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1.
不同品种水稻的产量构成因素及其对氮磷吸收的差异研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为筛选出适合江苏地区种植的高产、高效水稻品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了江苏地区常见的11个水稻品种的株高、产量、结实率、总干物质量以及不同部位N、P含量,分析了水稻产量与其构成因素、氮磷积累量、氮磷收获指数间的相关关系。结果表明,水稻平均产量为16.85 g pot~(-1),变化幅度为8.28~25.18 g pot~(-1),品种间产量差异显著(P0.05),其中泰瑞丰5产量最高。水稻各部位氮素含量从大到小依次为:籽粒叶≈根茎谷壳,其中苏秀9籽粒中氮含量显著高于其他品种。磷素在水稻各部位中的含量分布为:籽粒根≈茎叶≈谷壳,籽粒中的磷含量最多的是南粳5055。相关分析表明,水稻的产量与总干物质量、穗粒数、氮磷积累量及氮磷收获指数均存在显著的相关性。不同品种水稻的产量、籽粒氮磷含量存在显著差异,这为高产、高效水稻品种的筛选提供了重要的科学依据。  相似文献   

2.
不同品种油菜生长后期体内氮素转运及再分配差异研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探明影响油菜生长后期氮素再分配的生理因素及其与氮素利用效率的关系,本文在严格控制氮素供应水平的砂培条件下,采用15N示踪技术研究了不同氮素水平下2个油菜品种吸收氮素后在体内的分配、转运及损失情况。结果表明,供试2个油菜品种的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒含氮量、植株全氮、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮收获指数均存在较大差异,且以上差异因氮素水平不同而有所不同。常氮处理下,品种"742"的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮素收获指数均高于品种"814";低氮处理下,品种"742"的植株含氮量、籽粒含氮量、收获指数和氮素收获指数高于品种"814",而生物产量、籽粒产量、植株全氮和籽粒全氮低于品种"814"。采用15N示踪方法测定油菜生长后期氮素再分配的结果表明,供试油菜品种生长后期营养器官氮素减少量及其比例、转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量存在明显差异。不同氮素水平下,品种"742"大多数营养器官的氮素减少量均高于品种"814",而且茎的减少量差异最为明显。常氮水平下,品种"742"根、叶中氮素减少比例均少于品种"814",而茎中氮素减少量远远大于品种"814";低氮水平下,品种"742"根、茎、叶中氮素减少比例均大于品种"814"。在常氮和低氮处理下转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量均表现为,品种"742"向角果皮再分配的氮素低于品种"814",向籽粒再分配的氮素则高于"814"。T检验结果表明,2个品种除常氮条件下向角果皮再分配的氮素之外,其他再分配氮素的差异都达到显著水平,说明油菜生长后期由营养器官向生殖器官的氮素再分配有助于提高氮素利用效率。油菜生长后期氮素损失量表现为,品种"742"在常氮处理下的氮素损失量及其比例小于品种"814",低氮处理时反之。  相似文献   

3.
The yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has increased substantially with the development of new cultivars, but the role of potassium (K) requirement for the increase in grain yield and the genotypic advance is still unclear. In order to investigate this relationship a database of 1199 on‐farm measurements (harvest index 0.4) comprising > 400 modern rice cultivars was collected during 2005–2010 across major irrigated lowland rice–production regions of China. This was used to evaluate the relationships among K requirement, grain yield, and genetic improvement. Across all the sites and seasons, mean reciprocal internal efficiency of K (RIE‐K, kg K [t grain produced]–1) was 19.8 kg K (t grain)–1 and rice yield averaged 8.7 t ha–1. Considering four levels of grain yield (< 7.5, 7.5–9, 9–10.5, and > 10.5 t ha–1), the respective RIEs were 18.7, 19.4, 20.5, and 21.7 kg K (t grain)–1. The gradual increase in the RIE‐K with yield was attributed mainly to the increase in straw and grain K concentration and the decrease in the K harvest index. The RIE‐K values for ordinary inbred, ordinary hybrid, and “super rice” were 18.5, 20.1, and 19.9 kg K (t grain)–1, respectively. Examining the historical development of rice cultivars, the RIE‐K decreased from 40.9 (Nanjing1, early tall, inbred) in the 1950s to 19.8 (IR24, semi‐dwarf, ordinary inbred) in the 1970s, and then increased to 20.9 (Shanyou63, modern ordinary hybrid) in the 1980s and 20.6 kg K (t grain)–1 (II‐you084, “super” rice) in the 2000s. This variation in RIE‐K among grain‐yield levels and cultivars highlights the importance of information on rice K requirement in calculating K balance and optimal K‐fertilizer rate for rice production.  相似文献   

