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1.
R. J. Kaitho N. N. Umunna I. V. Nsahlai S. Tamminga J. van Bruchem 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,39(2):145-159
The effect of tannins in browse supplements on intake, digestibility and live weight changes was evaluated using sixty-six
male Ethiopian Menz sheep in a 90-day trial. Teff straw (Eragrostis tef) was fed ad libitum (control diet), or supplemented
with 190 g dried leaves of six Sesbania sesban accessions with increasing levels of condensed tannin (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and
S6), lablab (Dolichos lablab), tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and goetzei (Sesbania
goetzei), in a completely randomized block design. The condensed tannins were highest in goetzei, S6, S5 and leucaena, intermediate
in S4, S3, S2 and S1, and lowest in tagasaste and lablab. The forages differed significantly (P < 0.05) in their rates of
degradation and truly undegradable dry matter. Lablab had lower water solubility and higher (P < 0.05) truly undegradable
dry matter than the other browse supplements. With increasing tannin levels among Sesbania accessions, there was a significant
decrease (P < 0.05) in the rate of degradation. Animals supplemented with forage legumes with low condensed tannin levels
such as lablab, S1, S2, and S3 had a lower teff straw intake than those on the control diet. The converse was true for those
fed with the high tannin supplements such as S4, S5, S6 and goetzei. Supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased total
dry matter intake and live weight gains (LWG). The animals on the control diet lost weight (–1.9 g/kgW0.75, while the supplemented animals gained between 2.9 and 4.4 g/kgW0.75 daily. Leucaena supplementation promoted higher (P < 0.05) LWG than lablab, S1 and goetzei. With increasing tannin levels
among Sesbania accessions, there was an increase (S1 < S2 < S3 < S4) followed by a decrease (S6 > S5 > goetzei) in LWG. The
digestibilities of total DM and the supplements did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the diets, although the neutral
detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with supplementation. The control diet had significantly
higher NDF digestibility than the leucaena, S3, S4, S5 and S6 supplemented diets. Results have beneficial attributes at low
levels in ruminants. Condensed tannins confer important advantages in ruminant nutrition with respect to the prevention of
excessive degradation of protein in the rumen.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Feeding value ofErythrina abyssinica leaves were evaluated with native sheep and goats at Soddo, southern Ethiopia in a 21-day digestibility and 80-day growth trial. In the digestibility trial, wilted leaves ofE. abyssinica were fedad libitum, while in the growth trial, animals were offered a basal diet ofP. purpureum with three levels (0, 500, 1000 g/head/day) ofE. abyssinica leaf. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found between sheep and goats in voluntary intakes and digestibilities of organic matter, nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber. Supplementing a basal diet ofP. purpureum with increasing levels ofE. abyssinica leaves resulted in reduced intake ofP. purpureum, but increased total organic matter intake in both species. Liveweight gains of sheep and goats increased linearly (P<0.01) with increasing levels ofE. abyssinica leaf supplementation. Sheep gained weight faster (P<0.04) than goats.Based on the results it was concluded thatE. abyssinica has high forage potential and can effectively serve as a cheap source of protein supplement for low quality diets during the dry season for resource-poor farmers with stall-fed sheep and goats. 相似文献
3.
