首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
Despite many reported cases of carpal lameness associated with intercarpal ligament injuries in horses, the morphometry, movement pattern and general intrinsic biomechanics of the carpus are largely unknown. Using osteoligamentous preparation of the carpus prepared from 14 equine cadaver forelimbs (aged 9.62 ± 4.25 years), locomotory simulations of flexion and extension movements of the carpal joint were carried out to observed carpal biomechanics and, thereafter, the limbs were further dissected to obtain morphometric measurements of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MLC and LCL); medial and lateral palmar intercarpal ligaments (MPICL and LPICL); intercarpal ligaments between radial (Cr) and intermediate (Ci) carpal bones (Cr-Ci ICL); and intercarpal ligaments between Ci and ulnar (Cu) carpal bones (Ci-Cu ICL). The Cr, Ci, Cu and Ca are held together by a series of intercarpal ligaments and move in unison lateropalmarly during flexion, and mediodorsally during extension with a distinguishable proximo-distal sliding movement (gliding) of Cr and Ci against each other during movement. The mean length of MCL (108.82 ± 9.64 mm) was significantly longer (p = 0.042) than LCL (104.43 ± 7.65 mm). The Cr-Ci ICL has a dorsopalmar depth of 37.58 ± 4.14 mm and a midpoint width of 12.05 ± 3.09 mm and its fibres ran diagonally from the medial side of the Ci in a proximo-palmar disto-dorsal direction (i.e. palmarodistally) to the lateral side of the Cr. The specialized movement of the Cr-Ci ICL, which appeared to be further facilitated by a longer MCL suggest a biomechanical function by which carpal damage may be minimized in the equine carpus.  相似文献   

2.
Carpal conformation is often considered as a contributory factor to performance and lameness in the horse; however, few attempts have been made to objectively measure radiographic variations of carpal conformation in horses due to insufficient measurable carpal parameters. This pilot study used carpal radiographic images acquired from 10 cadaveric equine forelimbs transected at the antebrachial midshaft from 7 adult horses (7.2 ± 2.6 years), positioned at ‘zero lateromedial’ (ZLM) and ‘zero dorsopalmar’ (ZDP) views, to investigate the anatomy of the equine carpus and develop parameters that could be objectively used to assess carpal conformation in horses. Dorsal carpal angle (DCA: 176.61 ± 0.66º), distal radial slope carpal angle (DRSCA: 145.59 ± 2.19º), intermediate carpal bone proximal tuberosity-radial angle (CiPxTRA: 115.69 ± 3.15º) and third carpal bone palmar facet angle (C3PalFCA: 84.43 ± 1.13º) were all developed from the ZLM view while medial carpal angle (MCA: 183.34 ± 1.02º), disto-dorsal slope angle of the third carpal bone (C3DDSA: 8.27 ± 0.92º) and width ratio of distal radius to proximal metacarpus (WDR:WPM = 1.13±0.03) were 3 of the 10 parameters developed from the ZDP view. Easy to identify and measurable parameters will help to provide quantitative assessment of carpal conformation in the horse with potential of eliminating subjective observational variation errors between clinicians. These newly developed parameters will be useful in further studies to measure variations in the conformation of the equine carpus in live horses and comparison between subjective visual assessment and objective radiographic evaluation methods.  相似文献   

3.
The purpose of this work was to determine a radiographic standard of normality for lateral and medial ungulae in 3‐year‐old bovine females of the Nellore breed. Twenty‐six cows underwent radiographic exposure of the medial and lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs and forelimbs; abaxioaxial projections were used. The images were analyzed; distances were measured between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and the surface of the hoof capsule. The two angles formed, i.e., an angle between the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx and a line parallel to the sole (inner), and an angle between the dorsal surface of the hoof and a line parallel to the sole (outer), were also recorded. The results suggested a standard of normality for the proximal, middle and distal distances of the ungulae of the forelimbs: 0.96 ± 0.12 cm. For the measurement of hindlimbs, except for the distal distances of the side ungulae, the suggested value was 1.02 ± 0.14 cm; for the distal measurement of the lateral ungulae of the hindlimbs, the value was 1.09 ± 0.12 cm. For inner and outer angles, the values were 36.45° ± 4.4° for the medial ungulae of the forelimbs and 42.50° ± 3.8° for other ungulae of the forelimbs and hindlimbs (standard deviations of the values suggested for the angles should be used as variations between different animals, limbs and ungulae; they should not be used between angles of the same ungula).  相似文献   

