共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Grant JA Arvidson R Bell JF Cabrol NA Carr MH Christensen P Crumpler L Des Marais DJ Ehlmann BL Farmer J Golombek M Grant FD Greeley R Herkenhoff K Li R McSween HY Ming DW Moersch J Rice JW Ruff S Richter L Squyres S Sullivan R Weitz C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):807-810
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed a fairly flat, rock-strewn terrain whose surface is shaped primarily by impact events, although some of the landscape has been altered by eolian processes. Impacts ejected basaltic rocks that probably were part of locally formed lava flows from at least 10 meters depth. Some rocks have been textured and/or partially buried by windblown sediments less than 2 millimeters in diameter that concentrate within shallow, partially filled, circular impact depressions referred to as hollows. The terrain traversed during the 90-sol (martian solar day) nominal mission shows no evidence for an ancient lake in Gusev crater. 相似文献
2.
Squyres SW Aharonson O Clark BC Cohen BA Crumpler L de Souza PA Farrand WH Gellert R Grant J Grotzinger JP Haldemann AF Johnson JR Klingelhöfer G Lewis KW Li R McCoy T McEwen AS McSween HY Ming DW Moore JM Morris RV Parker TJ Rice JW Ruff S Schmidt M Schröder C Soderblom LA Yen A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5825):738-742
Home Plate is a layered plateau in Gusev crater on Mars. It is composed of clastic rocks of moderately altered alkali basalt composition, enriched in some highly volatile elements. A coarsegrained lower unit lies under a finer-grained upper unit. Textural observations indicate that the lower strata were emplaced in an explosive event, and geochemical considerations favor an explosive volcanic origin over an impact origin. The lower unit likely represents accumulation of pyroclastic materials, whereas the upper unit may represent eolian reworking of the same pyroclastic materials. 相似文献
3.
Lemmon MT Wolff MJ Smith MD Clancy RT Banfield D Landis GA Ghosh A Smith PH Spanovich N Whitney B Whelley P Greeley R Thompson S Bell JF Squyres SW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1753-1756
A visible atmospheric optical depth of 0.9 was measured by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater and by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum. Optical depth decreased by about 0.6 to 0.7% per sol through both 90-sol primary missions. The vertical distribution of atmospheric dust at Gusev crater was consistent with uniform mixing, with a measured scale height of 11.56 +/- 0.62 kilometers. The dust's cross section weighted mean radius was 1.47 +/- 0.21 micrometers (mm) at Gusev and 1.52 +/- 0.18 mm at Meridiani. Comparison of visible optical depths with 9-mm optical depths shows a visible-to-infrared optical depth ratio of 2.0 +/- 0.2 for comparison with previous monitoring of infrared optical depths. 相似文献
4.
Christensen PR Ruff SW Fergason RL Knudson AT Anwar S Arvidson RE Bandfield JL Blaney DL Budney C Calvin WM Glotch TD Golombek MP Gorelick N Graff TG Hamilton VE Hayes A Johnson JR McSween HY Mehall GL Mehall LK Moersch JE Morris RV Rogers AD Smith MD Squyres SW Wolff MJ Wyatt MB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):837-842
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils. 相似文献
5.
McSween HY Arvidson RE Bell JF Blaney D Cabrol NA Christensen PR Clark BC Crisp JA Crumpler LS Des Marais DJ Farmer JD Gellert R Ghosh A Gorevan S Graff T Grant J Haskin LA Herkenhoff KE Johnson JR Jolliff BL Klingelhoefer G Knudson AT McLennan S Milam KA Moersch JE Morris RV Rieder R Ruff SW De Souza PA Squyres SW Wänke H Wang A Wyatt MB Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):842-845
The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain 相似文献
6.
【目的】比较9种优势木选择方法的选择效果,以精确评价山地人工林的立地质量。【方法】基于福建邵武卫闽林场连续观测26年的杉木密度试验林数据,比较最高株法和分层法2类共9种优势木选取方法对山地杉木人工林林分立地指数的影响;分析初植密度对林分蓄积的影响,并以林分蓄积作为评价立地质量的依据,对9种方法所确定的优势高与5,10,14,20,24和26年生时杉木人工林的林分蓄积进行相关分析。【结果】分层法所确定的优势木在样地内分布的均匀性明显优于最高株法;选择的优势木株数相同时,最高株法所确定的立地指数均高于分层法;随着林龄的增加,初植密度对林分蓄积影响的差异逐渐减小,24年生时林分蓄积趋于相等;随着林龄的增加,林分蓄积与9种方法所确定立地指数的相关性均逐渐增大,从10年生起达到显著水平,20年生起达到极显著水平,在26年生时相关系数达到最大;以20年生作为杉木人工林林分的基准年龄,此时采用分层法确定的优势高与林分蓄积的相关性均优于最高株法,且此时采用9种方法确定的优势高与26年生时的林分蓄积均达到了极显著相关。【结论】选择20年为基准林龄评价杉木人工林的立地质量是合理的;优势木在样地内分布的均匀性对山地杉木人工林立地质量的准确评价有重要影响,分层法确定的优势木在林分中的分布更均匀,同时考虑野外调查时的便捷性,推荐采用分层法中的5株法和固定6株法来选择山地林分中的优势木。 相似文献
7.