A digestion trial was conducted to estimate the potential contribution of the chaparral browse Quercus durata (leather oak) and Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) on intake and nutrient digestion in goats and sheep. Four wether Kiko goats (avg. wt. 22.9 kg) and four wether
Targhee sheep (avg. wt. 39.6 kg) were housed in metabolism cages. Alfalfa pellets were used as a dietary supplement. Digestibility
of the shrubs was measured by difference and metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) were calculated from digestibility
and plants intake values. Oak and chamise had low crude protein (CP) content (6.5 and 4.3% DM) and high content of extractable
condensed tannins (17.8 and 9.8% DM). In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) and ME for oak and chamise were 35.6 and
33.1% and 5.0 and 4.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In vivo OMD (calculated by difference with alfalfa) and MEI, for browse were
greater (P < 0.01) for goats fed chamise compared to sheep. In oak, OMD was similar for both animal species but MEI was greater (P < 0.01) for goats. Greater (P < 0.05) DM and CP intakes (per kg BW0.75) were observed for goats fed either oak or chamise compared with sheep. When an energy source was given as supplement, the
potential contribution of chamise and oak to total ME requirements for maintenance was about 58.3 and 60.4% in goats and about
17.1 and 32.9% in sheep, respectively. In consequence, metabolizable energy supplied by these shrubs may not be adequate for
maintenance when, during grazing, they are consumed in high proportions with other chaparral plants that may have lower nutritional
value than the alfalfa supplemented in this study. Under an appropriate supplementation program, goats could be more effective
than sheep to control fuel load in California chaparral, as they consume more chamise and leather oak and obtain more nutrients
from them. 相似文献
4.
Dry season feeding has always posed a problem for ruminant nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. The availability of browse plants
or multi-purpose trees during this period has led to their incorporation in the farming systems. The need therefore to investigate
the feeding value and fermentation profiles of WAD sheep fed grass hay with supplemental Leucaena leucocephala formed the objective of this study. Eight 18–24 months old West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep (28.8±4.2 kg body weight) were
used in the study. Four of the sheep were fistulated ruminally and rumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid were measured.
Dried leaves of L. leucocephala were offered at two levels (25 and 50% of DMI, diets D25% and D50%, respectively) as supplement to a basal hay diet. The
basal hay diet without supplement was the control diet. Diet D25% had a higher (p <0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration than the control, while diet D50% had a higher (p <0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration compared to both the control and D25% diets, respectively. Diet D25%
had a marginal increase of 6.7% N- retention over the control diet. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) decreased (p <0.05) with level of supplementation. Animals on D50%, D25% and the control diets lost 14, 7.3 and 5%, respectively, of retained
energy leading to a negative energy balance. Overall results suggest that a 25% level of supplementation with leucaena gave
the best outcome even though a range of 25–50% could be fed during periods of basal diet scarcity. 相似文献
5.
A feeding experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementation with dried Gliricidia sepium leaves on dry matter
(DM) intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in sheep fed KW4 elephant grass. Four mature rams were fed elephant grass
ad libitum supplemented with four levels of gliricidia leaves (0, 4, 8 and 12 g DM kg−1 lwt day−1) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Supplementation with gliricidia leaves decreased elephant grass DM intake (g DM day−1 or g DM kg−1 BW0.75 day−1). However, the effect of supplementation on total DM intake of the rations was not significant (P >; 0.05). Total crude protein
intake significantly (P < 0.001) increased with increasing levels of gliricidia supplementation. Total DM digestibility and
body weight changes were significantly (P < 0.05) improved by gliricidia supplementation; with the highest digestibility coefficient
(60.5%) and body weight gain (89.3 g/day) obtained at 8 g DM kg−1 lwt day−1. Gliricidia supplementation significantly (P < 0.001) improved nitrogen intake, absorbed nitrogen and retained nitrogen but
with no significant difference at 8 and 12 g DM kg−1 lwt day−1 level of supplementation. The highest efficiency of N retention by sheep (44.9%) was obtained at 8 g DM kg−1 lwt day−1 level of gliricidia supplementation. The results indicated that supplemention of KW4 elephant grass with small quantities
of gliricidia leaves up to 8 g DM kg−1 lwt day−1 enhance utilisation efficiency of the total ration. Further increases in the level of gliricidia supplementation, under the
conditions of this experiment, reduced the intake of elephant grass leading to substitution effects of the basal.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