4.
Objectives— To report a method for radiographic determination of the mechanical axis of the canine pelvic limb and its relationship to the joints and bone axes. To report reference ranges for the relationships between the axes of the pelvic limb and for joint position relative to the pelvic limb axis. Study Design— Cadaveric radiographic anatomic study. Animals— Pelvic limbs (n=101) from normal midsized to large breed dogs; tibiae (n=105) from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (previous study). Methods— Extended full‐limb radiography was performed and images analyzed to determine: mechanical joint reference angles (femur, tibia), pelvic limb axis, tibiofemoral and metatarsotibial angle, mechanical axis—femur/metatarsus angle, and mechanical axis deviation (MAD) of the stifle/tarsus. Results— Mean mechanical angles were: lateral proximal femoral (103.7°±5.4°), lateral distal femoral (98.6°±2.5°), medial proximal tibial (92.2°±1.8°), medial distal tibial (95.9°±2.2°), tibiofemoral (9.1° varus ±2.8°), metatarsotibial (0.6° valgus ±2.1°). Mean mechanical axis—femur and—metatarsus angles were 5.6° (±1.7°) and 2.9° (±1.5°), respectively. Mean MAD of the stifle and tarsus were 3.6% (±1.1%) and 1.2% (±0.6%), respectively. Tibial angles were not different between dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease. Conclusions— Mechanical axes of the canine pelvic limb and their relationship to the joints can be determined by full‐limb radiography. Clinical Relevance— Techniques and reference ranges may be useful for diagnosis, surgical planning, and postoperative assessment of pelvic limb deformities.  相似文献   

5.
Finding an appropriate location for perpendicular positioning of the X-ray machine to produce zero lateromedial (ZLM) and zero dorsopalmar (ZDP) carpal images (views) and finding an acceptable range of rotational variations for measurement of carpal conformational parameters were two major challenges identified during field radiography of equine forelimbs. 16 cadaver forelimbs transacted at antebrachial midshaft from 10 horses (aged 9.13 ± 4.59 years) were axially mounted into a custom-built frame, and the radiographic machine and plate were perpendicularly aligned with the limb. Each limb was then radiographed at 2.5° interval of vertical rotation of the machine until ZLM and ZDP images were acquired, and at 24 other postural and rotational positions from ZLM and ZDP at 5° interval for comparison of measurements with the standardized ZLM and ZDP images. ZLM radiographs were produced at a mean vertical projection angle (VPA) of 9.84 ± 3.47° palmarolateral–dorsomedial oblique (PaL-DMO), while ZDP was acquired at VPA of 6.41 ± 2.73° dorsolateral–palmaromedial oblique (DL-PaMO). Changes in limbs’ postural tilts, vertical plate rotations (VPR) and horizontal beam rotations (HBR) had no effect on the quality of the radiographs and on carpal measurements, while vertical beam rotation (VBR) of X-ray beam produced significant changes on the quality of radiographs and on measurements of carpal parameters. It is recommended that field radiographs of equine forelimbs intended for carpal measurement be obtained within a proposed range of VPA of 2.5° to 12.5° PaL-DMO for ZLM and 2.5° to 10° DL-PaMO for ZDP in order to minimize potential errors attributable to vertical rotational movements.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of incremental radial shortening and subsequent ulnar ostectomies on joint surface contact patterns in a canine elbow joint model. SAMPLE POPULATION: Paired forelimbs from 9 adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Joint casting was performed by placement of colored polymethylmethacrylate in the elbow joint cavity and loading in a materials testing system at physiologic angle and load. Joint casting was performed in unaltered specimens, after radial shortening, and after subsequent distal ulnar ostectomy, proximal ulnar ostectomy, and proximal ulnar ostectomy with intramedullary pinning. Computer-aided analysis of photographs of proximal radial and ulnar articular surfaces without joint casts was performed before and after each casting procedure. RESULTS: All increments of radial shortening changed the size and location of radial and ulnar contact areas. The radial contact area became smaller, the anconeal contact area disappeared, the medial coronoid contact area migrated craniolaterally, and the lateral projection of the coronoid process became a contact area. A proximal ulnar ostectomy stabilized with an intramedullary pin restored normal contact area size and location and restored continuity of the radial and coronoid contact areas across the radioulnar articulation in 6 of 10 specimens. A midshaft ulnar ostectomy, distal to the level of the radioulnar ligament, had no effect on contact patterns. A proximal ulnar ostectomy without stabilization resulted in varus deformity during loading. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proximal radial shortening, which creates articular step incongruity, changes the location and size of the radioulnar contact areas. Dynamically stabilized ulnar ostectomies proximal to the radioulnar ligament restore contact patterns in vitro.  相似文献   

