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1.
景观格局是地貌格局、土壤格局、水资源格局、植物分布格局及生产力格局等的综合。根据地质、地貌和区域景观特征,可将重庆岩溶区划成三大景观区:渝东北中山区(I)、渝东南中低山区(Ⅱ)、渝中平行岭谷低山丘陵区(Ⅲ)。各景观分区景观格局特征主要表现为:景观多样性指数分别为Ⅰ区1.38、Ⅱ区1.35、Ⅲ区1.77;各景观分区的人工干扰指数分别为Ⅰ区0.33、Ⅱ区0.69和Ⅲ区0.95,人工干扰的程度按照区域代码顺序依次增强;景观均匀度、优势度和丰富度密度分别为Ⅰ区0.49、1.43和0.0005,Ⅱ区0.48、1.46和0.0003,Ⅲ区0.63、1.04、0.0025;景观变化态势按照景观分区代码Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的顺序表现为耕地、居民工矿用地和水域面积比例呈明显递增,而林地、草地呈现明显递减的,园地分布比例为Ⅲ区远大于Ⅰ、Ⅱ区;未利用地比例出现Ⅱ区最小,Ⅲ区最大的现象。 相似文献
2.
气候变化和人类活动是导致径流变化的主要原因,因此计算气候变化和人类活动对沂河流域径流变化的贡献率可为缓解沂河流域水资源紧张提供一定的参考依据。以山东省沂河流域为研究对象,基于1960—2016年的气温、风速、降水和流量等水文气象数据,首先采用Mann-Kendall、有序聚类分析法和累积平距法分析降水量及径流量的变化趋势及突变点,最后采用Budyko水热耦合平衡方程,定量计算了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：1960—2016年沂河流域年径流深呈现显著减小趋势,且在1975年和2003年发生突变,因此将径流序列分为1960—1975年(基准期),1976—2003年(变化期Ⅰ)和2004—2016年(变化期Ⅱ)3个阶段。基于Budyko水热耦合平衡方程计算变化期Ⅰ和变化期Ⅱ中降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面对径流变化的贡献率,发现导致沂河流域变化期Ⅰ径流减少的主要原因是下垫面条件和降水的改变,贡献率分别为51.42%,49.43%,潜在蒸散发的减少导致径流增加,贡献率为-0.85%;导致变化期Ⅱ径流减少的最主要原因是下垫面条件的改变,占73.11%,其次是降水,贡献率为42.5... 相似文献
3.
近60年汾河中上游水沙变化趋势及其驱动因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《水土保持研究》2020,(4)
为了揭示近60年汾河中上游水沙变化趋势及其驱动因素,使用Mann-Kendall检验法对汾河中上游年径流量和年输沙量序列进行了趋势和突变分析,并采用双累积曲线法定量计算了气候变化和人类活动对汾河中上游水沙变化的贡献率。结果表明:1963—2016年期间汾河中上游的年径流量和年输沙量均呈现明显的减少趋势(p0.01),突变发生年份分别为1981年和1980年;气候变化对汾河中上游的年径流量和年输沙量减少的影响微弱,而社会经济发展、水利工程建设和各项水土保持措施实施等人类活动是导致汾河中上游的年径流量和年输沙量减少的主要原因;气候变化和人类活动对汾河中上游径流量减少的贡献率分别为29%,71%,而二者对年输沙量减少的贡献率分别为22%,78%。研究成果可以为汾河中上游流域的水资源合理开发利用、水环境有效管理保护与水土保持工作宏观科学规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
滦河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
以滦河流域为研究区域,应用敏感性分析和双累积曲线法分析气候变化和人类活动对研究区径流变化的影响。结果表明:研究区流域径流存在明显的下降趋势,与基准期(1956—1979年)相比,变化期(1980—2013年)径流量减少了52.59mm(50.43%);滦河流域径流对降水的敏感性系数Q/P为0.336 1,对潜在蒸散发的敏感性系数Q/E_0为-0.123 5,气候变化影响量为22.23mm;滦河流域径流变化过程中,人类活动影响量为32.07mm,其贡献率为57.26%,远大于气候变化的影响39.69%,人类活动的影响是导致滦河流域径流减少的主要因素。 相似文献
5.
