cacao monocrop. Yet, on average simple AFS yielded 2% less than cacao monocrops. Finally, there are too little elements to draw conclusions about the nexus between cocoa quality and cacao tree cultivation system.
相似文献17.
Over the past decades, the general trend towards shade reduction and intensification of cacao management has led to biodiversity losses. In the Peruvian Amazon, the regional government is heavily promoting crop conversion to shift from regionally marketed foods towards cacao (Theobroma cacao) and copoazu (Theobroma grandiflorum). While this shift is already visibly impacting the farming landscape and the lives of many smallholder farmers, little is known about the reasons that drive farmers to choose certain types of Theobroma species or cacao varieties over others. In this paper, we addressed how cacao farmers perceive and manage specific and varietal Theobroma diversity. We interviewed cacao farmers (n?=?20) during a seed-exchange fair and adapted a version of the four-square analysis to explore which Theobromas are currently adopted by farmers and why. The native cacao variety (cacao chuncho) was the one cultivated by most farmers, followed by the more industrial clonal varieties. The source of seeds and seedlings for the most cultivated varieties was a mix of donations by public institutions (for clonal varieties) and informal exchange among farmers (mainly for native and criollo varieties, and species i.e. macambo (Theobroma bicolor) and cacauillo (Theobroma speciosum)). The cacao varieties incentivized by public institutions were the least desired for future investment. The motivations for farmers to plant Theobromas was mainly based on the perceived current and potential market, but their desire to invest in a given species or variety was also based on pest resistance, traditional use, farm diversification and taste. Copoazu and CCN cacao varieties are produced by many households in large areas, while macambo, cacauillo and the cacao varieties TSH and porcelana are produced by few households in small areas. Our study suggests that agroforestry systems that include alternative Theobroma species are multi-strata and more diverse than cacao-based systems. It highlights the risks of agrobiodiversity loss associated with the promotion of industrial cacao varieties, and the importance of seed and seedling access for the development of diverse farming systems. We recommend the expansion of local seed-sharing networks and the extension of public cacao-donation campaigns to neglected and underutilized Theobromas with socio-economic and environmental benefits, in order to make the local farming systems more diverse and resilient.
相似文献18.
Kerinci is a densely populated valley surrounded by a national park in western central Sumatra, Indonesia. Indigenous agroforestry systems include important cash crops like coffee (Coffea canephora var.robusta) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmani), and range from alternate cycles of cash crop monocultures or simple associations, to multispecies and multi-storey gardens; these may include as many as 100 common useful species, comprising many fruit trees and indigenous timber species.After analysing the trends of forest conversion and its causes in the area of Kerinci Seblat National Park, a case study of one particular village is presented in order to describe the evolution of cyclic agroforestry systems (ladang) into complex agroforestry systems (pelak). The composition, structure and management of the various systems have been studied through interviews, botanical surveys and the method of profile diagrams.It is suggested that locally developed complex agroforestry systems evolve partly in response to changes in land availability and labour constraints. Finally the interest of such systems when designing projected buffer zones and their development in relation to new market incentives are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Survival, growth, timber productivity and site index of Cordia alliodora in forestry and agroforestry systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Matching tree species to appropriate site conditions and stand management is crucial for sound agroforestry production. In this study, survival, growth and site index for laurel (Cordia alliodora (Ruiz and Pavón) Oken.) were measured between 1987–1999 in two forestry (line plantings and pure plantations) and four agroforestry systems (taungya and three laurel – cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) systems) in the lowland humid tropics of Costa Rica and Panama. Mortality ranged between 2 and 52% at age nine years. Poor drainage, flooding and high water tables resulted in low laurel survival on some sites. At age 5, laurel site index was 21 m in cacao – plantain (Musa AAB) – laurel associations (CLP), but only 15 m in line plantings. Diameter at breast height at that age was 28.5 cm in CLP and only 15.6 cm in pure plantations. Laurel growth and site index were high when planted in association with intensively managed crops (e.g., cacao, plantain or taungya sequences). 相似文献
20.
Smallholder Cacao (Theobroma cacao Linn.) cultivation in agroforestry systems of West and Central Africa: challenges and opportunities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The cultural features, management practice, environmental sustainability, and economic profitability of smallholder cacao
(Theobroma cacao)production in West and Central Africa are reviewed. The aim is tohighlight factors affecting the cacao production and marketing
sectorand to propose appropriate strategies to ensure sustainable and profitable cacao production in the region. The cacao
cultivation system causes minimum damage to soil resources. In terms of carbon sequestration and below- and above-ground bio-diversity,
the cacao agroforest is superior to the alternative food crop production land use. The food crop production system is based
on the practice of slash-and-burn farming, which, due to population pressure and reduced fallow cycle, is no longer sustainable.
Economic profitability analysis of this system in Cameroon showed that, at current prices, even with no value assigned to
the tree species, the sector could still be profitable. Based on the current review and our knowledge of West and Central
Africa, there is an urgent need to: (a) rationalize and optimize arrangement of the various components in cacao agroforest,
(b) domesticate high value and shade tolerant indigenous species such as Gnetum africanum and integrate into the system in order to enhance the system's diversity and profitability, (c) develop shade-tolerant and
disease-resistant cacao varieties, (d) integrate small-stock production into the system, and (e) develop an enabling policy
environment addressing cacao marketing, plant protection, land tenure and transformation of non-cacao primary products from
the cacao agroforests.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献