R. J. Kaitho N. N. Umunna I. V. Nsahlai S. Tamminga J. van Bruchem 《Agroforestry Systems》1997,39(2):161-173
The effect of different condensed tannins concentrations on protein metabolism from browse supplements was investigated in
a 90-day trial using sixty-six male Ethiopian Menz sheep. Teff straw (Eragrostis tef) was fed ad libitum (control diet), or
supplemented with 190 g dried leaves of six Sesbania sesban accessions with increasing levels of condensed tannin (S1, S2,
S3, S4, S5 and S6), lablab (Dolichos lablab), tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and goetzei
(Sesbania goetzei) in a completely randomized block design. The condensed tannins were highest in goetzei; S6, S5 and leucaena,
intermediate in S4, S3, S2 and S1, and lowest in tagasaste and lablab. The supplemented animals had significantly (P < 0.05)
higher total dry matter and nitrogen (N) intake than the ones fed teff straw alone. The digestibility of N was lower for the
control diet than for any other treatment (P < 0.05). S1 and S2 supplemented diets had significantly higher (P < 0.05) N digestibilities
than all other diets. Faecal N, urinary N and urinary N per kg N excreted were significantly different (P < 0.0001) between
diets. With increasing tannin levels (among Sesbania accessions) there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in urinary N
(S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5), and an increase (P < 0.05) in faecal N (S1 < S2 < S3 < S4 < S5). Supplementation increased faecal
N output significantly (P < 0.0001) as well as the N retention. Among the forage supplements, N retention was significantly
(P < 0.0001) lower in lablab-, tagasaste-, leucaena-, S4- and goetzei-supplemented diets, than for S1, S2, S5 and S6. Apparent
nitrogen digestibility was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with the supplement dry matter and crude protein (CP) degradation
after 24 h (r = 0.93 and r = 0.85, respectively), the CP content (r = 0.87), and was negatively correlated with acid detergent
fibre and neutral detergent fibre (r = –0.87 and –0.87, respectively). The CP degradability characteristics of the forages
differed (P < 0.001) in water solubility (93–470 g kg-1 CP), rate of degradation (2.58–9.73 %/h), lag phase (–1.36–13.37 h), and estimated escape protein (262–619 g kg-1 CP). With increasing tannin levels (among Sesbania accessions), there was a significant decrease (P < 0.0001) in the rate
of degradation (S1 > S2 > S3 > S4 > S5), and an increase in the estimated escape protein. The estimated rumen degradable protein
(supplements) varied from 482 to 744 g kg-1 CP, while intestine digestible protein and the undegradable protein varied from 140 to 314 g kg-1 CP, hence the browses can supply adequate levels of rumen degradable and bypass protein.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
D. M. Phiri B. Coulman H. A. Steppler C. S. Kamara F. Kwesiga 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,24(3):271-276
The effect of feeding maize (Zea mays L.) husk and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as a mixture or separately on the voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40-day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. The maize husk intake and total dry matter intake for the two feeding methods was about the same. Thus, total dry matter intake was not affected (P<0.05) by the feeding method. There was also no significant difference (P<0.05) between the two feeding methods in the digestibility values. The data were considered to indicate that there were no significant differences in the intake of maize husk when fed in a mixture with leucaena or when offered separately but at the same time. 相似文献
8.
Ranchers need alternative livestock feeds when herbaceous forages become limiting in summer. Our objectives were to determine:
(1) leaf and stem biomass components, (2) nutritive value [in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total nonstructural
carbohydrate (TNC), N, and N digestibility] of leaves for animal browse, (3) concentration of the secondary metabolites robinin
and mimosine, and (4) in vitro leaf and bark toxicity for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and mimosa (Albizia julibrissin Durz.), respectively, pollarded at 50 cm in Arkansas, USA. Black locust exceeded mimosa for every yield component (leaf mass
tree−1, leaves shoot−1, shoots tree−1, shoot mass tree−1, stem basal area, and biomass tree−1) except mass leaf−1. Projected yields were 1,900 and 1,600 kg leaves ha−1 for black locust and mimosa, respectively, assuming a population of 12,300 trees ha−1. Mimosa leaves had greater IVDMD, TNC, and N digestibility than black locust. Mimosa leaves exceeded the nutritional N requirements
of growing cattle (Bos taurus L.) and goats (Capra hircus L.), but protein supplementation would be needed for growing goats grazing black locust leaves. Tissue concentrations of
secondary metabolites robinin and mimosine were below detectable limits in black locust and mimosa, respectively. The extract
of black locust bark, but not leaves, was toxic to bioassayed African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.) cells. Either black locust or mimosa could provide moderate quantities of high quality, rotationally grazed forage for
goats during summer months when herbaceous forage may in short supply. 相似文献
9.
