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1.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important and drought sensitive grain legumes. Drought stress is thus one of major constraints in global faba bean production. In this study, twenty local and exotic faba bean genotypes were characterized on physiological and molecular basis. Seeds of faba bean genotypes (six per pot) were sown in poly venyl chloride pots. After seedling emergence, soil moisture was maintained at 100%, 50% and 25% of field capacity designated as well watered, moderate drought and severe drought, respectively. Drought stress significantly influenced the leaf area, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, relative leaf water contents, grain yield and water‐use efficiency. Faba bean genotypes also differed for the leaf area, leaf temperature, relative leaf water contents, grain yield and water‐use efficiency. Faba bean genotypes Kamline and L.4 were better equipped to curtail water loss, maintain tissue water status, produce stable grain yield and had better water‐use efficiency under mild and severe drought stress, and may be used in breeding programmes. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers showed high potential in detecting polymorphism and estimating genetic diversity among faba bean genotypes. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis of the genotypes illustrated considerable association between molecular diversity, genetic background and geographic origin. In crux, high polymorphic rate and polymorphism information content values, together with the low genetic similarity observed among tested genotypes suggests a high level of heterogeneity, which may be used in breeding programmes to assemble different drought tolerance mechanisms in one genotype.  相似文献   

2.
中国蚕豆种质资源ISSR标记遗传多样性分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
利用ISSR标记对中国18个省(区)的527份春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源的遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,11个ISSR引物共扩增出278条清晰的条带,其中多态性条带268条(占96%)。不同地理来源蚕豆资源群间的基因多样性指数在0.1267~0.2509之间,平均为0.1716;Shannon指数范围为0.1932~0.3767,平均为0.2608。两指数均以内蒙古资源群最高,云南和甘肃资源群次之,江西资源群体最低。非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)的聚类分析和二维主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,中国春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源明显不同,浙江和四川的资源形成独立的组群,明显不同于其他省份,其遗传背景独特,有待进一步研究。中国蚕豆种质资源遗传多样性差异和遗传关系与其生长习性、生态分布及地理来源密切相关。  相似文献   

3.
Genetic mapping for faba bean lags far behind other major crops. Density enhancement of the faba bean genetic linkage map was carried out by screening 5,325 genomic SSR primers and 2033 expressed sequence tag (EST)‐SSR primers on the parental cultivars '91825' and 'K1563'. Two hundred and fifteen genomic SSR and 133 EST‐SSR primer pairs that detected polymorphisms in the parents were used to screen 129 F2 individuals. This study added 337 more SSR markers and extended the previous linkage map by 2928.45 cM to a total of 4516.75 cM. The number of SSR markers in the linkage groups varied from 12 to 136 while the length of each linkage group ranged from 129.35 to 1180.21 cM. The average distance between adjacent loci in the enhanced genetic linkage map was 9.71 cM, which is 2.79 cM shorter than the first linkage map of faba bean. The density‐enhanced genetic map of faba bean will be useful for marker‐assisted selection and breeding in this important legume crop.  相似文献   

4.
Faba bean represents a crucial source of protein for food, especially for Mediterranean countries, and local demand for faba bean grains is increasing. The crop is also gaining increased attention as an elite candidate for conservation agriculture. However, the complexity of the faba genome has made progress in breeding programs and molecular studies relatively slow compared with other legume crops. Recent advances in plant genomics have made it feasible to understand complex genomes such as faba bean. With the increase of faba bean consumption in the Middle East region, there is an urgent need to develop elite faba genotypes suitable for arid and semi arid environments, with high yield potential and acceptable nutritional quality. This article highlights the recent advances in legume and faba genomics and its potential to contribute to the above mentioned goal. Emphasis is given on prospects on faba improvements strategies from the Middle East point of view.  相似文献   

