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1.
Genetic diversity of wheat storage proteins and bread wheat quality 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
To understand the genetic and biochemical basis of the bread makingquality of wheat varieties, a large experiment was carried out with a set of162 hexaploid bread wheat varieties registered in the French or EuropeanWheat Catalogue. This material was used to analyse their allelic compositionat the twelve main storage protein loci. A large genetic and biochemicaldiversity of the gluten proteins was found. Several gliadin encoding lociexhibited the highest allelic diversity whereas the lowest diversity was foundfor Glu-A1 and Glu-D3 loci encoding some high molecularweight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and LMW-GS respectively. Thevarieties were grown in three experimental locations in France. Qualityevaluation was carried out from material harvested in each location usingseven technological tests: grain protein content (Prot), grain hardness(GH), Zeleny sedimentation test (Zel), Pelshenke test (Pel), water solublepentosans (relative viscosity: Vr ), mixograph test (giving 11 parameters)and the alveograph test (dough strength W, tenacity P , extensibility L,swelling G, ratio P/L and the elasticity index Ie). Genetic and locationeffects as well as broad-sense heritability of each of the 22 technologicalparameters were calculated. GH, corresponding to the major Ha gene, Pel,and MtxW (mixograph parameter) had the highest heritability coefficients,alveograph parameters like W, P, the relative viscosity Vr and severalmixograph parameters had medium heritability coefficients whereas Protand L had the lowest. Variance analysis (using GLM procedure) allowed theeffect of the allelic diversity of the storage proteins, on the geneticvariations of each quality parameters, to be estimated. Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci had significant additive effects in the genetic variations of manyparameters. Gliadin alleles encoded at Gli-1 and Gli-2 were alsofound to play significant effect on several quality parameters. The majorpart of the phenotypic variation of the different quality parameters like Zel,Pel, W or mixograph peak time MPT was explained with the GH and allelesencoded at Glu-1 and Glu-3. Allelic variants encoded at Glu3and Gli-2 had similar contribution to the phenotypic variations ofquality parameters and accounted for 4% up to 21% each. 相似文献
2.
Genetic relationships and diversity among Tibetan wheat, common wheat and European spelt wheat revealed by RAPD markers 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
An endemic hexaploid wheat found in Tibet, China was taxonomically classified as a subspecies in common wheat, i.e. Triticum
aestivum ssp. tibetanum. Seven accessions of the Tibetan wheat, 22 cultivars of common wheat and 17 lines of spelt wheat were
used for RAPD analysis to study the genetic relationships of the Tibetan wheat with common wheat and spelt wheat, and to assess
the genetic diversity (GD) among and within the taxa. RAPD polymorphism was found to be much higher within spelt wheat and
the Tibetan wheat than within common wheat. The GD value between the Tibetan wheat and common wheat is lower than that between
the Tibetan wheat and spelt wheat. The result of cluster analysis showed that the 46 genotypes were distinctly classified
into two groups. Group 1 included all European spelt wheat lines, while group 2 includes all Chinese common wheat and the
Tibetan wheat accessions. However, the Tibetan wheat was substantially differentiated from Chinese common wheat at a lower
hierarchy. Our results support an earlier classification of the Tibetan wheat as a subspecies in common wheat. European spelt
wheat and the Tibetan wheat showed much higher genetic diversity than Chinese common wheat, which could be used to diversify
the genetic basis for common wheat breeding.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
黄淮海麦区小麦倒伏的原因与对策 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
地处黄淮海麦区的项城市是河南省重要的商品粮基地之一.小麦是当地主要的粮食作物,栽培面积大,总产约占当地粮食产量的70%,小麦生产丰歉对其粮食生产起着举足轻重的作用.近年来,依靠国家农资综合补贴和科学技术成果的应用,小麦产量呈逐年提高的趋势,高产稳产具有十分重要的意义.多年的经验和教训告诉我们,影响该区小麦稳产和进一步高产的主要因素是倒伏问题.本文就小麦倒伏的原因及对策作以阐述. 相似文献
4.