D. M. Phiri B. Coulman H. A. Steppler C. S. Kamara F. Kwesiga 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,23(1):79-84
The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena as a mixture on voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40-day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. The treatments were: (a) maize husk fed in a mixture with leucaena and (b) maize husk plus leucaena offered in separate troughs but at the same time. The maize husk intake and total dry matter intake for the two feeding methods were about the same. Thus total dry matter intake was not affected (P<0.05) by the method of feeding. There was also no significant difference (P<0.05) between the two methods of feeding in the digestibility values. The data were considered to indicate that there were no significant differences in the intake of maize husk when fed in a mixture withLeucaena leucocephala or when offered separately but at the same time. 相似文献
10.
Twenty five rumen fistulated Ethiopian Menz sheep were used in a completely randomized block design to determine roughage utilization when different types of supplements (sesbania, leucaena, cotton seed cake (CSC)) and forms (fresh or dry leucaena) were fed. The chemical composition, intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen degradability coefficients were determined. Rumen pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) levels were estimated in samples taken at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after feeding.There was substitution of teff straw dry matter by the supplements. Fresh leucaena effected the highest substitution. Supplementation enhanced (p<0.05) the dry matter degradation (DD) of teff straw at 6 and 12 hours of incubation but not (p>0.06) for the other incubation times. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments in the degradation constants: readily soluble component (a) slowly degradable fraction, (b) potential degradability (PD=a+b) and rate of degradation (C) and for rumen NH3-N concentration, the ranking was CSC > sesbania > dry leucaena > fresh leucaena > teff straw alone (p<0.05). The particularly high substitution rate observed with fresh leucaena might suggest that bulkiness may be a limiting factor in the intake of low quality roughages supplemented with tree leaves. The lower DM and OM digestibilities of the supplemented diets were attributed to substrate preference by rumen cellulolytic bacteria. Excessively high levels of rumen NH3–N (328 mg/l) in the CSC diet resulted in high urinary nitrogen losses (r
2=0.32;p<0.001) leading to low N balance. This may suggest that for the utilization of poor quality tropical roughages, moderate levels of rumen NH3–N sustained over a longer period may be needed. 相似文献
11.
Four Pelibuey sheep fitted with flexible rumen cannula were fed increasing levels of Gliricidia sepium foliage (gliricidia)
in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were: control, 10, 20 and 30% (dry basis) of gliricidia mixed in a basal diet of
Cynodon nlemfuensis (stargrass) hay. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) intakes were linearly increased
(P < 0.05) from 45.2, 40.4, 2.0 to 71.5, 63.3 and 6.8 g/kg W0.75/d, for the control and the 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. Similarly, increments of gliricidia in the diet resulted in
a linear increase in DM, OM and CP apparent disgestibilities from 43.7, 48.4 and 27.0 to 50.7, 54.7 and 57.3%, for the control
and 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation with gliricidia on rumen dry matter
digestion of stargrass. Microbial nitrogen (N) supply to the small intestine had a trend towards an increase from 4.9, for
the control, to 9.6 g N/d, for the 30% diet, though it was not significant (P > 0.05). It is concluded that, gliricidia might
be incorporated into low quality diets since it increases total DM intake, supplies highly degradable N to the rumen and appears
to increase the microbial N supply to the small intestine of sheep.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
In two dry and two wet seasons forage of pigeon pea, leucaena and sesbania were fed to growing goats as supplements to natural
grazing over a two year period. The supplemented goats gained live-weights faster (P < 0.05) than the control animals. Intakes
of pigeon pea (63.1 to 91.4 g/head/day) and leucaena (52.6 to 93.8 g/head/day) were consistently higher (P < 0.05) than that
of sesbania (49.7 to 83.4 g/head/day) and this was reflected in liveweight gains in both wet and dry season. Liveweight gains
ranged from 25.5 to 43.2, 16.7 to 37.5, 14.4 to 28.3 and 6.7 to 21.6 g/head/day for goats supplemented with pigeon pea, leucaena,