4.
籼、粳超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运差异研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
【目的】目前我国选育和认定的超级稻品种很多,但如何发挥其高产潜力至关重要。氮素是影响水稻生长发育、 产量和品质形成的最活跃因素之一,因此,深入分析籼、 粳超级稻氮素吸收、 利用与转运特征及其与产量形成的关系,从氮素营养层面上阐明超级粳稻高产形成机理,以期为超级稻品种的合理利用以及增产潜力的挖掘提供参考。【方法】2011~2012年在江苏苏中地区,以主体且具有代表性的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻-麦两熟制条件下籼、 粳超级稻主要生育期植株含氮率和氮素积累量、 氮素阶段吸收速率和阶段吸收量、 氮素利用效率,以及抽穗至成熟期叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率等进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】1)粳稻平均实收产量、 氮素吸收总量和百公斤籽粒吸氮量分别达10.89 t/hm2、 224.50 kg/hm2和2.79 kg,分别较籼稻高13.21%、 32.74%和17.45%,差异极显著。2)移栽有效分蘖临界叶龄期、 拔节抽穗期和抽穗成熟期, 粳稻氮素积累量显著或极显著高于籼稻,而有效分蘖临界叶龄期拔节期粳稻极显著低于籼稻。氮素阶段吸收速率表现的趋势与氮素阶段吸收量一致。3)抽穗期和成熟期粳稻植株各器官以及整个生育期整株的含氮率均显著或极显著高于籼稻。4)粳稻氮素吸收利用率和农学利用率略高于籼稻,但氮素生理利用率、 籽粒生产效率、 干物质生产效率和氮肥偏生产力,除氮素生理利用率外,均显著或极显著低于籼稻。5)成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘含氮量所占比例均极显著地高于籼稻,但穗中含氮量所占比例极显著低于籼稻,因此,籼稻氮素收获指数极显著高于粳稻。6)抽穗成熟期,粳稻叶、 茎、 鞘氮素转运量、 表观转运率和转运贡献率均小于籼稻,除鞘的氮素转运贡献率外其他指标均达显著或极显著水平。7)籼稻籽粒氮主要依靠抽穗前源器官中贮积的氮素的输出与转运,粳稻主要依靠生育中后期(拔节成熟期)氮素的高速吸收。【结论】在稳定生育前期(移栽拔节期)氮素吸收的基础上,大幅提高生育中期和后期(拔节成熟期)氮素吸收速率和氮素积累量,是稳定形成较高的氮素吸收总量及粳稻高产形成的关键。  相似文献   

5.
不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars.  相似文献   

6.
During the last two decades, high-yielding cultivars for multipurpose use of rice have been bred and released in Japan. Some of them have repeatedly recorded high yields of over 9?t?ha?1 of brown rice (about 11.25?t?ha?1 of rough rice). Here, characteristic features of nitrogen (N) acquisition and its relation to formation of yield components, dry matter production and grain yield at yield levels over 9?t?ha?1 of brown rice in recent high-yielding cultivars, a large grain type of japonica variety, “Akita 63,” extra-panicle weight types of indica variety, “Takanari” and “Saikai 198,” and a panicle weight type of japonica variety, “Fukuhibiki,” are described as compared with those in the standard japonica cultivars, “Toyonishiki” and “Nipponbare.” The grain yield of the recent high-yielding cultivars was 9.4 to 11.6?t?ha?1 of brown rice; that is 1.2?1.7 times greater than those of the standard cultivars. Sink capacity (1000-grain weight?×?spikelet number per unit land area) was 47?62% greater in the recent high-yielding cultivars, largely due to their 1.3?1.5 times greater N-use efficiency for sink formation (sink capacity per unit amount of total plant N in the aboveground part at maturity), although major component(s) responsible for their greater sink capacity differ among the cultivars. The ratio of grain yield to total dry matter was 1.1?1.4 times greater in the recent high-yielding cultivars than in the standard cultivars, indicating that the former efficiently translocate dry matter into spikelets during the grain-filling period. N-use efficiency for dry matter production (total dry matter per unit amount of total plant N) was comparable between “Akita 63,” “Fukuhibiki” and “Toyonishiki,” and slightly greater in “Takanari” and “Saikai 198” than in “Nipponbare.”