5.
Bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is an ancient crop that is thought to have originated in Central Asia and has been cultivated for over 5000 years. Classical genetic and plant breeding approaches have been used to improve onion yield, quality, and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, its biennial life cycle, cross‐pollinated nature and high inbreeding depression have proved challenging for the characterization and breeding of improved traits. New technologies, notably next‐generation sequencing, are providing researchers with the genomic resources and approaches to overcome these challenges. Using these genomic technologies, molecular markers are being rapidly developed and utilized for germplasm analysis and mapping in onion. These new tools and knowledge are allowing the integration of molecular and conventional breeding to speed up onion improvement programmes. In this review, we outline recent progress in onion genomics and molecular genetics and prospects for enhancing onion yield and quality in the future.  相似文献   

6.
蚕豆是常异花授粉作物,异交率一般为20%~30%,最高可达84%。媒介昆虫、气候条件、地理因素、种植密度、品种基因型、花序的小花数量及小花结构特点、田间环境等都对异交率产生影响,媒介昆虫是异交发生的主要途径。异交会导致种质一致性的丧失,给资源的保存利用、品种繁育和应用基础研究等带来一定阻碍,但同时异交又是群体遗传多样性保障和杂种优势利用的重要条件。本文从异交率、异交媒介、异交影响因素及异交率的应用研究4个方面总结蚕豆异交率研究和应用情况,并对今后研究方向进行展望。  相似文献   

7.
水稻蚕豆轮作条件下长期定位施肥制度对作物产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
为了解水稻蚕豆轮作条件下,不同施肥制度对作物产量的影响,在云南省通海县碧溪村通过15年的定位施肥田间小区试验,研究了4种施肥制度对水稻和蚕豆的增产效应和稳产性能。结果表明：不同施肥制度对作物产量有明显的影响,水稻平均产量OM＋NPK〉NPK〉OM〉CK,蚕豆平均产量OM＋NPK〉OM〉NPK〉CK;农家肥和化肥配施（OM＋NPK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和只施用农家肥（OM）3种施肥结构对水稻产量的贡献率分别为35.37%,33.12%和30.76%,对蚕豆产量的贡献率分别为42.79%,38.14%和39.47%;农家肥化肥配施有利于水稻蚕豆轮作体系作物高产、稳产,农家肥完全替代化肥时水稻产量有一定的减少,但后茬蚕豆产量有所提高;从蚕豆实际产量分析,只在前茬水稻进行施肥不能满足后茬蚕豆正常生长发育的需要,要实现蚕豆高产、稳产需要适当施用磷、钾肥及微量元素。  相似文献   

8.
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker is a powerful tool for construction of genetic linkage map which can be applied for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker‐assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a genetic map of faba bean was constructed with SSR markers using a 129 F2 individuals population derived from the cross of Chinese native variety 91825 (large seed) and K1563 (small seed). By screening 11 551 SSR primers between two parents, 149 primer pairs were detected polymorphic and used for F2 population analysis. This SSR‐based genetic linkage map consisted of 15 linkage groups with 128 SSR. The map encompassed 1587 cM with an average genetic distance of 12.4 cM. The genetic map generated in this study will be beneficial for genetic studies of faba bean for identification of marker‐locus‐trait associations as well as comparative mapping among faba bean, pea and grasspea.  相似文献   

9.
Autumn‐sown winter‐type faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been shown to have a yield advantage over spring sowing. Still, adoption of this overwintered pulse crop remains limited in temperate locations, due to inadequate winter hardiness. This research sought to understand how the prevailing temperature during emergence and seedling development, that is pre‐acclimation, influences freezing tolerance. Seedlings grown under a controlled “warm” 17/12°C (day/night) pre‐acclimation environment were initially less freezing tolerant than those grown under a “cold” 12/5°C temperature treatment. Stem and particularly root tissues were primarily responsible for slower cold acclimation, and there was a genotype specific response of above‐ground tissues to pre‐acclimation treatment. Both above and below‐ground tissues should be tested across a range of pre‐acclimation temperatures when screening faba bean germplasm for freezing tolerance.  相似文献   