sesbania and the control animals respectively. Preliminary cost-benefit analysis of the results indicate that such interventions
are likely to be economically attractive and the responses provide a basis for improvement of goat production in the Tabora
agro-pastoral systems.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
The browse potential of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and thornless honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis (L.) Zabel] has not been adequately tested. Our objective was to determine effects of fertilization and pollarding on biomass
and foliar nutritive value in separate studies of black locust and thornless honey locust in Arkansas, USA. Shoots were sampled
monthly for two consecutive growing seasons in 2002 and 2003 to determine foliar, shoot, and total aboveground biomass, shoot
basal diameter, and foliar nutritive value (crude protein and in vitro digestibility). Black locust yielded more foliar biomass when pollarded at 50 or 100 cm and fertilized with 600 kg P ha−1, than at 5 cm with or without P, averaging 3.5 Mg dry matter ha−1. Black locust foliar crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility ( ≤ 170 and 534 g kg−1, respectively) decreased as leaves aged, but still met maintenance needs for beef cattle (Bos taurus L.). Thornless honey locust had little agronomic potential because of slow establishment, low foliar yield (330 kg ha−1), and a 2% reversion to undesirable thorny phenotype. Black locust should be considered for livestock browse when drought
induces semi-dormancy of herbaceous forages. 相似文献
14.
A study was conducted to evaluate production performance of minks in growing-furring period with supplementing DL-Methionine (Met) in low protein diet. Seventy healthy male minks were randomly divided into five groups of 14 minks each. The minks were fed in five kinds of experiment diets (HP, LP, LP+M1, LP+M2 and LP+M3). The dietary protein levels, expressed as percentage of dry matter (DM), were 32% (high protein, HP) and 24% (low protein, LP). LP was supplemented with Met 0.4% (M1), 0.8% (M2) and 1.2% (M3) DM. From mid of September to December 10, apparent digestibility of CP (crude protein), N intake and urinary N excretion were decreased with declining dietary protein levels (p < 0.05) and N retained was the highest in treatment LP+M2. No significant difference was found in total serum protein (TP) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) among all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Skin length of treatment HP and LP+M2 was higher than that of other groups (p < 0.05). Body length, skin weight, length of guard hair and under hair were not affected by different dietary protein levels (p>0.05). The best performance could be observed in treatment LP+M2. In diet, 24% (DM) protein level with 1.54% Met supplementing was enough for minks during growing-furring period. Dietary protein lowered from 32% to 24% with supplementing Met in diets would result in a 37.9% decrease in urinary N excretion. Furthermore, addition of Met in diets for minks would be beneficial in terms of reducing feed expenses and lessening nitrogen emissions to the environment. 相似文献
15.
The study was conducted in Abergelle district of Tigray, northern Ethiopia with the objectives of evaluating the chemical
composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in sacco degradability characteristics of foliages of major browse
species. Samples of foliages from 12 and 10 browse species were collected during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The
samples of the browse species were collected based on their abundance in the district, preference by livestock to browse them,
accessibility to browsing and their additional uses other than livestock feed. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was higher
in the browse species during the wet compared to the dry season except for Sterculia africana and Ziziphus spina-christi. Similar trends were observed for acid detergent fiber (ADF) content except for Acacia asak. The condensed tannins content and the IVDMD of the browse species had inverse relationships in both seasons. The in sacco
dry matter (DM) and nitrogen degradability parameters of the browse species were seasonally variable. Based on in sacco potential
DM and nitrogen degradation of the browse species in both seasons, Acacia oerfota, Acacia tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Boswellia papyrifera, Sterculia africana, Terminalia brownii and Ziziphus spina-christi were ranked to be superior in their nutritive value, and thus can have better use as animal feeds. Consequently, these browse
species could be considered in agro-forestry systems for better integration of livestock production with available feed resources
in semi-arid areas. 相似文献
16.
