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为进一步开展欧洲输华粮谷中有害生物风险分析,该文整理和统计2003—2017年我国自欧洲输华粮谷中截获的有害生物数据,并采用SPSS 20软件分别对所截获的主要杂草和昆虫进行了聚类分析、相关分析和主成分分析,确定其截获次数的主控因子。结果显示,我国自欧洲输华粮谷中截获的主要有害生物为杂草,截获记录数为7 905次,占总截获记录的79.99%;我国自欧洲输华大麦中截获的有害生物次数均最多,截获次数为57 843次,占总截获次数的51.39%;我国自乌克兰输华粮谷中截获的杂草和昆虫次数最多,分别为39 026次和678次;我国自欧洲输华粮谷中截获的杂草和昆虫分别为479种和61种;自乌克兰和大麦中截获的杂草和昆虫的Shannon-Weiner指数均相对较高;我国自欧洲输华大麦和玉米中截获的杂草和昆虫分别单独聚为一类,我国自乌克兰和法国输华粮谷中截获的杂草和昆虫分别单独聚为一类;欧洲输华粮谷贸易额是有害生物杂草和昆虫截获次数的主控因子。建议我国进一步做好有害生物截获数据收集工作,加强欧洲输华粮谷中有害生物风险分析,根据风险对不同国家和粮谷采取相应的检疫措施。 相似文献
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Robert A. Haack 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(3-4):253-282
Since 1985, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has maintained the 'Port Information Network' (PIN) database for plant pests intercepted at the U.S. ports of entry. As of August 2001, PIN contained 6825 records of beetles (Coleoptera) in the family Scolytidae that had been intercepted during the years 1985–2000 from countries outside of North America. Of the 6825 scolytid interceptions, 2740 (40%) were identified to the species level, 2336 (34%) to only the genus level, and 1749 (26%) were identified to only the family level. Of the 49 identified scolytid genera, the 10 most common were Hypothenemus (821 interceptions), Pityogenes (662), Ips (544), Coccotrypes (520), Orthotomicus (461), Hylurgops (327), Hylurgus (266), Tomicus (194), Dryocoetes (166), and Hylastes (142). The 10 most common identified species were Pityogenes chalcographus (565 interceptions), Orthotomicus erosus (385), Hylurgops palliatus (295), Ips typographus (286), Hylurgus ligniperda (217), Ips sexdentatus (157), Tomicus piniperda (155), Hylastes ater (75), Hypothenemus hampei (62), and Polygraphus poligraphus (48). Of these 10 species, H. palliatus, H. ligniperda, and T. piniperda are known to be established in the continental U.S. The scolytids were intercepted from 117 different countries; the top 12 countries were Italy (1090 interceptions), Germany (756), Spain (457), Mexico (425), Jamaica (398), Belgium (352), France (261), China (255), Russia (247), India (224), U.K. (151), and Portugal (150). The scolytids were intercepted in 35 U.S. states and 97 port cities. In general, there was a positive relationship between the number of scolytid interceptions from individual countries and the value of the imports from those countries. Overall, 73% of the scolytids were found in solid wood packing materials, 22% in food or plants, and 5% in other or unspecified materials. The products most commonly associated with scolytid-infested wood packing materials were tiles, marble, machinery, steel, parts, ironware, granite, aluminum, slate, and iron. The food products and plants that were commonly infested with scolytids included nutmeg, palms, coffee beans, kola nuts, and macadamia nuts. 相似文献
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Within the framework of the EU project DROPSA (‘Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens’), a review on pests (including pathogens) that have fruit species as their host plants was conducted. The focus was on pests that have been introduced into Europe or were found in the fruit trade during the last 10–15 years. Among the 387 recorded pests, the following groups were identified: 1. fruit and vinegar flies, 2. scale insects, 3. fungi, 4. plant viruses, 5. bacteria, 6. pests of unknown risk, 7. tropical fruit pests, 8. pests that had an unexpected change of hosts, 9. fruit pests not likely to be transported on fruit and 10. ‘hitchhikers’ (non‐fruit pests intercepted on fruit/fruit plants, fruit pests intercepted on other commodities than fruit). The large number of pests identified, from different taxonomic groups and origins, shows that fruit are an important pathway for pests, threatening fruit production in Europe. 相似文献
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本文通过对2013—2018年温州空港口岸截获的入境旅客植物及其产品情况进行分析,发现温州空港口岸有害生物检出种类呈增长态势。6年共查获管制的植物和植物产品7495批次,截获有害生物110种,其中检疫性有害生物13种,占比11.82%。有害生物种类以昆虫居多,共55种,占比50%;热带水果检出有害生物最多,8种热带水果中检出12种检疫性有害生物。旅客携带物的有害生物检出具有时间季节效应,疫情来源地以东南亚中国台湾、中国香港、越南和泰国等国家和地区为主等特点。根据截获温州空港口岸入境旅客携带植物及其产品检出有害生物特点,因地制宜对入境旅客携带物检验检疫提出相关应对策略。 相似文献
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Armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) intercepted at the ports of entry in the Republic of Korea over the last 20 years 
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下载免费PDF全文 S.‐J. Suh 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):313-331