These results indicate that greater N-use efficiency for sink formation and efficient translocation of dry matter into spikelets contribute greatly to the high-yielding potential of the recent high-yielding cultivars.  相似文献   

7.
【目的】 明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成及锌吸收利用的关系,对通过品种选育和施肥调控提高旱地小麦籽粒产量和锌营养,实现小麦高产优质生产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原典型旱地进行了小麦裂区田间试验。 以我国主要麦区的123个小麦品种为试材,每个品种设置不施肥和施N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 100 kg/hm2两个处理。分析了高产小麦籽粒锌含量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成、锌吸收和分配之间的关系。 【结果】 施肥条件下,高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,小麦籽粒锌含量与籽粒产量间无显著相关性,但与千粒重、锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率呈显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著负相关。在高产品种中,无论施肥与否高锌品种的籽粒锌含量均显著高于低锌品种;高锌品种的籽粒锌含量因施肥而显著提高,低锌品种却降低。施肥条件下,高锌品种的籽粒产量、生物量和收获指数与低锌品种相比无显著差异,穗数却显著降低;高锌品种的籽粒锌吸收量、地上部锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率均显著高于低锌品种。且高锌品种的产量、生物量、穗数、穗粒数和锌吸收量因施肥引起的提高幅度均亦显著高于低锌品种。 【结论】 在黄土高原旱地低锌土壤上,无论是品种选育还是施肥调控,促进小麦锌的吸收和向籽粒的转移是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的关键。   相似文献   

8.
旱地不同小麦品种产量与干物质及氮磷钾养分需求的关系   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
【目的】 黄土高原是我国旱地小麦主要产区,但产量普遍偏低,明确不同小麦品种的产量与干物质及氮磷钾养分需求的关系,对高产高效小麦品种选育、科学合理施肥、实现区域小麦增产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2014和2015年,在黄土高原典型旱作雨养农业区种植来自我国不同主产区和当地的123个小麦品种,采集收获期的植株样品,测定了不同小麦品种的产量、干物质及氮磷钾养分累积和需求量,分析了产量与干物质及养分需求的关系。 【结果】 不同小麦品种的籽粒产量与生物量、收获指数、养分吸收量和养分收获指数均呈显著正相关,与干物质、需氮量、需磷量呈显著负相关。从两年的平均结果来看,当小麦籽粒产量从5474 kg/hm2增至7891 kg/hm2时,生物量从12194 kg/hm2增至17032 kg/hm2,收获指数从38%增至54%,地上部氮、磷、钾吸收量分别从159 kg/hm2增至231 kg/hm2、21.3 kg/hm2增至29.5 kg/hm2、79.1 kg/hm2增至136.9 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾收获指数分别从62%增至83%、75%增至90%、20%增至37%。干物质需求量却从2611 kg/Mg降至1873 kg/Mg,氮、磷需求量也分别从35.1 kg/Mg降至23.7 kg/Mg、4.5 kg/Mg降至3.2 kg/Mg。品种间需钾量也随产量升高而降低,从19.9 kg/Mg降至11.9 kg/Mg,但产量与需钾量间并无显著负相关关系。 【结论】 旱地条件下,高产品种具有较高的生物量、收获指数、养分吸收量和养分收获指数,而干物质及养分需求量却较低。因此,在实际生产中,不仅要选育高产高效小麦品种,提高生物量,协调籽粒产量与生物量、养分吸收量和收获指数的关系,也要根据高产品种的养分需求规律,结合区域土壤养分供应能力和气候特点,科学合理施肥,保证作物有充足的养分吸收量,并向籽粒高效转移,使高产品种的产量潜力充分发挥。   相似文献   