The effect of supplementation with three levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) added to a diet composed of cotton seed hulls (CSH) and maize bran (MB) on milk yield, milk composition and body weight changes of grazing lactating cows was studied in a completely randomised design. Marginal product analysis for the different levels of LLM as a substitute to cotton seed cake (CSC) was also calculated. The following treatment diets were used in the experiment: Diet 1, (control) composed of 1.8 kg DM CSH and 1.8 kg DM MB. Diet 2, 3 and 4 had an addition of 1.2, 2.0 and 2.6 kg DM of LLM respectively. Diet 5 was composed of 1.8 kg DM of CSC and 1.8 kg DM of MB. Treatments, number of lactations, farm and initial milk yields significantly (P < 0.01) influenced milk production. LLM supplementation to grazing cows significantly increased milk production, weight gain and milk composition (P > 0.05). Cows on treatment 1 achieved no significant (P < 0.05) increase in milk yield compared to cows on treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 which attained net milk increase of 3.6, 4.1, 6.7 and 4.4 litres/cow/day respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in net milk produced by cows on treatment 2, 3 and 5 compared to treatment 1. LLM supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased total solids (TS) in milk compared to that of cows under control, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) influence on milk crude protein (CP), butter fat (BF), solids not fat (SNF) and ash in all the diets. Body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by LLM supplementation. Degradation coefficients of the treatment diets were high and varied significantly (P < 0.01) and had an influence on the metabolizable energy value of the treatment diets. Cows on diet 2 to 4 had a weight gain of 190.9, 101.8 and 80.9 g/cow/day respectively and cows on diet 5 attained the highest weight gain (234.5 g/cow/day). Diet 4 had the highest marginal productivity of 4.3 followed by diets 2, 3 and 1 with marginal productivities of 2.8, 0.6 and 0 respectively. It was therefore, concluded that the optimal supplementation level using LLM as a substitute for the more expensive CSC was diet 4.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
The browse shrub Gliricidia sepium, introduced into the subhumid zone of Nigeria to serve as a supplementary-forage source for ruminant during the dry season, has the undesirable characteristic of shedding its leaves during its flowering phase which coincides with the early dry season. This report relates a management practice undertaken to maintain G. sepium in vegetative growth through the dry season. Evaluation was undertaken on the influence of cutting to different heights and defoliation at different frequencies. Eight different accessions of the species were involved in the study. Cutting generally ensured vegetative growth during the early dry season, with greater shoot development observed at a cutting height of 0.7 m than at two lower heights. Under the double harvest regime, dry matter yield was generally highest at first harvest and significantly (P < 0.05) so at a cutting height of 0.3 m than at 0.5 or 0.7 m. Accession HYB yielded more dry matter than three other accessions harvested once. Cutting to 0.7 m yielded more leaves than cutting at lower heights. The foliage contained adequate levels of organic matter, crude protein and the minerals, Ca and P while the accession HYB consistently maintained a higher dry matter yield than the other accessions. 相似文献
18.