A total of 88 species of armoured scale insects from 40 different countries were intercepted by quarantine inspectors in the Republic of Korea on consignments of plants and plant products at the ports of entry in the Republic of Korea from 1996 to 2015. A list of all the species identified, along with a dichotomous key to the 88 intercepted species of armoured scale insects, is provided to help in the detection and identification of species of this important group of plant pests. 相似文献
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Internet trade of plants has been investigated in a short study that focused on plants for planting imported into Germany from third countries worldwide. Internet trade of plants may pose a high phytosanitary risk when commodities are infested with non‐native pests including quarantine pests. The offers of 1097 internet traders, in particular non‐European traders, have been checked. One hundred and seventeen consignments of plants were purchased from 70 different internet traders and investigated in detail. As only individual plants were purchased the study shows in particular what is available for purchase to private consumers. The study revealed that 89% of the consignments did not comply with phytosanitary import requirements for one or more reasons. In all these cases the phytosanitary certificate was missing and in 68% of the consignments the customs declaration was missing or wrong. Wrong customs declarations indicate that these internet traders ignored the import requirements or provided incorrect information to the import authorities. Prohibited plants could be easily bought via the internet. In addition, harmful organisms were found in 13% of the consignments and 2% of these were quarantine pests. All consignments that were accompanied by the required phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organisation of the exporting country (11%) complied with the EU and German, respectively, import requirements. 相似文献
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为给进口大麦中检疫性有害生物截获策略提供参考,本研究统计了全国口岸2009年-2019年大麦进口基本情况,比较并分析了不同来源国(或地区)大麦中截获杂草、软体动物、真菌、昆虫、病毒等检疫性有害生物的种类数和种次数。结果表明,近11年来我国大麦进口量呈波动上升的趋势,其中2015年大麦进口量最大。截至2019年,大麦中截获检疫性有害生物共计70种,包括杂草53种、软体动物2种、真菌5种、昆虫8种、病毒2种,其中疫情最突出的是杂草。从来源国来看,澳大利亚、法国、加拿大、乌克兰是截获检疫性有害生物种类及种次数最多的国家。其中,澳大利亚、法国大麦中主要截获杂草、软体动物、真菌等有害生物,加拿大大麦中主要截获杂草、真菌及病毒,乌克兰大麦则主要截获杂草、软体动物及昆虫。本研究汇总了2009年-2019年不同来源国(或地区)进口大麦中截获检疫性有害生物的名单,为进口大麦检疫工作提供参考。 相似文献
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This study presents a list of invasive alien plants that are found along roadsides in seven selected European countries – Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden – and an overview on the role of roadsides as a habitat for invasive alien plants. This compilation is based on national lists of invasive alien plants, a literature search and expert consultation. Comprising 89 species from 31 plant families, species introduced for horticulture dominate the list (65%). Thirteen species (14%) are widespread (occur in four or more countries) and include well‐known invasive plants such as Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea. Seventeen species are listed either on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants or on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Five species are on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). The compiled list provides a snap‐shot of invasive alien plants currently found along roadsides in the selected countries. It allows for a more targeted approach to monitoring, containment and control of the most problematic invasive alien plants identified in each country. Moreover, the list may also be used to identify emerging (potentially) invasive alien plants along roadsides in other European countries that warrant monitoring and/or management. 相似文献
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Development and validation of a simplified morphological identification key for larvae of tephritid species most commonly intercepted at import in Europe 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) are amongst the most important pests on fruits and vegetables worldwide. All non‐European Tephritidae are listed in Annex I/A1 of Directive 2000/29/EC but only a limited number of species are regularly intercepted in Europe. This study presents a morphological identification key, supported by molecular analysis, for the third‐instar larvae of 10 commonly intercepted taxa. The key proved to be sensitive and specific. However, the evaluation of its reproducibility emphasizes the importance of the operator's taxonomic expertise and questions the relevance of criteria under which a morphological method can be validated. This morphological identification key provides a rapid and economic diagnostic tool for identifying tephritid larvae. It is not intended to cover all species but allows for an initial diagnosis to be made. Given the current difficulty in identifying most immature stages of insects, the approach presented here could be used to develop some morphological identification tools for other species of concern. 相似文献