A stratigraphic record of climatic cooling equal in timing and severity to the Younger Dryas event of the North Atlantic region has been obtained from lacustrine sediments in the Glacier Bay area of southeastern Alaska. Fossil pollen show that a late Wisconsin pine parkland was replaced about 10,800 years ago by shrub- and herb-dominated tundra, which lasted until about 9,800 years ago. This vegetational change is matched by geochemical evidence for loss of organic matter from catchment soils and increased mineral erosion. If this event represents the Younger Dryas, then an explanation for a hemisphere-wide propagation of a North Atlantic climatic perturbation must be sought. 相似文献
8.
Herkenhoff KE Squyres SW Arvidson R Bass DS Bell JF Bertelsen P Cabrol NA Gaddis L Hayes AG Hviid SF Johnson JR Kinch KM Madsen MB Maki JN McLennan SM McSween HY Rice JW Sims M Smith PH Soderblom LA Spanovich N Sullivan R Wang A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):824-826
The Microscopic Imager on the Spirit rover analyzed the textures of the soil and rocks at Gusev crater on Mars at a resolution of 100 micrometers. Weakly bound agglomerates of dust are present in the soil near the Columbia Memorial Station. Some of the brushed or abraded rock surfaces show igneous textures and evidence for alteration rinds, coatings, and veins consistent with secondary mineralization. The rock textures are consistent with a volcanic origin and subsequent alteration and/or weathering by impact events, wind, and possibly water. 相似文献
9.
R W Schevitz M A Navia D A Bantz G Cornick J J Rosa M D Rosa P B Sigler 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,177(47):429-431
An isomorphous osmium derivative of crystalline yeast initiator transfer RNA has been prepared and interpreted to 6-angstrom resolution. The coordinates of the heavy atoms have been determined by Patterson and "direct" methods applied to the difference coefficients of the centric projections, followed by least-squares refinement. There is one dominant site per asymmetric unit, consistent with the finding by neutron-activation analysis that there is approximately one osmium atom per molecule of transfer RNA. The osmium derivative appears to be a normal substrate for enzymatic aminoacylation. 相似文献
10.
Gellert R Rieder R Anderson RC Brückner J Clark BC Dreibus G Economou T Klingelhöfer G Lugmair GW Ming DW Squyres SW D'Uston C Wänke H Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):829-832
The alpha particle x-ray spectrometer on the Spirit rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Gusev crater in order to unravel the crustal evolution of planet Mars. The composition of soils is similar to those at previous landing sites, as a result of global mixing and distribution by dust storms. Rocks (fresh surfaces exposed by the rock abrasion tool) resemble volcanic rocks of primitive basaltic composition with low intrinsic potassium contents. High abundance of bromine (up to 170 parts per million) in rocks may indicate the alteration of surfaces formed during a past period of aqueous activity in Gusev crater. 相似文献
11.
The relation between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the capacity of Ia to bind immunogenic peptides 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
The capacity of purified I-Ad, I-Ed, I-Ak, and I-Ek to bind to protein derived peptides that have been previously reported to be T cell immunogens has been examined. For each of the 12 peptides studied strong binding to the relevant Ia restriction element was observed. All the peptides bound more than one Ia molecule; however, for 11 of 12 peptides, the dominant binding was to the restriction element, whereas in one instance the dominant binding was to a nonrestriction element. When the peptides were used to inhibit the presentation of antigen by prefixed accessory cells to T cells, an excellent correlation was found between the capacity of a peptide to inhibit the binding of an antigen to purified Ia and the capacity of the peptide to inhibit accessory cell presentation of the antigen. Thus, the binding of peptide to purified Ia is immunologically relevant, and Ia seems to be the only saturable molecule on the surface of the accessory cell involved in antigen presentation. Inhibition analysis also indicated that all peptides restricted to a particular Ia molecule competitively inhibited one another, suggesting that each Ia restriction element has a single binding site for antigen. Cross-linking of labeled peptides to Ia followed by electrophoretic analysis and autoradiography suggested that this single binding site is made up of portions of both alpha and beta chains of Ia. 相似文献
12.