9.
【目的】 本研究利用长期施肥定位试验构建的不同土壤肥力梯度,探索陕西关中地区小麦品种演替过程中产量、产量构成因素以及磷生理效率的变化,以期了解品种演替对土壤肥力水平以及磷效率的响应,为今后品种选育提供参考。 【方法】 长期试验包括 7 个处理,分别为不施肥处理 (CK)、单施两个水平有机肥处理 (M1 和 M2)、两个水平有机肥与两个水平无机肥配施处理 (M1N1P1、M1N2P2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2)。小麦品种为小偃 6 号 (80 年代)、小偃 22 (90 年代末) 以及西农 979 (当前品种)。 【结果】 小麦品种演替过程中单产水平逐步提高,同时小麦产量随着土壤肥力水平提高呈显著增加趋势;品种更替的增产效应主要反映在高肥力土壤上 (有机无机配施的 4 个处理),而在低肥力 (CK、M1、M2) 土壤上品种更替产量差异不显著。小麦品种演替过程中,在低肥力情况下穗数表现为 90 年代末的小偃 22 低于 80 年代的小偃 6 号,而当前品种西农 979 又高于小偃 6 号的趋势;但在高肥力情况下随品种演替穗数基本呈现为增加的趋势。在低肥力情况下随品种演替穗粒数的变化不一致,而在高肥力情况下穗粒数随品种演替基本呈增加的趋势。随着品种演替,无论在高肥力还是低肥力情况下,千粒重均呈逐渐增加的趋势。三个品种的穗数、穗粒数以及千粒重均随土壤肥力水平提高以及养分投入增加而呈增加的趋势。随着品种更替,无论高肥力还是低肥力土壤 100 kg 小麦需磷量均呈下降趋势,具体为小偃 6 号 > 西农 979 > 小偃 22 号;不过低肥力土壤的 100 kg 需磷量高于高肥力土壤。随品种的演替,无论高肥力土壤还是低肥力土壤磷生理效率均呈现升高的趋势,但是高肥力土壤的磷生理效率高于低肥力土壤。 【结论】 陕西关中地区随品种更替小麦单产逐渐提高,其中西农 979 单产的提升是由于穗数和千粒重的提高,而小偃 22 号单产的提升则由于穗粒数和千粒重的提高。品种更替在低肥力土壤上并没有表现出产量及磷效率的优势,在高肥力土壤上表现出产量及磷效率的协同提高。因此,品种更替对土壤肥力水平的要求更高,土壤培肥以及定向育种的有机结合是实现陕西关中小麦高产高效、可持续发展的有效方略。   相似文献   

10.
ZHOU Yanli  SUN Bo 《土壤圈》2017,27(6):1092-1104
There is a need for rice cultivars with high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), but with low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. To determine the relative effects of rice genotype, soil type, and Cd addition on rice grain yield and NUE, a pot experiment consisting of nine rice cultivars was conducted in two types of paddy soils, red soil (RS) and yellow soil (YS), without or with Cd spiked at 0.6 mg kg-1. The N supply was from both soil organic N pools and N fertilizers; thus, NUE was defined as the grain yield per unit of total crop-available N in the soil. Cd addition decreased grain yield and NUE in most rice cultivars, which was mainly related to reduced N uptake efficiency (NpUE, defined as the percentage of N taken up by the crop per unit of soil available N). However, Cd addition enhanced N assimilation efficiency (NtUE, defined as the grain yield per unit of N taken up by the crop) by 21.9% on average in all rice cultivars. The NpUE was mainly affected by soil type, whereas NtUE was affected by rice cultivar. Hybrid cultivars had higher NUEs than the japonica and indica cultivars because of their greater biomass and higher tolerance to Cd contamination. Reduction of NUE after Cd addition was stronger in RS than in YS, which was related to the lower absorption capacity for Cd in RS. Canonical correspondence analysis-based variation partitioning showed that cultivar type had the largest effect (34.4%) on NUE, followed by Cd addition (15.2%) and soil type (10.0%).  相似文献   