7.
There is limited information documenting hind foot conformation. The objectives of the study were to describe the shape of the hoof capsule of hindlimbs from the lateral aspect in horses of variable breeds, and, within horses, to compare the conformation of the hoof capsule of forelimbs and hindlimbs and determine the orientation of the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule in hindlimbs. Lateral photographs of the fore and hind feet (n = 225) and lateromedial radiographs of the hind feet (n = 29) were obtained. Differences among breed and shoeing status groups were assessed using multivariable mixed-effects linear regression models. Angular parameters and ratios of linear measurements were compared between fore and hind feet; angular radiological variables and photographic parameters of the hind feet were compared. The mean dorsal hoof wall angle for hind feet (50.9°±3.7°) was smaller than forefeet (51.8°±3.9°) (P = 0.04). The mean heel angles for hind feet (36.4°±9.6°) were smaller than forefeet (40.1°±9.3°; P < 0.001). Dorsal hoof wall (P < 0.001) and heel (P = 0.002) angles were larger in unshod than shod feet. In the hind feet, the dorsal hoof wall was parallel to the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx. The median angle of the distal phalanx to the horizontal (angle S) was 0.6° (interquartile range: −1.4, 2.3°). There was a positive relationship between angle S and the hoof wall angle (W); each 1° increase in angle S was associated with 0.6° increase in angle W (P < 0.001). Angle S was also positively associated with photographic heel angle; each degree increase in the angle S was associated with 1.8° increase in the heel angle (P < 0.001). It was concluded that the angle of the distal phalanx to the horizontal in hindlimbs is smaller than published values for forelimbs. The orientation of the distal phalanx in hindlimbs is correlated with external characteristics of the hoof capsule.  相似文献   

8.
Objective— To describe a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon. Study Design— The surgical procedure was developed with use of normal forelimbs from equine cadavers and experimental horses. Animals or Sample Population— Twelve equine cadaveric forelimbs, 4 forelimbs from 2 horses anesthetized for terminal surgical laboratories, and 10 forelimbs from five experimental horses were used. Methods— The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal was made approximately 2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis for arthroscope insertion. An instrument portal was made approximately 0.2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis. After flexion of the limb to 90°, the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon was palpated and desmotomy was performed. Cadaveric limbs were dissected to confirm complete desmotomy. Experimental horses were monitored for short- (perioperative) and long- (4 weeks) term postoperative complications. Results— A tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath provided adequate surgical access to the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for desmotomy. Most of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be easily seen within the sheath, except for the proximal 2 cm that could be readily palpated and subsequently transected. Important technical considerations were location of the arthroscope portal, adequate sheath distention, limb flexion to 90°, and desmotomy location. It was beneficial, but apparently not essential, to avoid the proximal perforating vessel. Postoperatively, some horses had swelling but were not lame and had normal range of motion of the carpus. Conclusions— Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be performed by using a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath. Clinical Relevance— Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon by using a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath is an alternative technique to the medial incisional approach.  相似文献   

9.
Reasons for performing study: There is limited information on potential diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after various diagnostic analgesic techniques of the proximal metacarpal region. Objective: To document potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following 4 techniques used for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region. Methods: Radiodense contrast medium was injected around the lateral palmar or medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves in 8 mature horses, using 4 different techniques. Radiographs were obtained 0, 10 and 20 min after injection and were analysed subjectively. A mixture of radiodense contrast medium and methylene blue was injected into 4 cadaver limbs; the location of the contrast medium and dye was determined by radiography and dissection. Results: Following perineural injection of the palmar metacarpal nerves, most of the contrast medium was distributed in an elongated pattern axial to the second and fourth metacarpal bones. The carpometacarpal joint was inadvertently penetrated in 4/8 limbs after injections of the palmar metacarpal nerves from medial and lateral approaches, and in 1/8 limbs when both injections were performed from the lateral approach. Following perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a lateral approach, the contrast medium was diffusely distributed in all but one limb, in which the carpal sheath was inadvertently penetrated. In 5/8 limbs, following perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a medial approach, the contrast medium diffused proximally to the distal third of the antebrachium. Conclusions and potential relevance: Inadvertent penetration of the carpometacarpal joint is common after perineural injection of the palmar metacarpal nerves, but less so if both palmar metacarpal nerves are injected using a lateral approach. Following injection of the lateral palmar nerve using a medial approach, the entire palmar aspect of the carpus may be desensitised.  相似文献   