10.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important food legume crop in Ethiopia, and its production and productivity are decreased by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, chocolate spot disease is the major and the most destructive disease in faba bean-growing areas. A field experiment was conducted at Farta to evaluate the genetic variation of faba bean varieties to chocolate spot, and for yield and yield components during the 2014 and 2015 main cropping seasons. A total of 13 improved faba bean varieties and one local check were sowed in three replications using a randomized complete block design. The chocolate spot disease incidence and severity were taken four times in 10-day intervals. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) among faba bean varieties on disease incidence and severity. The disease incidence was lower on varieties Obse and Moti. The severity of chocolate spot was lower on varieties Obse, Tumsa, and Degaga. Varieties Obse, Degaga, and Tumsa significantly reduced the severity of chocolate spot disease by 8.89, 6.85, and 5.91%, respectively, over Bulga 70 and Adet-Hana. Varieties Obse, Degaga, and Tumsa significantly reduced the AUDPC of chocolate spot disease by the amount of 229.63, 214.81, and 187.96% over variety Bulga 70, respectively. The highest yield (t/ha) was obtained from variety Degaga (1.55) and Tumsa (1.30). Thus, to conclude and recommend that variety Degaga and Tumsa are moderately tolerant or less susceptible to chocolate spot disease than other varieties with a better yield.  相似文献   

11.
植物激素脱落酸(abscisic acid ABA)可调控植物生长发育及应答病菌、干旱、高盐和低温等多种生物和非生物胁迫反应。从水生生物向陆生生物进化过程中ABA受体基因经历了从无到有的过程,ABA受体是ABA通路最上游的信号调节因子,能够识别ABA信号并启动信号转导。本文总结了ABA信号通路近年研究进展,包括ABA的转运与识别、ABA受体结构与功能的多样性等,同时阐明ABA核心信号通路是通过一个复杂的调控网络而相互作用。本文为通过改造核心ABA信号通路和ABA的运输系统来提高农作物的产量和品质提供了可参考的资料。  相似文献   

12.
Water scarcity is threatening the sustainability of global food grain production systems. Devising management strategies and identification of crop species and genotypes are direly required to meet the global food demands with limited supply. This study, consisted of two independent experiments, was conducted to compare faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes Giza Blanka, Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1, Hassawi‐2 and Gazira‐2 in terms of physiological attributes and yield under water‐limited environments. In first experiment, conducted in a growth chamber, osmotic stress of ?0.78, ?0.96, ?1.19 and ?1.65 MPa was induced using polyethylene glycol for 4 weeks. In second experiment, conducted in open field for two consecutive growing seasons, water deficit treatments were applied 3 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, irrigation was applied when an amount of evaporated water from the ‘class A pan’ evaporation reached 50 mm (well watered), 100 mm (moderate drought) and 150 mm (severe drought). Water deficit, applied in terms of osmotic stress or drought, reduced the root and shoot length, related leaf water contents, total chlorophyll contents and efficiency of photosystem‐II, plant height, grain yield and related attributes in faba bean; increased the leaf free proline, leaf soluble proteins and malondialdehyde contents, and triggered the maturity in tested faba bean genotypes. However, substantial genetic variation was observed in the tested genotypes in this regard. For instance, root length of genotypes Giza Blanka and Hassawi‐2 decreased gradually, whereas it was increased in genotypes Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1 and Gazira‐2 with increase in the level of osmotic stress. Genotypes Gazira‐2 and Hassawi‐2 had better relative leaf water contents, leaf free proline and soluble proteins under water deficit conditions; however, these were minimum in genotype Giza Blanka. Better accumulation of leaf free proline, soluble proteins, and maintenance of chlorophyll contents, tissue water, efficiency of photosystem‐II and grain weight in water‐limited conditions helped some genotypes like Hassawi‐2 to yield better. Future breeding programs for developing new faba bean genotypes for water‐limited environments may consider these traits.  相似文献   

13.
扇形试验设计在检测农作物种植密度的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了检验扇形试验设计用于检测农作物种植密度的可行性,确定蚕豆新品种‘通蚕鲜8号’在重庆地区的最佳种植密度。应用扇形试验设计方法,经2年重复试验,研究结果表明应用扇形试验设计检验蚕豆种植密度是可行的。‘通蚕鲜8号’在重庆最佳种植密度范围在86805~106110株/hm2内,其中种植密度为93615株/hm2时产量达最高水平。  相似文献   