气候变化和人类活动是影响植被生长的两个重要因素,定量评估两因素对京津冀地区植被净初级生产力（NPP）的相对作用,对了解该区域植被变化的驱动机制,改善生态环境具有参考价值。基于2001−2020年CASA模型的NPP数据和气象数据,采用“去趋势回归残差法”定量区分气候变化和人类活动对京津冀地区植被NPP的影响。结果表明：(1)京津冀地区47.8%的植被呈现显著改善的状态,4.5%呈现显著退化的状态。张家口中部地区植被NPP增加趋势最大,经济发达的城市群（除北京外）减少趋势显著;（2）京津冀大部分地区植被得到显著改善的主要原因为气候变化和人类活动的共同作用,其中气候变化对NPP影响为1.5gC·m−2·a−1,人类活动为2.4gC·m−2·a−1;（3）气候变化和人类活动对植被显著改善的贡献率平均为25.8%和74.2%。气候变化贡献率大于80%的区域面积约占1.3%,主要集中在张家口西北部、沧州东部等地;人类活动贡献率超过80%的区域面积占比22.1%,主要集中在张家口中部和西南部、承德大部、沧州南部、衡水大部等地。而人类活动对植被显著退化区的作用高达94.9%。研究结果表明人类活动在植被生长能力恢复和退化中的作用大于气候变化,因此,京津冀植被恢复的生态建设中应重点关注人类活动的影响。 相似文献
6.
青海省近10年草地植被覆盖动态变化及其驱动因素分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,认清其植被覆盖变化规律对草地可持续发展和草地生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。基于2005—2014年增强型植被指数(MODIS EVI)数据和气象数据,结合相关分析、残差趋势分析等方法,分析了10年间青海省生长季草地植被覆盖变化规律,以及气候因素和人类活动对其变化的影响。结果表明:(1)10年间青海省生长季草地EVI的年增长速率为0.0023,整体呈波动增加趋势,其中东部黄土高原区整体呈显著增加趋势,其次是青南高原区、柴达木盆地,环湖和祁连山区整体呈退化趋势。(2)青海省生长季草地EVI与温度和降水相关性显著,与平均温度和累积降水量的偏相关总体呈正相关关系,空间差异明显,与温度的关系更为密切。(3)从驱动因素来看,主要受气温驱动的区域有环湖和祁连山区(Ⅲ级)、青南高原区(Ⅳ级);主要受降水驱动的区域有东部黄土高原区(Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级);主要受气温和降水驱动的区域有柴达木盆地(Ⅱ级,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级)、环湖和祁连山区(Ⅰ级和Ⅳ级)、青南高原区(Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级);其他区域主要受非气候因子驱动。(4)人类活动对青海省草地植被生长总体上呈正影响,尤其对于草地植被明显变化区域的生态系统建设和破坏起着主导的作用。 相似文献
7.
[目的]径流在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下发生变化,探索径流时空演变规律及其原因对水库科学调度及水资源的可持续利用具有重要指导意义。[方法]基于三峡库区“腹心”万州段1960—2019年的气象水文数据,首先采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变分析和小波分析对三峡库区蓄水前后径流的时空演变特征进行分析,最后采用2种Budyko水热耦合平衡方程,定量计算气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响率。[结果](1)研究区年径流量呈显著下降趋势(|z|>2.58),2003年(三峡库区蓄水年)出现拐点,随后年内分配更加均匀。(2)与蓄水前相比较,蓄水后气候变化和人类活动对研究区年径流减少的贡献率为27.9%～29.2%和70.8%～72.1%。(3)人类活动主要通过改变土地利用类型和建设水利工程影响流域年径流量,林地、建设用地面积的增加和三峡库区的建设影响研究区水文循环过程使年径流量减少。[结论]研究结果定量描述人类活动对径流变化的影响,对下一阶段三峡库区水资源管理提供理论支撑。 相似文献
8.