E. E. Ndemanisho B. N. Kimoro E. J. Mtengeti V. R. M. Muhikambele 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(1):85-91
Forty growing goats (20 males and 20 females) were used in a 90-day growth and intake study to evaluate the potential of Albizia lebbeck (ABC) based concentrate as compared with Gliricidia sepium (GBC), Leucaena leucocephala (LBC), and Moringa oleifera (MBC) based concentrates with cotton seed cake (CSC) as a control. The animals were fed a basal diet of maize stover and
supplemented daily with 30 g/kg W0.75 of ABC, GBC, LBC, MBC, and CSC. They were compounded so as to formulate iso-protein diets. Treatment effects were significant
(p<0.05) for growth rates in that with the exception of GBC, goats on CSC exhibited significantly higher gains compared to counterparts
in other treatments. The total DM intake was between 50.6 and 52.6 g/kg W0.75/day and there were no significant (p>0.05) differences among treatments. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments for maize stover intake. CSC based treatment showed the highest intake with insignificant (p>0.05) differences amongst the leaf meal based concentrates. It can be concluded that Albizia lebbeck had similar potential
to the other leaf meal based supplements studied but had lower potential compared to a cotton seed cake based supplement,
as protein sources for growing goats fed a poor quality basal diet. 相似文献
19.
Scarcity of animal feed resources, particularly during the dry season, is a major constraint to livestock production in the tropics. Animal feed supplement such as sunflower seed cake (SSC) are too expensive for most farmers. Therefore, alternative resources need to be investigated. Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a multipurpose tree, the leaves of which are used as animal feed in many places; but its potential as an animal feed supplement has not been documented. The effect of substituting SSC with different levels of M. oleifera (MOOL) on dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and growth performance of small, East African goats fed low-quality Chloris gayana hay was investigated in Morogoro-Tanzania. The supplementary treatments were different levels of MOOL, so that the proportions of MOOL to SSC were 0:100, 25:75, 75:25 and 100:0. All animals were fed with low-quality Chloris gayana hay as a basal ration. After a preliminary feeding period of 14 days, DMI data were collected for 21 days. Restricted feeding, and collection of urine and faecal samples for analysis were carried within 7 days of the preliminary period and 14 days of data collection. A significantly higher DMI and metabolisable energy intake (MEI) were observed at 75 and 100% MOOL supplementary levels. Increased replacement levels of SSC with MOOL increased the digestibility of DM (dry matter) and NDF (neutral detergent fibre). Goats fed 25 MOOL (T2) had significantly higher nitrogen retention than goats in the other treatments. The treatments were not different in terms of effect on the growth rates of the goats. The results suggest that MOOL could be used as a substitute for SSC, the conventional supplemental feed.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Information is lacking on the potential of leguminous fodder trees such as Leucaena leucocephala as a feed resource to supplement the native forages in traditional grazing management systems in the tropics. Two studies
were conducted (1) to assess traditional fodder banks’ forage nutritive potential on animal production, and (2) to investigate
the effect of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) supplementation on growth of steers grazing standing hay basal forages in the dry season. The traditional
forages had low nutritive values indicated by low mean crude protein (CP) of 23 g kg−1 dry matter (DM), and high fibre contents of 717, 546 and 153 g kg−1 DM for neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), respectively. The forages
were poorly degraded in sacco and had low metabolisable energy (ME) (4.2–4.6 MJ kg−1 DM). Mean washing losses A, slowly degradable DM fraction, B, potential degradability, (A+B) and mean 48 h DM degradability
(DMD) of grazing land forages were 70, 471, 541 and 326 g kg−1 DM, respectively. In the supplementation study, 16 growing steers (160.8±0.24 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups,
in a completely randomized design. Four LLM treatment diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4), with four levels: 0, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 kg
DM for control, low, medium and high LLM levels, respectively, were randomly allocated to the animals in the four groups for
70 days (d). LLM supplementation (p<0.05) improved mean weight gain from −0.30 to 0.26 kg steer−1 d−1, for T1 and T4, respectively. Steers on T4 gained (p<0.05) more weight compared to the animals in T1 and T2, though there was no (p>0.05) difference in weight gains between animals on T3 and T4 (0.14 vs. 0.26 kg steer−1 d−1, respectively). Standing hay basal forages alone could not sustain animal productivity during dry seasons unless corrected
for protein. Higher levels of LLM supplementation prevented weight losses and improved the performance of grazing steers,
a management practice thought appropriate to low income pastoralists in semiarid western Tanzania. 相似文献