14.
Successful prediction of heterosis and performance of F1-hybrids from the genetic similarity of their parents based on molecular markers has been reported in several crops and can be very helpful in hybrid breeding. The relationship between genetic similarities based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of 18 European faba bean lines and their hybrid performance and heterosis was investigated. Parental lines, 62 F1-hybrids and their F2-progenies were evaluated in field trials in four environments in Germany for seed yield, 1,000-seed weight and plant height. Results clearly demonstrated a stable superiority of the hybrids over their inbred parents and elite check cultivars, and showed a marked and varying amount of heterosis. Parental seed yield and F2-hybrid yield were promising as predictors for F1-hybrids. AFLP analysis of the 18 inbred lines using 26 EcoRI/MseI primer combinations resulted in 1202 polymorphic fragments. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarity estimates unambiguously identified pedigree-related inbred lines. No clear separation of the 18 inbred lines into subgroups was detected. Correlation coefficients between genetic similarity estimates and either heterosis or F1-hybrid performance were small and not useful. Also correlations between specific genetic similarity and specific combining ability were too small for all traits to be of predictive value. Results showed that AFLP-based genetic similarities are not useful to predict the performance of hybrids or heterosis within the elite European faba bean gene pool.  相似文献   

15.
Genetic diversity between parents is important for hybrid breeding and for maximum usefulness of a cross in pure line breeding. However, wide crosses may suffer from poor adaptation in the target environments and recombination losses owing to disruption of favourable epistatic gene combinations. In this study we investigated the importance of various gene effects for different traits in the parents and generations F1 to F5 derived from 99 intra- and inter-pool crosses among 20 lines of the Minor, Major, and Mediterranean germplasm pools of faba bean in Mediterranean and German environments. Yield performance of parental inbreds and progenies of crosses in different selfing generations was high in the region of adaptation of the respective germplasm pool. Heterosis for yield was greatest in interpool crosses of Minor × Mediterranean germplasm, amounting to 106% in Mediterranean and 72% in German environments. Interpool crosses exhibited significantly greater heterosis compared with intrapool crosses in both mega-environments. Generation means analysis revealed the importance of additive gene effects and dominance × dominance epistasis in Mediterranean and German environments. Dominance effects and additive × additive epistasis for yield were negligible in most crossing groups. Since intrapool crosses of Mediterranean germplasm in Mediterranean environments and crosses of Minor and Major germplasm in the German environments were most promising, we suggest crosses among adapted germplasm for hybrid breeding and for establishing new base material in line breeding in faba bean.  相似文献   

16.
This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the influence of plant density on the growth and yield of the faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.). An analysis is also made of sowing rate and other factors that may modify optimum plant density, including environmental conditions; in this sense, should be made a differentiation between faba crops grown in temperate conditions and those grown in Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions. The genotype also prompts variations in optimum plant density, depending on the botanical type (mayor, equina or minor) and the growth habit (determinate versus indeterminate) of the cultivar selected. Sowing date also influences optimum seeding rate, which is lower for autumn–winter sowing under temperate and Mediterranean conditions and increases as the sowing date is delayed. For the spring-sown crops typical of temperate conditions, optimum plant density will be higher due to the shorter growing season. With a longer growing season and under optimum environmental conditions, there is normally no additional response to densities over 20 plants m−2, while in suboptimal conditions, optimum plant density may increase to over 60 plants m−2. Although the faba bean crop displays considerable plasticity in response to variations in plant density, mainly with regard to number of pods per square meter, it is not wholly clear to which component of yield this should really be ascribed. Number of stems per plant appears to be the most influential factor, although further research is required to confirm this.  相似文献   