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作为对原生资源的一种替代,我国再生资源进口数量逐年增加,相关口岸从再生资源中截获到许多有害生物。本文分别从截获有害生物年度变化规律、生物类别、再生资源类型、来源地、直属局、检疫性有害生物等方面对全国口岸2006~2016年从进境再生资源中截获的各类疫情进行了统计分析。结果表明:全国进境再生资源中截获有害生物共2003种164 566种次84 035批次,检疫性有害生物69种(属)5 215种次4 540批次。有害生物年度变化规律显示,2006~2013年进境再生资源中截获有害生物种次趋于平稳,从2014年起,有害生物截获种次迅速增加。从截获有害生物类别来看,以昆虫、杂草截获种类最多,占截获总种类的85%,昆虫截获种次最多,占截获总种次的72.2%。从再生资源种类看,有害生物、检疫性有害生物的截获种类和种次均以废纸、废塑料、废有色金属截获最多。从来源地看,共有121个国家和地区截获到有害生物,其中美国、中国香港、英国、日本、澳大利亚位于前五位。24个直属局有截获记录,其中广东局、江苏局、深圳局、浙江局、福建局位于前五位。数据显示,红火蚁、四纹豆象、桔小实蝇、双钩异翅长蠹、非洲大蜗牛、假高粱位于检疫性有害生物截获种次前六位。针对疫情截获情况,提出了进境再生资源查验及检疫鉴定工作的合理化建议,以提高再生资源有害生物疫情检出率,有效保护国门生物安全。 相似文献
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Wood packaging material (WPM) is an important pathway for the spread of non‐native plant pests. To reduce the likelihood of plant pest movement with WPM, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15: “Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade” (ISPM 15) was developed in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention. To be compliant with this Standard, WPM shipped internationally must be either heat‐treated or fumigated, regardless of any specific characteristics of the WPM. The objective of this survey was to determine if Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) or insects, especially Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), were present in a specific subset of softwood boxes. While not compliant with ISPM 15, these boxes had been treated with wood preservatives, stored indoors for over five years, and, in addition to meeting various quality standards, almost all had a moisture content below 20 percent. United States Department of Agriculture staff inspected a sample of 630 softwood boxes, focusing on those showing signs of possible pest infestation. Based on a binomial distribution with an efficacy of detection equal to 0.95, a sample size of 630 provides a 95 percent confidence of detecting pests if >0.5 % of boxes are infested. No B. xylophilus or insect pests were found in the boxes, though other nematode genera (Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, and Filenchus), which feed on decomposing fungi in wood and do not damage trees, were found in 21 boxes. This study demonstrates that not all types of WPM present a high phytosanitary risk. It may be worthwhile to consider an amendment to ISPM 15 to differentiate between various risk categories of WPM in order to minimize costs and environmental impacts associated with treatments currently prescribed in ISPM 15. 相似文献
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Hirschmanniella caudacrena was detected in roots of aquarium plants imported from Thailand and Singapore to Poland. Morphology, morphometrics and diagnostic characters of the species are analyzed. It was shown that the ventral notch near the tail tip is a structure of two small symmetrical cuticular flaps. The significance of the tail tip structure to identify Hirschmanniella spp. pests is emphasized. Such detections indicate that aquarium plants imported from non‐European countries are an important pathway for entry to the EPPO region of the EU quarantine species of Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1963, other than H. gracilis (De Man, 1880), and deserve special attention from the plant quarantine services of EU member states. 相似文献
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Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to insects, mediated by an earthworm-produced organic soil amendment
Cardoza YJ 《Pest management science》2011,67(2):233-238
