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1.
黄土丘陵区沙棘混交林叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
以黄土丘陵区沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)+油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、沙棘(H.rhamnoides)+刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林(H_rP_t、H_rR_p)及油松(P_t)和刺槐(R_p)纯林为对象,测定叶片、凋落物和0—100 cm土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,探究混交造林对不同组分间养分协同变化规律的影响。结果表明:(1)相比P_t,H_rP_t中油松叶片C、N、P含量(p0.05)及N∶P(p0.05)增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于缓解N限制,加快其生长速率;相比R_p,H_rR_p中刺槐叶片C、N含量及C∶P和N∶P降低,P含量及C∶N增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p增强刺槐对P的吸收,但降低其对C和N的固存;(2)相比P_t,H_rP_t凋落物C、N、P含量及N∶P增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于加快凋落物分解,促进养分归还;相比R_p,H_rR_p凋落物C、N、P含量及其计量比均有所增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p对凋落物分解无显著作用;(3)相比P_t和R_p,H_rP_t和H_rR_p土壤C、N、P含量增加,但C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t和H_rR_p均有助于提高N和P利用效率,改善土壤养分状况;(4)叶片、凋落物化学计量指标间具有较强协同效应,且N、P相比C在不同组分间的相关性更明显。综上,相比H_rR_p,H_rP_t更有助于改善养分限制因子供给,加快组分间养分转化。研究结果对于揭示黄土高原地区人工混交林生态系统养分供应潜力及合理制定营林规划具有重要意义。 相似文献
2.
为明确江西省湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林生态系统中器官与土壤养分的分配规律和稳定机制,在江西省泰和县石溪林场选择幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林阶段的湿地松人工林为研究对象,探讨其叶-枝-根-土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征,分析湿地松不同器官与土壤养分的耦合关系和稳态性特征。结果表明,湿地松不同器官C、N、P含量均值随林龄的增加呈“V”型变化,均在中龄林阶段最低,分别为518.10、3.22和0.71 g·kg-1;而各器官C∶N值与C∶P值随林龄的增加先上升后下降,在中龄林达到峰值,说明中龄林为湿地松的速生期,对N、P元素的消耗大。土壤N含量和N∶P值随林龄的增加不断上升,而土壤C∶N值则持续下降,说明土壤N矿化能力随林龄的增加逐渐增强;成熟林阶段土壤C∶P值和N∶P值均高于其他林龄,表明成熟林阶段土壤P较匮乏。针叶N、C∶N、N∶P,枝C、C∶N、N∶P和根C、P、C∶P稳态性模型回归结果不显著,具有绝对的稳定性。针叶P、枝P的稳态性等级分别为弱敏感态和敏感态。不同器官N∶P的内稳性指数(HN∶P)大小关... 相似文献
3.
为了探究北京密云2种典型人工林生态系统主要养分元素的生物循环特征,2006—2007年以北京密云水库库西试验区的油松人工林和麻栎-侧柏人工混交林为研究对象,采用标准样方定位观测的方法,对其主要元素N、P、K的降水输入、凋落物归还、积累量以及生物循环特征进行了观测和研究。结果表明:1)大气降水向油松林和混交林生态系统每年分别输入养分量为31.56和13.27kg/(hm2.a);2)油松林和混交林凋落物中N、P、K的归还总量分别为18.00和14.06kg/(hm2.a);3)油松林中乔木层N、P、K积累总量为612.37kg/hm2,各器官中N、P、K积累量大小排序是叶>枝>干>根,混交林中乔木层N、P、K积累量分别为153.87、18.28和100.13kg/hm2;4)油松林养分利用系数排序为N>K>P,混交林养分利用系数为K>N>P,油松林对N、P、K的吸收系数均高于混交林,而混交林N、P、K的循环系数均高于油松林。研究结论阐明,油松林和混交林通过降水归还的养分量占总归还量分别为63.7%和53.0%,通过凋落物归还的养分量占总归还量分别为36.3%和47%,2种人工林生态系统的降雨淋溶均为年养分归还量的主要部分;油松林和混交林生态系统从土壤中吸收N、P、K的总量分别为126.58和54.96kg/(hm2.a),其中有77.02和24.42 kg/(hm2.a)存留于林分中,有49.56和30.54 kg/(hm2.a)通过淋溶和凋落物归还土壤。 相似文献
4.