10.
Normal nerve conduction velocity values in 10 ponies were determined for sensory nerve fibers in the median and ulnar nerves. A percutaneous signal-averaging technique was developed and used. Medial and lateral palmar digital nerves on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones were used as the sites for percutaneous stimulation, whereas recording sites included the medial and lateral palmar nerves just distal to the carpus and the median and ulnar nerves in the middle of the radius. Sensory nerve conduction velocities can be evaluated simply and clinically in the limbs of horses, using percutaneous signal-averaging techniques.  相似文献   

11.
Objective —To describe the tenoscopic anatomy of the carpal sheath of the flexor tendons (carpal sheath) viewed from a lateral approach.
Study Design —Tenoscopic observation of structures within the carpal sheath subsequently confirmed by dissection.
Animals or Sample Population—12 equine cadaveric forelimbs.
Methods —The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal for the arthroscope was made approximately 3 cm proximal to the distal radial physis and 2.5 cm caudal to the radius between the tendons of the ulnaris lateralis and lateral digital extensor muscles.
Results —A lateral tenoscopic approach was adequate to identify all structures within the carpal sheath. From proximal to distal, structures identified using this approach were the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle, accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle, distal radial physis, tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, accessory carpal bone, antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints, and vincula of the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.
Conclusions —A lateral tenoscopic approach offered an easy, repeatable entry into the carpal sheath and allowed good observation of all structures within the sheath except for the medial borders of the tendons of the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles.
Clinical Relevance —Applications of a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath include diagnostic procedures, lavage and synovial resection for septic tenosynovitis, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle for flexural deformity or tendinitis, and removal of osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. SAMPLE POPULATION: 88 limbs from 22 llamas necropsied because of reasons unrelated to disease of the carpus; tarsus; or metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, or stifle joints. PROCEDURE: 1 compartment (randomly assigned) of each joint was injected with blue latex solution. Communication between joint compartments was determined by observation of latex in adjacent compartments following frozen sectioning. RESULTS: Of the 44 carpi, 30 (68%) had anatomic separation between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints, whereas the remaining 14 (32%) had communication between the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints. In the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints, medial and lateral joint compartments remained separate in 83 of 88 (94%) joints injected. The tibiotarsal and proximal intertarsal joints communicated in all tarsi examined, whereas 14 of 38 (37%) communicated between the proximal intertarsal and distal intertarsal joints. Communication between the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints was detected in 17 of 25 (68%) specimens; all 4 tarsal joints communicated in 11 of 42 (26%) specimens examined. Examination of 33 stifle joints that were successfully injected revealed communication between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that it is important to determine the joint communications specific to each llama prior to treatment of septic arthritis. The metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint compartments may be considered separate, although the lateral and medial compartments infrequently communicate along the proximal palmar or plantar aspect.  相似文献   

13.
  相似文献   

14.
Life expectancy of crab‐eating foxes in captivity is approximately 11 years, which favours the development of diseases including orthopaedic disorders. However, to understand disorders that may affect these animals, it is worth determining a normal range of measurements. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate radiographic measurements of joint angles of the hindlimbs and the ratio of patellar ligament length to patellar length in healthy crab‐eating foxes. Fifteen captive crab‐eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), eight males and seven females, aged more than 1 year old, weighing 5.5–7.9 kg were used. Anatomic and mechanical femoral joint angles were assessed in ventrodorsal radiographic views, and mediolateral views were taken to measure patellar ligament length and patellar length, and the tibial plateau angle. The right and left hindlimbs were evaluated. All measurements were conducted in triplicate by the same investigator. No statistically significant differences were observed between sides in the radiographic measurements. The anatomic lateral proximal femoral angle and the anatomic lateral distal femoral angle recorded mean values of 95.43° and 92.75°, respectively. The mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle and the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle recorded mean values of 93.39° and 96.75°, respectively. Inclination angles measured according to the Tomlinson, Hauptman A and Hauptman B methods were 133.80°, 147.32° and 128.63°, respectively. The tibial plateau recorded 18.77°, and the ratio of the patellar ligament length to the patellar length was 1.99. In conclusion, the collected data are important to characterize the normal values of crab‐eating fox limbs.  相似文献   