The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) has caused serious reduction in wheat production in 17 Western states of the United States since 1986. Inheritance of resistance to RWA in seven wheat lines and the allelism of the resistance genes in these lines with three known resistance genes Dn4, Dn5, and Dn6 were studied. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Carson’ and three resistant wheats: CORWA1 (Dn4), PI 294994 (Dn5), and PI 243781 (Dn6). Seedlings of the parents, F1, and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21–28 days after the infestation using a 1–9 scale. The resistance level of all the F1 hybrids was similar to that of the resistant parent, indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 population, suggesting qualitative, nonadditive gene action, in which the presence of any one of the dominant alleles confers complete resistance to RWA. Resistance in CI 2401 is controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in CI 6501 and PI 94365 is governed by one dominant gene. Resistance in PI 94355 and PI 151918 may be conditioned by either one dominant gene or one dominant and one recessive gene. No conclusion can be made on how many resistance genes are in AUSVA1-F3, since the parent population was not a pure line. Allelic analyses showed that one of resistance genes in CI 2401 and PI 151918 was the same allele as Dn4, the resistance gene in CI 6501 was the same allele as Dn6, and AUS-VA1-F3 had one resistance gene which was the same allele as one of the resistance genes in PI 294994. One non-allelic resistance gene different from the Dn4, Dn5, and Dn6 genes in CI 2401, PI 94355, PI 94365, and PI 222668 was identified and should be very useful in diversifying gene sources in wheat breeding. 相似文献
5.
The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a perennial, serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States. Current methodologies used to enhance RWA resistance in wheat germplasm could benefit from
an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to RWA. This study was initiated to identify specific
polypeptides induced by RWA feeding that may be associated with RWA resistance. The effects of RWA feeding on PI 140207 (a
RWA-resistant spring wheat) and Pavon (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat) were examined by visualizing, silver-stained denatured
leaf proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of protein profiles of noninfested
and RWA-infested Pavon and PI 140207 revealed a 24-kilodalton-protein complex selectively inhibited in Pavon that persisted
in PI 140207during RWA attack. No other significant qualitative or quantitative differences were detected in RWA-induced alterations
of protein profiles. These results suggest that RWA feeding selectively inhibit synthesis and accumulation of proteins necessary
for normal metabolic functions in susceptible plants.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Benjamin M. Beyer Scott D. Haley Nora L. V. Lapitan Junhua H. Peng Frank B. Peairs 《Euphytica》2011,179(2):247-255
Identification of new sources of resistance to Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become very important with the identification of several new biotypes since 2003. Our objective was to characterize
inheritance and expression of resistance to RWA biotype 2 from three tetraploid wheat landraces (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon) during transfer to hexaploid wheat. Resistant tetraploid accessions PI 624903, PI 624904, and PI 624908 were crossed to
the susceptible hexaploid cultivars ‘Len’ and ‘Coteau’. Resistant F1 progeny were advanced to the F2:3 by self-pollination
and to the BC1F2 and BC2F1 by backcrossing. Leaf rolling and chlorosis were recorded in standard seedling screening tests
on F1 and F2:3 individuals while the F2, BC1F1, BC1F2, and BC2F1 were scored as resistant or susceptible. Segregation in the
BC1F1 and BC2F1 fit a 1:1 resistant:susceptible ratio, indicative of control by a single dominant gene. Segregation for resistance
in the F2 did not fit 3:1, 13:3, or 15:1 ratios for any of the resistant accessions. Expression of resistance in homogeneous
resistant F2:3 lines was greater than susceptible checks, similar to the resistant tetraploid accessions, and less than a
line carrying the Dn7 resistance gene. Resistance derived from these tetraploid accessions will be useful to broaden the base of RWA resistance
available for use in wheat breeding. 相似文献
7.
Summary The responses of six wheat genotypes to water stress were analysed. Soil moisture (H), leaf water potential (w), photosynthesis (PN), stomatal resistance (rs) and transpiration (T) were measured during a water stress. The genotypes investigated differed in their stress avoidance (w-H relationship) and their stress tolerance (PN-w and rs-w relationships). The most important differences observed concern the mechanisms of tolerance at low leaf water potential: two varieties, Haurani 27 and Baalback, can then maintain a high photosynthetic activity. These observations are in agreement with the drought resistance characteristics already known for these genotypes. Possible applications to wheat breeding are considered 相似文献
8.
Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F1 and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F1 hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes. 相似文献
9.
Wheat streak mosaic (WSM) caused by wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a serious disease of wheat and many plants in the grass family. In previous studies genotypes collected from different parts of Iran, were screened for WSM resistance. Two resistant genotypes, “Adl Cross” and “4004” were crossed to one susceptible genotype “Marvdasht.” Reciprocal crosses were also made. Seedlings of parents, F1, F2, backcrosses to susceptible (BCS) and resistant (BCR) were evaluated for WSMV reaction based on scales 0–7, by artificial infection under greenhouse conditions. Allelism was studied by evaluating the F1 and F2 seedlings of the resistant × resistant cross. Inheritance of resistance to WSMV in Adl Cross and 4004 was controlled by one dominant gene. No allelism was observed between resistance genes. Among the F2 seedlings of the resistant × resistant cross relatively more resistant genotypes with a zero score were observed. These two genes, therefore, can be incorporated into an adapted wheat cultivar to produce a more durable resistance. 相似文献
10.