11.
  【目的】  探究实现水稻高产、优质和氮肥高效的密度与施氮量协同组合。  【方法】  于2018—2019年,在黑龙江省五常市龙凤山乡辉煌村进行田间试验。采用裂区试验方法,以‘五优稻4号’为供试品种。以密度为主区,设置15穴/m2 (D1)和24穴/m2 (D2);以施氮量为副区,设施氮(N)量为0、75、105、135 kg/hm2 4个水平,分别表示为N0、N75、N105、N135处理。在水稻成熟期,测定了植株地上部干物重、稻谷产量、精米产量、精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、食味值等指标;比较了稻谷产量与精米产量确定的施氮量差异。  【结果】  在D1、D2两个密度下,随着施氮量的增加,稻谷产量、地上部干物重、精米产量都呈先升高后降低的趋势,均在N105达到最大值。除D1密度下N105处理的稻谷产量与N135处理差异不显著外,其余均显著高于其他处理,而N135处理的稻谷产量与N75处理无显著差异,但2018年地上部干物重却显著高于N75处理。随着施氮量的提高,精米蛋白质含量呈现增加趋势,精米率和食味值却呈降低趋势。与N0相比,N135处理精米蛋白质含量平均提高了7.58%,精米率和食味值分别平均降低了8.81%和10.24%。N105处理的氮素回收率显著高于N75和N135处理,农学效率、氮肥生理利用率和偏生产力均显著高于N135处理。D2密度下精米蛋白质含量低于D1密度处理,而精米率和食味品质高于D1密度处理,D2密度下的稻谷产量、氮积累量和精米产量均高于D1密度处理,氮积累量和氮肥偏生产力比D1处理平均提高了40.35%和 40.31%,两个密度间氮肥回收率、农学效率和氮肥生理利用率无明显差异。农户直接出售优质米使经济效益提高了7428元/hm2,D2密度使经济效益额外增加了4229元/hm2。施氮量与稻谷产量、精米产量均呈二次曲线关系,依据施氮量与稻谷产量效应函数,确定经济最佳施氮量为96.4~123.7 kg/hm2;依据施氮量与精米产量效应函数,确定的适宜施氮量为76.2~105.9 kg/hm2。  【结论】  适度密植(24穴/m2)有利于稻谷产量、氮素吸收量的提高,而不影响食味值和精米率。在本试验水稻适宜密植条件下,基于施氮量和精米产量效应函数确定的适宜施氮量为76.2~105.9 kg/hm2,该施氮量的确定方法有利于协同实现稻米高产优质和氮肥减施增效。  相似文献   

12.
【目的】明确我国主要麦区小麦主栽品种(系)籽粒硫含量差异,研究地点、年份、品种(系)对小麦籽粒硫含量的影响,为科学施肥和选育优质稳产小麦品种提供依据。【方法】于旱作区、麦玉区和稻麦区共47个地点种植当地主栽品种(系),测定了小麦生物量、收获指数、产量及其构成、籽粒硫累积量,并对籽粒硫含量与小麦生物量、收获指数、产量构成、硫累积量、籽粒养分含量、土壤肥力指标间的相互关系进行分析。【结果】旱作区、麦玉区和稻麦区主栽小麦品种(系)籽粒硫含量分别介于1.73~2.27、1.59~2.01和1.42~1.73 g/kg,平均值分别为1.98、1.78和1.53 g/kg。同一麦区内籽粒硫含量主要受品种(系)、地点和年份影响。旱作区,品种(系)对籽粒硫含量变异的贡献率最高,为13.1%;麦玉区和稻麦区地点对籽粒硫含量变异的贡献率最高,平均分别为34.2%和52.0%,品种(系)对籽粒硫含量变异的贡献率平均分别为25.4%和7.1%。收获指数和籽粒硫吸收量对小麦籽粒硫含量的影响大于产量构成要素、硫收获指数和地上部硫吸收量。旱作区籽粒硫含量与千粒重、地上部硫吸收量显著正相关,麦玉区与产量显著负相关,与...  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

Considerable variation exists among wheat cultivars for phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization to produce higher yields. We investigated critical P requirements for optimum grain yield of two wheat cultivars contrasting in P-use efficiency, i.e., NIA-Sunder (P-efficient) and NIA-Saarang (P-inefficient). Grain yield, P accumulation, and other P-efficiency relations of both cultivars increased with progressive addition of P, but at variable rates. NIA-Sunder exhibited higher grain yield, grain P concentration, harvest index, and P-use efficiency at all P levels as compared to NIA-Saarang. Internal P requirement for achieving 95% relative grain yield in NIA-Sunder and NIA-Saarang was obtained when P concentration in their grains was 4.07 and 3.48 mg g?1 recorded at external P levels of 57.2 and 78.1 mg kg?1 soil, respectively. Overall, NIA-Sunder accumulated 15% more grain P and required 27% less external P for attaining 95% relative yield than P-inefficient cultivar. Results suggested that internal and external P requirements aiming at optimum grain yield are associated with genotypic variations in wheat cultivars for P-utilization efficiency.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted in the major rice growing area of Chile to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and site on grain yield and some yield components, dry matter production, N uptake, and N use efficiency in rice cultivar ‘Diamante’. Two sites (indicated as sites 1 and 2) and six N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 kg N ha?1) were compared. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield, panicle density, spikelet sterility, dry matter production, and N uptake at maturity. 90% of maximum yield was obtained with 200 kg N ha?1 in site 1 (12,810 kg ha?1) and with 100 kg N ha?1 in site 2 (8,000 kg ha?1). These differences were explained by lower panicle density, and the resulting lower dry matter production and N uptake in site 2. Nitrogen use efficiency for biomass and grain production, and grain yield per unit of grain N decreased with N fertilization. While, agronomic N use efficiency and N harvest index were not affected. All N use efficiency indices were significantly higher in site 1, except grain yield per unit of grain N. The observed variation in N use efficiency indices between sites would reflect site-specific differences in temperature and solar radiation, which in turn, determined yield potentials of each site. On the basis of these results, cultivar ‘Diamante’ would correspond to a high-N use efficiency genotype for grain yield.  相似文献   