17.
国内外蚕豆核心种质SSR遗传多样性对比及微核心种质构建   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
运用24对SSR引物, 对国内外1075份初级地理蚕豆核心种质的遗传多样性分析显示, 等位变异数、有效等位变异数及Shannon’s信息指数分别为8.54、2.26和1.02;对全部参试资源进行聚类分析, 没有发现明显的群体结构, 表明初级地理核心种质的代表性较好, 遗传背景较广泛。之后采用每个类内随机抽样的方法构建含有129份国内资源和63份国外资源的蚕豆微核心种质, 等位基因变异数、有效等位变异数和Shannon’s信息指数的保留比例分别为87.32%, 101.26%, 101.82%;经t检验得出微核心种质与全部参试资源群体间遗传多样性差异不显著, 表明构建的微核心种质的遗传多样性可以代表初级地理蚕豆核心种质。  相似文献   

18.
Faba bean has the potential to become a key food and feed protein crop in many areas of the world. The presence of tannins in its seed coat has limited the deployment of this crop as feed and food. The expression of either of the two recessive genes, zt1 and zt2, causes a great reduction of tannins from the seed coat and results in a white flower phenotype. Molecular markers linked to these loci are fundamental tools for speeding up the breeding of low-tannin varieties. The main aim of this study was to develop and validate a robust molecular marker linked to the zt2 locus. We used 176 recombinant inbred lines of the Disco/2 × ILB 938/2 cross at F6 and genotyped those using 257 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. An SNP marker associated with zt2 locus was found on faba bean chromosome 3 and was used to develop a high-throughput low-cost KASP (kompetitive allele-specific PCR) marker. The KASP marker can successfully discriminate low-tannin faba beans carrying zt2 from those carrying zt1 and wild-type alleles.  相似文献   

19.
Organic farming requires cultivars that are specifically adapted to this low input cropping system. Hence, organic farmers and scientists joined in a participatory breeding approach to develop region-specific genotypes of spring faba bean for organic conditions in Germany. A set of 49 genotypes with contrasting degrees of heterozygosity and heterogeneity was used in field trials across five locations in Germany during 3 years 2004, 2005 and 2006. The material involved 18 inbred lines, their 18 polycross progenies, one blend of inbred lines, one blend of polycross progenies, one blend of hybrids and ten checks. Inbred lines are uniform, thus giving the option to be specifically adapted; whereas the polycross progenies and synthetics (Syn-1; predicted from the inbred lines and polycross progenies performance) are partly heterogeneous and heterozygous, thus giving the option to evolve. Agronomic performance was assessed and a “personal appreciation” score of the material was assigned to each genotype by each partner. This personal appreciation was strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic constraints faced by the crop in each location and by the expected grain yield of the genotypes. Uniformity was apparently appreciated by organic farmers. In all locations, the highest yielding inbred line yielded slightly better than the predicted highest yielding synthetic. However, this slight disadvantage of the synthetic is very likely to disappear if the synthetic (Syn-1) is propagated during successive generations.  相似文献   

20.
The evaluation and use of the vast diversity contained in plant genetic resources (PGR) is a main challenge for today’s plant breeding. The use of molecular markers has hugely increased the knowledge about genetic diversity and great hopes are raised about the potential of marker assisted selection [MAS; sometimes also termed SMART breeding (Selection with Markers and Advanced Reproductive Technologies)] to help increasing the use of PGR and maintaining crop genetic diversity. Another approach growing attention has been paid to over the past two decades and which also aims to increase variation in crops is evolutionary and participatory breeding (EPB). In this paper we discuss both the potential of marker-assisted breeding strategies and the potential of EPB breeding to contribute to the maintenance, increase and development of agrobiodiversity. The potentials of molecular markers in the evaluation and use of PGR and their documented contribution to agrobiodiversity are reviewed and results from guided interviews with scientists and breeders are given. Despite tremendous research efforts involving molecular markers, it is still difficult to obtain a clear picture how molecular markers contribute to the use of PGR in plant breeding. Minor and major crops do not benefit to the same degree from recent developments in marker technology. It therefore depends at least in part on economic considerations whether SMART breeding or EPB strategies or both are implemented in the breeding process of a crop. A general decision in favor or against MAS or EPB when breeding for diversity would not yield optimum results.  相似文献   

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