11.
Virulence factors of the yellow rust, Puccinia striiformis, populations in bread wheat were studied in Ecuador between 1973 and 2004. The number of virulence factors has increased
markedly from very few in the early seventies to 16 at the end of the 90s. Isolates belonging to race 0E0 seem to be the ancestor
of a rapid virulence evolution of yellow rust in Ecuador. This evolution can be explained by a single step mutation pattern.
Virulence to the resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr2+, Yr3V, Yr3ND, Yr4+, Yr6, Yr6+, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr9, Yr9+, Yr11, Yr12, Yr18, Yr24, Yr26 and those in the cultivars Carstens V (YrCV) Strubes Dickkopf (YrSD), Suwon92/Omar (YrSU), Spaldings Prolific (YrSP), Anza (YrA+) and Selkirk (YrSK). was identified. Virulence to Yr5, Yr8, Yr10, and Yr15 was not found. Postulation of resistance genes at the seedling stage of 14 Ecuadorian wheat cultivars indicated that these
cultivars carry alone or in combinations the resistance factors Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr6, Yr9 and/or other undesignated resistance factors. Yellow rust evolution in Ecuador has been associated with deployment of these
resistance genes. None of these deployed Yr resistance genes are effective to the present yellow rust population in Ecuador. 相似文献
12.
北部冬麦区冬小麦越冬冻害时空变化特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用我国北部冬麦区43个气象站点1951—2014年气象资料,综合考虑越冬期最大降温幅度、极端最低气温、负积温、平均气温、降水和风速等冬小麦越冬冻害致灾因子,采用主成分法构建冬小麦冻害指数(FII),FII值越大,冬小麦遭受冻害越严重。结合历史冻害灾情资料,验证冻害指数在研究区域的适应性。采用M-K方法分析冬小麦冻害的突变特征,探究北部冬麦区越冬冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明,FII能较好地反映北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害情况。近60年北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害指数的年际变化均呈显著下降趋势。1980年前后冻害指数发生突变,气候变暖后我国北部冬麦区冬小麦冻害发生的频率、程度和范围明显减少;而由于气候变化的不稳定性增加,自2000年以来,冬小麦中度到重度冻害有所增加。冻害指数的空间分布总体呈现随着纬度和海拔高度的增加而加重的趋势。燕太山麓平原副区遭受冻害最为严重,黄土高原沟壑副区和晋冀山地盆地副区遭受冻害较轻。 相似文献
13.
Mapping quantitative trait loci in wheat for resistance against greenbug and Russian wheat aphid 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. M. Castro A. Vasicek C. Ellerbrook D. O. Giménez E. Tocho M. S. Tacaliti A. Clúa J. W. Snape 《Plant Breeding》2004,123(4):361-365
Breeding for genetic resistance against greenbug and Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is the most effective way of controlling these widespread pests in wheat. Earlier work had shown that chromosome 7D of a synthetic hexaploid wheat, ‘Synthetic’ (T. dicoccoides × Ae. squarrosa) (AABB × DD) gave resistance when transferred into the genetic background of an aphid‐susceptible cultivar, ‘Chinese Spring’, as the recipient. To map the genes involved, a set of 103 doubled haploid recombinant substitution lines was obtained from crossing the 7D substitution line with the recipient, and used to determine the number and chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling antixenosis and antibiosis types of resistance. Antixenosis to RWA was significantly associated with marker loci Xpsr687 on 7DS, and Xgwm437 on 7DL. Antibiosis to greenbug was associated with marker loci Xpsr490, Rc3 (on 7DS), Xgwm44, Xgwm111, Xgwm437, Xgwm121 and D67 (on 7DL). Similarly, antibiosis to RWA was linked to loci Xpsr490, Rc3, Xgwm44, Xgwm437 and Xgwm121. At least two QTL in repulsion phase, one close to the centromere either on the 7DS or 7DL arms, and a second distal on 7DL could explain antibiosis to RWA and, partially, this mechanism against greenbug. 相似文献
14.
G. Dantuma 《Euphytica》1958,7(2):189-195
In 1951 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen, had a refrigerator and hardening equipment installed with the aim of providing private breeders with cold-resistant material and of testing their young lines for this character.This gave the author an opportunity of studying the problems of winterhardiness. The data gathered were treated in a thesis (2). This article gives a summary. 相似文献
15.