15.
A field study conducted for two years (2006 and 2007) at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that zinc (Zn) fertilization increased yield attributes, grain and straw yield, enhanced Zn concentrations and its uptake and improved kernel quality before and after cooking in basmati rice ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’. A 2% Zn-coating with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) was found to be the best but a 2% Zn-coating with zinc oxide (ZnO) was very close to it in terms of grain and straw yield and Zn concentrations in basmati rice grain and straw under Zn stress conditions. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied Zn varied from 984–3,387 kg grain kg Zn?1, agronomic efficiency (AE) varied from 212–311 kg grain kg?1 Zn (applied) and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn varied from 6,384–17,077 kg grain kg?1 Zn (absorbed). Thus, adequate Zn fertilization of basmati rice can lead to higher grain yield and Zn-denser grains with improved cooking quality in basmati rices under Zn stress soil conditions.  相似文献   

16.
为了验证水稻合理密植的黄金分割法在长江中下游双季稻区和华南双季稻区的适用性,在湖南长沙和广东怀集以生产上大面积种植且具有代表性的双季稻品种为材料,运用黄金分割法分割秆高(50、65、80、95、110 cm)得到5种预设黄金密度(67.9、40.1、26.5、18.8、14.0穴·m-2),研究不同密度下株高和秆高的变化,实际黄金密度下齐穗期部分冠层特性、干物质积累、产量及其构成。结果表明,在不同密度下,长沙水稻的株高和秆高,怀集早稻玉香油占的秆高及晚稻Y两优1号的株高和秆高变化不显著,而早稻Y两优1号株高和秆高变化显著,其余品种无一致的规律。在实际黄金密度下,长沙各品种有效和高效叶面积指数及其冠层光辐射截获率最高,或者低于最高密度处理,但冠层光辐射截获率与最高密度处理无显著差异;长沙和怀集各品种齐穗期和成熟期的干物质积累及其产量在实际黄金密度下最高,或者低于最高值,但产量与最高值差异不显著。长沙双季稻和怀集晚稻的矮秆品种(49.4~74.5 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数,而怀集早稻的高秆品种(80.4~84.6 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数和每穗粒数。本研究结果为合理、简便、精确确定水稻适宜的种植密度(即合理密植)提供了理论和实践依据。  相似文献   

17.
采用土培盆栽试验方法,以东北地区大面积种植的32个水稻品种为试验材料,在土壤中未添加和添加Cd(5mg.kg-1Cd)的条件下,研究水稻生长、籽粒产量和Cd在水稻植株不同部位的分配规律。结果表明,土壤中添加Cd后,多数水稻籽粒产量和植株总生物量下降,只有少数品种籽粒产量和生物量有所上升。Cd在水稻植株中的含量遵循根系〉茎叶〉颖壳〉籽粒的规律,但从分配比例来看,土壤中未添加Cd时根系中Cd的分配比例较高,添加Cd后茎叶中Cd的分配比例明显增加。从稻米产量和质量安全角度综合考虑,认为越路早生(3号)品种为农业生产中较理想的种植品种,沈农265(1号)、农林315(30号)、屉锦(31号)、沈稻12(32号)品种可以在中轻度污染的农田土壤条件下种植,而千重浪-1(8号)、辽盐2(14号)、辽盐283(17号)、辽恢190(19号)以及吉03-2843(27号)品种尽量避免在污染土壤上种植。研究结果对东北地区镉污染稻田选择水稻品种,保障稻米安全具有重要意义。  相似文献   