黑岱沟露天煤矿优势植物叶片及枯落物生态化学计量特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以准格尔黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦区8种优势种植物的叶片及对应叶片枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、不同植被类型与NP限制率的关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑。结果表明,不同植物叶片C、N、P、K的变化范围分别为418.2~564.1、7.19~33.21、0.82~2.37、4.98~32.77 g kg-1。不同植物叶片的生态化学计量学特征N∶P、P∶K、N∶K、C∶N、C∶P、C∶K比变化范围分别为7.16~22.45、0.036~0.23、0.70~4.55、14.92~64.44、218.54~557.36、12.78~121.14。该地区3种植被类型钾含量差异显著,草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木林和灌木林。不同植被类型植物叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(18.86)草本(15.44)乔木(14.68),说明该区灌木林主要受P含量的限制,草本和乔木植物主要受N、P含量共同限制,该地区植被恢复应该以灌木为主。 相似文献
5.
为了解不同林龄白枪杆（Fraxinus malacophylla）叶片-土壤氮磷钾特征、光合色素及非结构性碳含量的相互作用,以云南省建水县3种不同林龄（5、18和35年）白枪杆人工林为研究对象,每个林龄内设3个20 m×20 m的标准样方,测定不同土层（0～15、15～30、30～45 cm）和叶片N、P、K含量,叶片光合色素及非结构性碳含量;并计算叶片-土壤生态化学计量比,分析不同林龄白枪杆叶片和土壤N、P、K化学计量的变化规律及相互关系。结果表明,白枪杆叶片氮磷钾含量在中龄林内最高,幼龄林其次,成熟林最低;N∶P随着林龄的增大而显著增大,P∶K则相反;在幼中龄林内,白枪杆叶片N∶P值小于14,植物生长受N限制,在成熟林中大于16,植物受P限制;叶片可溶性糖与非结构性碳水化合物（NSCs）含量表现为幼龄林<中龄林<成熟林,而淀粉含量及光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素）含量在中龄林内最高、幼龄林次之、成熟林最低。土壤N、P、K含量及N∶K在0～15和15～30 cm土层内随着林龄的增大而升高,在中龄林和成熟林中随着土层的加深而降低;同一土层中,N∶K在幼中... 相似文献
6.
黄土高原刺槐林不同组分生态化学计量关系研究 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比是生态系统过程和功能的重要特征。刺槐具有生长快、适应性强、耐干旱贫瘠等特点,是黄土高原区水土保持造林的主要树种,以黄土高原刺槐林为研究对象,研究其不同坡向叶片-枯落物-土壤间的碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,在阴坡和阳坡,C∶N表现为叶片枯落物土壤,C∶P,N∶P表现为枯落物叶片土壤;叶片、枯落物、土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P在阴阳坡均无显著性差异(p0.05),但叶片、枯落物、土壤在两两之间均有显著性差异(p0.05)。土壤的C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均表现为0~10cm10~20cm层,但差异性不显著。不论在阴坡或阳坡,叶片与枯落物的C∶N均为正相关(p0.05);在阳坡,叶片与枯落物的N∶P相关性显著;在阴坡,枯落物与0~10cm土壤的C∶N为显著正相关(p0.05)。 相似文献
7.
黄河三角洲自然保护区植被与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为阐明黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统的元素含量水平和化学计量特征并判断该区域植被生长的限制因子,选择保护区5种典型植物群落翅碱蓬、碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳和白茅为研究对象,测定植物不同器官和土壤剖面中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,分析保护区植物群落与土壤的C、N、P化学计量特征。结果显示:5种群落中典型植物各器官C和P含量规律大体一致,除白茅和柽柳外,均表现为叶根茎,白茅茎的C和P含量高于根。不同植物器官N含量则表现出一致的变化规律,均为叶茎根。各植被类型叶片N∶P值均小于12,且与根系的N∶P值接近。土壤C、N含量的平均值分别为4.78 g?kg~(-1)、0.32 g?kg~(-1),均低于全国水平。P含量的平均值为0.53 g?kg~(-1),略低于全国水平。不同土层之间土壤元素含量差异不显著。不同群落土壤C∶N∶P值不同,同一群落不同土层的土壤C∶N∶P值变异性较小。植物叶片C、N、P含量以及C∶N、C∶P与0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层土壤C、N含量之间均存在显著的相关关系(P0.05)。以上结果表明,黄河三角洲自然保护区不同土层土壤C、N、P含量相对稳定,总体低于全国水平,土壤N的匮乏引起了C∶N和C∶P值的变化。植物叶片和根系的C∶P值接近,说明生态系统元素循环相对稳定,同时叶片N∶P值小于12,进一步说明土壤中N的匮乏使其成为植物生长的限制因子。 相似文献
8.