探析黄土高原植被覆盖演变及其驱动因素,有助于了解黄土高原生态现状,剖析植被变化和驱动因素,以期为区域生态环境治理和规划提供科学依据。基于黄土高原NDVI、气温、降水数据,采用变化趋势率分析、多元回归残差分析等方法,研究了1981—2016年黄土高原区植被NDVI变化特征及对气候和人类活动的响应。结果表明：(1) 1981—2016年,黄土高原区植被NDVI呈东南高西北低的空间格局,整体上升率高,生态恢复效果显著;在选择的45个地州市中,榆林、铜川、延安和渭南等地植被NDVI增加最快,兰西城市群和内蒙古部分区域植被呈减小趋势。(2)气候变化和人类活动的共同作用是近35年来黄土高原区植被NDVI整体快速增加和巨大空间差异的主要原因。气候变化对黄土高原NDVI变化的影响主要以轻微促进和中度促进为主,而农村人类活动、城市人类活动的影响主要为明显抑制和轻微抑制。(3)气候变化、农村人类活动和城市人类活动对黄土高原区植被NDVI增加的贡献率分别为82.03%,11.68%和6.29%;气候变化贡献率大于60%的区域占黄土高原的76.9%,主要集中在黄土高原的东部和中部,人类活动对NDVI的影响主要... 相似文献
9.
滹沱河流域平原区人类活动对浅层地下水干扰程度量化研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在滹沱河流域平原区,人类活动和气候变化是造成浅层地下水区域性下降的双重因素,人类活动在浅层地下水从"天然一人工"二元影响转化过程中在时空上经历了怎样的变化,是值得探讨的问题.选用综合指数法,通过筛选人类活动对浅层地下水干扰指标、建立评价体系,对滹沱河流域平原区在不同时代的人类活动对浅层地下水的干扰程度进行了量化研究.研究结果表明,空间上,不同时代都表现出从西部向东部干扰程度逐渐减小;从整个研究区看,干扰程度增大的趋势从西部向东部逐渐推进;干扰程度从分级简单的0～0.4发展到目前0.2～1.0不同级别共存的复杂分布状态.时间上,随着时间的推移,整个研究区的干扰程度都表现出增强趋势,在不同地区增强幅度不一致;人类活动对浅层地下水干扰影响经历了从不占据主导作用→逐渐占据主导作用→几乎完全占据主导作用. 相似文献
10.
[目的]研究徐州市近10a水环境承载力状况,为完善区域水环境承载力研究体系提供理论支撑。[方法]从水资源承载力和水污染承载力两方面选取指标,采用改进熵值法对指标进行重要性排序,建立基于突变级数法的区域水环境承载力评价模型。[结果](1)研究区各目标年水资源承载力水平总体偏低,年际波动较大,其中2002,2006和2010年处于等级Ⅰ水平,即弱承载状态;(2)水污染承载力整体呈上升趋势,从2005年开始达到并保持在等级Ⅲ水平;(3)徐州市水环境承载力仅2005和2009年达到等级Ⅲ水平,为中承载状态,其余年份均在等级Ⅲ水平以下。[结论]徐州市近10a水环境承载力状况从2003年开始有所改善,但依然普遍较差。水资源承载力因其具有人为不可控的自然属性,成为影响徐州市水环境承载力的限制因素。 相似文献
11.
M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
12.
Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
13.
红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
15.
自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
17.
Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
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19.
Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
20.
Vélez G Fernández MA Muñoz J Williams PA English RJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(1):265-269
The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration. 相似文献