18.
Field experiments were conducted over 2 years using six rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivars to investigate the effect of two planting methods, transplanting (TP) and direct sowing (DS), on grain quality and nutrient utilization. Brown and head rice percentages, grain width, amylase, and protein content were greater in TP than in DS, whereas the opposite effect was found for chalkiness rate, gel consistency, and alkali spread value (ASV). Dramatic differences were also found between the two planting methods for nutrient harvest index and utilization efficiency, with TP having greater phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) harvest indexes, nitrogen (N) and K utilization efficiencies, and lower N harvest index and P utilization efficiency than DS. Moreover, significant differences between these genotypes could be found for both nutrient harvest index and utilization efficiency. The correlation analysis showed that rice chalkiness, transparency, gel consistency, amylose, and protein contents were all significantly correlated with N, P, and K nutrient traits. In addition, significant interactions between rice cultivar and planting methods for both rice quality and nutrient traits were also found.  相似文献   

19.
不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮素积累转运特征   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,通过15N标记的氮肥盆栽试验精确定量不同氮效率的水稻齐穗后氮素积累和转运量。结果表明,无论在何种施氮水平下,氮高效水稻(南光和武运粳)的籽粒产量均显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;不同氮效率水稻在齐穗期和齐穗后15天时干物质积累量差异不显著,但在成熟期时氮高效水稻的干物质积累量显著高于氮低效水稻,增幅约为16·4%;与干物质积累相对应的是,不同氮效率水稻的氮素积累量在齐穗期和齐穗后15天也没有差异,但在成熟期时氮高效基因型水稻武运粳和南光的氮素积累量较氮低效基因型水稻Elio高约31%和21%,差异显著。15N标记试验结果可以看出,氮低效水稻Elio齐穗时吸收的一部分15N移出了植株体,其占15N转运量的11%。从齐穗至成熟,氮低效水稻Elio从茎叶转移出的15N量(2·75mg穴-1)远远低于氮高效水稻武运粳(3·54mg穴-1)和南光(3·22mg穴-1),差异显著。氮高效水稻武运粳和南光从茎叶转移出的15N量约占籽粒所需N量的91%和85%,而从土壤中吸收的15N量约占9%和15%。综上所述,氮高效、低效水稻氮素积累和转运特征的差异主要表现在齐穗期以后,氮高效水稻具有强的氮素吸收或者转运能力,以满足籽粒形成期植株对氮素的利用。  相似文献   

20.
测苗定氮综合氮素管理提高直播稻产量和肥料利用效率   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
【目的】直播水稻生长期和养分吸收均不同于传统插秧稻。本研究比较了直播稻不同品种对苗期定氮综合氮素管理措施的响应,以期为直播稻的最佳氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】于2016-2017年在成都平原,以超级杂交稻、普通杂交稻、普通常规稻为材料进行了田间试验。设置两种氮肥调控处理:"一基多追"(即基肥、苗肥、分蘖肥、穗肥,N1)和"无基多追"(即氮肥不基施,中后期采用测苗定氮综合氮肥管理技术,N2),以不施氮为对照(N0)。于分蘖中期、幼穗分化期、齐穗期,采用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定叶片SPAD值。于收获期,取样测定氮磷钾含量,调查产量及产量构成。【结果】与N1处理相比,N2处理施氮量减少了33.3%~40.0%,直播稻产量并未出现显著下降;氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥吸收利用率平均分别提高了48.9%、56.7%、11.9%;N2处理直播稻氮、钾吸收量平均分别降低了10.8%、5.8%;生产1000kg稻谷氮、钾需求量平均分别降低了9.4%、4.0%,磷吸收量和生产1000 kg稻谷磷需求量与N1处理相当。与普通杂交稻和普通常规稻相比,相同氮素管理措施下,超级杂交稻产量平均增加了11.7%,氮、磷、钾吸收量平均分别增加了21.5%、37.7%、17.5%,每生产1000 kg稻谷氮、磷、钾需求量平均分别增加了8.9%、24.3%、6.5%。超级杂交稻较高的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量和较低的氮、磷、钾收获指数是其生产单位稻谷氮、磷、钾需求量增加的主要原因。【结论】直播稻基肥不施氮,中后期采用测苗定氮综合氮肥管理技术,不仅可以减少1/3的氮肥投入量,还可维持直播稻较高的产量,减少生产1000 kg稻谷的需氮量和需钾量,提高氮肥效率。超级杂交稻比普通杂交稻和常规稻更适合采用测苗定氮综合管理技术。  相似文献   

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