BACKGROUND: Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost‐amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non‐pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated. RESULTS: Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non‐preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Vermicompost causes plants to have non‐preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost‐amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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A. D. Orlinski 《EPPO Bulletin》2006,36(3):497-511
The EPPO Project on Quarantine Pests for Forestry ran from 2000 to 2005. It mainly focused on the risks from forests pests present in the former USSR, particularly in its Asian part, with regard to their possible impacts on the non‐Asian parts of the EPPO region. A special EPPO Panel, called the Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry, was created to implement this project. The EPPO Secretariat collected short information on the taxonomy, geographical distribution, host plants, biology and impact of 1365 pests and on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of 653 main forest trees on the territory of the former USSR. In the process of prioritization, which took place over 10 meetings in various countries in the EPPO region, the Panel selected species that were more likely to present high risk for the non‐Asian part of the EPPO region. For these species, more detailed data were collected and datasheets were prepared. The Panel performed Pest Risk Analysis for 45 species of pests and recommended 19 of them for inclusion into the EPPO lists of pests recommended for regulation. Possible phytosanitary measures have been selected in the process of Pest Risk Management to reduce the risk of introduction of these 19 pests into endangered areas. The Panel has begun preparing Commodity standards for wood and woody plants. 相似文献
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Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is traditionally present in most European countries as an ornamental tree, and in Southern Europe in particular it is grown for both fruit and wood. Since the 1980s, to supply the increasing demand for walnut timber, large areas of southern and central Europe, from France to Hungary, have been planted with black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) to provide wood for furniture production. The fungus Geosmithia morbida and its vector Pityophthorus juglandis, causing the thousand cankers disease of walnut in the USA in the last 2 decades, were recently reported in Europe (in Italy) on both walnut species. Thousand cankers disease can have a high negative impact on the landscape and economy of many agricultural and forest areas. Following a detailed pest risk analysis performed by EPPO in 2015, both organisms were included in the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. The main biological, epidemiological and monitoring aspects of thousand cankers disease and its status in Europe are reported. 相似文献
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Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database ( https://gd.eppo.int/ ). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade. 相似文献
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This paper describes the database Q‐bank ( www.q-bank.eu ). This freely accessible database contains data on plant pathogenic quarantine organisms to allow fast and reliable identification. Development of accurate identification tools for plant pests is vital to support European Plant Health Policies. Council Directive 2000 ? 29 ?EC lists approximately 300 entries representing a large number of species (e.g. non‐European Tephritids contains approximately 3500 species) for which protective measures, against introduction and their spread within the European Community, need to be taken. The risk of introduction of pests into the European Union is increasing because of the increase in the volumes, commodity types and origins of trade, the introduction of new crops, the continued expansion of the EU, the numbers of international travellers and the impact of climate change. Identifying pests (in particular new emerging pests) requires staff with specialised skills in all disciplines (mycology, bacteriology etc.), which is only possible within large centralised laboratory facilities. Expertise in taxonomy, phytopathology and other fields in plant health, which are vital for sustaining sound public policy on phytosanitary issues, are under threat. Sharing knowledge on regulated and non‐regulated pests is necessary to manage a cost‐effective and efficient plant health system in the context of expanding globalisation of trade in plant material. 相似文献