土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。 相似文献
9.
北京市松山天然油松林生态系统的碳储量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]分析北京市松山地区天然油松林生态系统碳储量,为研究区天然油松林的碳固定和碳储量管理研究提供理论依据。[方法]以北京市松山天然油松林生态系统为研对象,设置标准样地进行乔木。灌木。草本。凋落物调查,采集并分析0—100cm土层土样,根据相关方程计算出生态系统以及各个层次的碳储量。[结果]植物体含碳率变化在42.39%~49.95%,0—100cm土壤含碳率变化在0.26%~1.31%。天然油松生态系统碳储量为147.24 Mg/hm2,其中植被碳储量为57.14 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量的36.7%,植被各层碳储量的顺序为乔木(54.93Mg/hm2)灌木(0.45Mg/hm2)草本(0.29Mg/hm2);土壤碳储量为66.35 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量的46.30%,分别是植被碳储量的1.16倍和凋落物碳储量的2.79倍,且随着土层深度的增加而递减;凋落物碳储量为23.75 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量17%。[结论]松山地区天然乔木对植被碳储量的贡献率最大,松山地区天然油松林植被含碳率表现为:乔木灌木草本凋落物。 相似文献
10.
不同发育阶段杉木人工林凋落物的生态水文功能 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
对福建三明莘口教学林场不同发育阶段杉木人工林进行凋落物现存量、持水特性及失水特性研究。结果表明:不同发育阶段杉木人工林凋落物的现存量表现为老龄林(3.47t/hm2)>中龄林(2.24t/hm2)>幼龄林(1.53t/hm2)。凋落物持水量表现为老龄林>中龄林>幼龄林;最大持水量表现为老龄林(11.8t/hm2)>中龄林(7.73t/hm2)>幼龄林(4.24t/hm2);最大持水率表现为中龄林(477.48%)>幼龄林(376.57%)>老龄林(291.98%);最大失水量表现为老龄林(4.29t/hm2)>中龄林(2.91t/hm2)>幼龄林(1.71t/hm2);最大失水率表现为中龄林(129.90%)>老龄林(124.15%)>幼龄林(112.04%)。凋落物层吸水速率均表现在前0.5h内最快,说明凋落物层具有快速拦截地表径流的作用。凋落物的持水量、持水率、失水量、失水率与时间之间的最佳拟合关系式为W=a+bln t;吸水速率、失水速率与时间之间的最佳拟合关系式为V=atb。老林龄杉木凋落物层具有现存量大、持水量大、吸水速率强等特点,具有较强的生态水文功能。 相似文献
11.
Nine stream sites in the Blackfoot River watershed in southeastern Idaho were sampled in September 2000 for water, surficial sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish. Selenium was measured in these aquatic ecosystem components, and a hazard assessment was performed on the data. Water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and specific conductance were relatively uniform among the nine sites examined. Selenium was elevated in water, sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from several sites suggesting deposition in sediments and food web cycling through plants and invertebrates. Selenium was elevated to concentrations of concern in water at eight sites (>5 g/L), sediment at three sites (>2 g/g), aquatic plants at four sites (>4 g/g), aquatic invertebrates at five sites (>3 g/g), and fish at seven sites (>4 g/g in whole body). The hazard assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment suggested low hazard at Sheep Creek, moderate hazard at Trail Creek, upper Slug Creek, lower Slug Creek, and lower Blackfoot River, and high hazard at Angus Creek, upper East Mill Creek, lower East Mill Creek, and Dry Valley Creek. The results of this study are consistent with results of a previous investigation and indicate that selenium concentrations from the phosphate mining area of southeastern Idaho were sufficiently elevated in several ecosystem components to cause adverse effects to aquatic resources in the Blackfoot River watershed. 相似文献
12.