15.
Thoroughbred racehorses are produced by mating small numbers of Arabian stallions and native British mares, and have been improved by selection of horseracing performance for about 300 years. While these improvements led to good performance as racehorses, they exposed horses to numerous medical disorders, aggravated by extensive exercise. Fractures are frequent medical disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses. In this study, fracture heritability was estimated using 3,927 Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses to elucidate the risk of racehorse fractures. The heritability estimates of all examined fractures were low (h2 = 0.06), while those of fractures in carpal bone and carpus (carpal bone plus distal radius) were moderate (h2 = 0.37, 0.24, respectively). Fracture occurrence age for carpal bone and distal radius was both 3.3 years old and was younger than that for other fractures. These results indicated that a larger proportion of the variation in the studied population was due to genetic factors for carpal fractures than for other fractures, while the fractures at other bones were largely affected by environmental factors, correlated with the athlete period (number year in racing). These findings contribute to develop a management plan for suppressing racehorse fractures and improving horseracing safety.  相似文献   

16.
  相似文献   

17.
Three horses with carpal instability due to comminuted second carpal bone fractures (Cases 1 and 3), fracture of the head of the second metacarpal bone (Case 1) or comminuted fractures of the fourth carpal bone, ulnar and intermediate carpal bones (Case 2) were treated by minimally invasive approach for partial (Cases 1 and 3) or pancarpal (Case 2) joint arthrodesis, using locking compression plates. The joint cartilage was removed by either an arthroscopic approach (middle carpal joint and antebrachiocarpal joint) or a percutaneous drilling technique (carpometacarpal joint). Two or 3 locking compression plates were contoured to the dorsolateral, dorsomedial and dorsoaxial aspects of the carpal joints using a custom‐made tunnelling tool and a minimally invasive tunnelling technique, and the screws were positioned through stab incisions. All cases recovered well, were lame free at the walk, were able to trot and gallop and could be used for leisure and pasture activities (partial carpal arthrodesis) and breeding (pancarpal arthrodesis). Post‐operative x‐rays showed progressive joint fusion after 12 months (Case 1), 5 months (Case 2) and 10 months (Case 3). Case 2 with a pancarpal arthrodesis showed a mechanical lameness at the walk due to the inability to flex the carpus. Carpal flexion after carpometacarpal and middle carpal arthrodesis in Case 1 was calculated to be 42.6° and 44° in Case 3.  相似文献   

18.
The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal and lateral soft tissue structures and anatomic landmarks of the equine carpus useful in clinical imaging are described.
Both limbs of 5 cadavers and 5 clinically sound adult horses were imaged using a 7.5 MHz sector transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis- and the common digital extensor tendon and their tendon sheaths were easily identified. These two tendons are the most prominent structures in this region. Smaller and more difficult to identify are the tendon and tendon sheath of the extensor carpi obliquus-, the lateral digital extensor- and the ulnaris lateralis muscle. The ultrasonographic appearance and course through the carpal region of the tendons and tendon sheaths mentioned are described. Other soft tissue structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament, the carpal joint capsule and the distal articular cartilage of the radius. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with gross anatomy in the cadavers limbs.  相似文献   

19.
  相似文献   

20.
The macroscopic, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal region of eight clinically normal camels (Camelus dromedarius) was determined with the help of a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. At the dorsal aspect of the carpus and distal radius, the extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis and extensor digitorum lateralis tendons were easily identified. The ulnaris lateralis tendon was observed laterally. The extensor carpi obliqus tendon was identified with difficulty. At the palmar aspect, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus tendons were observed. Other soft structures examined include the lateral collateral ligament and the medial collateral ligament. Ultrasonographic findings correlated with gross anatomy in the dissected limbs. The results of the present study serve as reference data for ultrasonographic investigation of disorders of camel carpus.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号