Summary Six Indian wheat varieties differing in their adaptation were selected for the study. They were treated with 350 g/ml aqueous solution of antimetabolite Actinomycin-D. The effect of this antimetabolite was studied in seedling growth of six varieties. Variety C. 306, which is known to be best adapted among all the varieties, was found to be relatively less affected as compared to several other varieties. It showed minimum percentage of growth inhibition. No significant interseedling variability was found following the antimetabolite treatment. On the other hand, the poorly adapted variety N.P. 823 was found to be very much affected when treated with Actinomycin-D. It was observed by the fact that variety N.P. 823 showed maximum percentage of growth inhibition and produced a significant interseedling variability. It suggested a strong buffering capacity of variety C. 306 against the treatment of Actinomycin-D. 相似文献
16.
Intercropping is widely used by smallholder farmers in developing countries, and attracting attention in the context of ecological intensification of agriculture in developed countries. There is little experience with intercropping of food crops in Western Europe. Yields in intercrops depend on planting patterns of the mixed species in interaction with local growing conditions. Here we present data of two years field experimentation on yield and yield components of a wheat–maize intercrop system in different planting configurations in the Netherlands. Treatments included sole crops of wheat (SW) and maize (SM), a replacement intercrop consisting of strips of six wheat rows alternating with two maize rows (6:2WM), as well as subtractive or additive designs, based on skip-row (6:0WM, 0:2WM) and add-row (8:2WM, 6:3WM) configurations. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercrops varied from 1.18 to 1.30 in 2013 and from 0.97 to 1.08 in 2014. Wheat grown in the border rows of wheat strips had higher ear number per meter row, greater kernel number per ear, and greater yield per meter row than wheat in inner rows and sole wheat, indicating reduced competition. Wheat in the border rows in the intercrops had, however, reduced thousand kernel weight and harvest index, indicating that competition in border rows intensified over time. Intercropping negatively affected maize biomass and thousand kernel weight, especially in add-row treatments. This study indicates that there is a potential yield benefit for the wheat–maize intercropping system under Western European growing conditions. However, the LER was affected by yearly variation in weather conditions and significantly greater than one in only one of the two years of the study. 相似文献
17.
In order to understand if the mechanisms leading to stabilization of hexaploid wheats occurred in early generations after hybridization or accumulated slowly over the evolutionary course, we extracted tetraploids from newly synthesized allohexaploid wheats and characterized the effects of changes in polyploidy levels. Extracted wheat tetraploids (ETW) were developed from two neo-allohexaploids and their five phenotypic traits were compared to the parents. The ETWs displayed few small amplitude differences relative to the tetraploid parent of the synthetics. This suggest that genomic changes that might have occurred during the first three generations of the newly-synthesized wheat allopolyploids had very weak effects on the phenotypes. 相似文献
18.
摘 要：利用小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)与玉米(Zea mays L.)进行远缘杂交,是获得小麦单倍体的一条重要途径,也是获得双单倍体(Double haploid ,DH)植株、构建小麦遗传群体的重要途径之一。本研究为创建小麦抗吸浆虫DH群体,在温室条件下对5个小麦抗、感吸浆虫杂交组合进行了单倍体诱导试验。结果表明：小麦不同基因型对诱导单倍体胚形成有较大影响;小麦授粉后2,4-D适宜的点药时间为6－36小时;适宜的2.4-D药液为 10－30mg/L;授粉后适宜的剥胚培养时间为14－16天,授粉后茎秆离体培养有较好的诱导效果,培养温度以20-250C为宜。本文提出了在温室条件下高效诱导小麦单倍体植株的方法及条件。 相似文献
19.
A set of bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars adapted to Spanish conditions was tested for resistance against leaf rust caused by different pathotypes of Puccinia triticina in field trials and in growth chamber studies. Lower levels of resistance were found in durum wheat than in bread wheat. The most frequent Lr genes found in bread wheat were Lr1, Lr10, Lr13, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr28. In durum wheat, additional resistance genes that differed from the known Lr genes were identified. The level of partial resistance to leaf rust was in general low, although significant levels were identified in some bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars. 相似文献
20.
Th. Jacobs 《Euphytica》1990,45(1):81-86
Summary Arrest of the growth of wheat leaf rust infection structures was studied with fluorescence microscopy in seedling leaves and flag leaves of the susceptible spring wheat genotypes Morocco and Kaspar and the partially resistant genotypes Westphal 12A and Akabozu. The percentages non-penetrants and substomatal vesicle abortion were low in all genotypes. In the partially resistant genotypes the percentage abortion of infection structures was higher than in the susceptible genotype Morocco. Aborted infection structures had formed one or two haustorial mother cells. In adult plants differences in the percentage aborted infection structures between susceptible and partially resistant genotypes were more pronounced than in seedlings. The so-called late abortion was not observed. 相似文献