S. E. Romero N��?ez J. L. Marrugo Negrete J. E. Arias Rios Hernan R. Hadad M. A. Maine 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,216(1-4):361-373
The concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulated by regional macrophytes were investigated in three tropical wetlands in Colombia. The studied wetlands presented different degrees of metal contamination. Cu and Zn presented the highest concentrations in sediment. Metal accumulation by plants differed among species, sites, and tissues. Metals accumulated in macrophytes were mostly accumulated in root tissues, suggesting an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance. An exception was Hg, which was accumulated mainly in leaves. The ranges of mean metal concentrations were 0.035?C0.953 mg g?1 Hg, 6.5?C250.3 mg g?1 Cu, 0.059?C0.245 mg g?1 Pb, 0.004?C0.066 mg g?1 Cd, and 31.8?363.1 mg g?1 Zn in roots and 0.033?C0.888 mg g?1 Hg, 2.2?C70.7 mg g?1 Cu, 0.005?C0.086 mg g?1 Pb, 0.001?C0.03 mg g?1 Cd, and 12.6?C140.4 mg g?1 Zn in leaves. The scarce correlations registered between metal concentration in sediment and plant tissues indicate that metal concentrations in plants depend on several factors rather than on sediment concentration only. However, when Cu and Zn sediment concentrations increased, these metal concentrations in tissues also increased in Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia helminthorriza, and Polygonum punctatum. These species could be proposed as Cu and Zn phytoremediators. Even though macrophytes are important metal accumulators in wetlands, sediment is the main metal compartment due to the fact that its total mass is greater than the corresponding plant biomass in a given area. 相似文献
13.
Nigel J.H. Smith 《Biological conservation》1981,19(3):177-187
Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):291-301
Abstract The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles. Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring. For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter. There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates. This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida. 相似文献
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17.
Arsenic levels were determined in seventy three samples of well water, and in fifty samples of soil, forage and cow's milk collected at the most important dairy farms of the Comarca Lagunera located in Coahuila and Durango, Mexico, region naturally rich in As. The total inorganic arsenic concentration in well water ranged from 7 to 740 μg L-1 and about ninety percent of the total arsenic was found as As(V). The agricultural soil texture of the sampled area was sandy clay loam type with total arsenic levels up to 30 μg g-1, however, the extractable arsenic was not higher than 12% of the total and it was higher in the 0–30 cm depth horizon. In alfalfa, the most important crop, the total aresenic ranged from 0.24 to 3.16 μg g-1, with 40% of it accumulated at the root level. Significant correlations (p=0.05) were obtained between arsenic (III), (V) and total inorganic arsenic in groundwater with arsenic in soil (0–30 cm depth), and with arsenic in alfalfa (leaves and roots). It was also found a good correlation between extractable arsenic in soil with As concentrations in alfalfa (roots). Arsenic concentrations found in milk ranged from <0.9 to 27.4 ng g-1. The cow's milk biotransfer factor for arsenic was up to 6 × 10-4, applying a pharmacokinetic approach. It was associated with the exposure not only to food but also to water arsenic. 相似文献
18.
The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification. 相似文献
19.
Shahedur Rahman Hiroshi Takaki Makoto Tamai Yoshitaka Nagatomo 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):881-891
The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH4Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils. Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles. 相似文献
20.
Abdel-Aal el-SM Young JC Rabalski I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(13):4696-4704
Anthocyanin pigments from a wide variety of edible and ornamental black, blue, pink, purple, red, and white wheat, barley, corn, rice, and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as natural colorants or functional food ingredients. The total anthocyanin contents varied significantly and exhibited a range of 7-3276 microg/g. Some grains, such as red rice and black rice, contained a limited number of pigments, whereas others, such as blue, pink, purple, and red corns, had complex anthocyanin profiles. Of the 42 anthocyanin compounds observed, 9 were characterized by comparison of the spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with those of authentic standards. The remaining compounds were tentatively identified on the basis of spectroscopic properties and electrospray ionization mass spectra. The most abundant anthocyanins were cyanidin 3-glucoside in black and red rices and in blue, purple, and red corns, pelargonidin 3-glucoside in pink corn, and delphinidin 3-glucoside in blue wheat. 相似文献