Gates GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,130(3367):102
X-ray analyses of samples from lacustrine deposits in the Kramer borate district of California show that montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral, and that illite is abundant in red siltstones, common in green and gray borate-barren claystones, and sparse in borate-bearing rocks. Kaolinite is present only in red siltstones. The distribution of clay minerals is related to the geologic history of borate deposition. 相似文献
13.
杉木人工林密度效应模型研究 总被引：20，自引：6，他引：20
本文提出能应用在不同立地条件,不同生长发育阶段的林木密度效应模型V=α·Nβ_1·Hβ_2,式中α、β_1、β_2为参数,V为单株材积,N为林分每0.06hm~2面积上的株数,H为林分优势木高度。应用闽北地区杉木人工林资料进行研究,其结果是满意。文中还对该模型进行生产弹性分析,边际产量分析,测定了杉木人工林分密度的生产弹性值和边际产量,它们可为森林经营活动提供科学依据。 相似文献
14.
Sedimentary rocks of early Mars 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Layered and massive outcrops on Mars, some as thick as 4 kilometers, display the geomorphic attributes and stratigraphic relations of sedimentary rock. Repeated beds in some locations imply a dynamic depositional environment during early martian history. Subaerial (such as eolian, impact, and volcaniclastic) and subaqueous processes may have contributed to the formation of the layers. Affinity for impact craters suggests dominance of lacustrine deposition; alternatively, the materials were deposited in a dry, subaerial setting in which atmospheric density, and variations thereof mimic a subaqueous depositional environment. The source regions and transport paths for the materials are not preserved. 相似文献
15.
Demonstration of a saturable binding site for thyrotropin in Yersinia enterocolitica 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Several lines of evidence suggest that there might be immunologic cross-reactivity between the thyroid plasma membrane in humans and antigenic determinants in the enteric pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. Studies were therefore performed to determine whether Y. enterocolitica, like the thyroid membrane, contains a thyrotropin binding site. A saturable binding site for bovine thyrotropin was indeed demonstrable, particularly in preparations of the organism that have been treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetate and lysozyme. Hormonal specificity of the binding site, as judged from the inhibition of binding of 125I-labeled bovine thyrotropin, was similar to that of the thyrotropin receptor in human thyroid tissue. 相似文献
16.
The rhodium porphyrin-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes by ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) is representative of a number of metal-mediated cyclopropanation reactions used widely in organic synthesis. The active intermediate in these reactions is thought to be a metal carbene complex, but evidence for the involvement of metal-olefin pi complexes has also been presented. Low-temperature infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies have been used to characterize a rhodium porphyrin-diazoalkyl adduct that results from the stoichiometric condensation of the catalyst and EDA. Optical spectroscopy suggests that this complex is the dominant steady-state species in the catalytic reaction. This compound decomposes thermally to provide cyclopropanes in the presence of styrene, suggesting that the carbene is indeed the active intermediate. Metal-alkene pi complexes have also been detected spectroscopically. Kinetic studies suggest that they mediate the rate of carbene formation from the diazoalkyl complex but are not attacked directly by EDA. 相似文献
17.
Methods for the design and synthesis of ligands intended to be specific for a metal ion have been a recent chemical development. This article describes how this process can be inverted so that the specifics of the coordination environment around the metal ion can be used as a template in large-scale ligand synthesis. The synthesis of macrobicyclic ligands for ferric ion has been accomplished by using active esters of catechol ligands in which catecholate coordination to iron is a prelude to the organic chemical reactions that link the coordination subunits together into one ligand system surrounding a central metal ion coordination site. The lanthanide(III) ions, which are among the most labile metal ions known, have coordination numbers of 8 or higher, and thus their encapsulation into a macrobicyclic structure is a challenging problem. Lanthanide amine complexes have been used as metal templates in the synthesis of such macrobicyclic lanthanide complexes. There is evidence that such a complex is inert to exchange in aqueous solution. 相似文献
18.
Apollo Preliminary Examination Team 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,179(4068):23-34
The preliminary characterization of the rocks and soils returned from the Apollo 16 site has substantiated the inference that the lunar terra are commonly underlain by plagioclase-rich or anorthositic rocks. No evidence has been found for volcanic rocks underlying the regolith in the Apollo 16 region. In their place, we have found anorthositic rocks that are thoroughly modified by crushing and partial melting. The textural and chemical variations in these rocks provide some evidence for the existence of anorthositic complexes that have differentiated on a scale of tens to hundreds of meters. The occurrence of deep-seated or plutonic rocks in place of volcanic or pyroclastic materials at this site suggests that the inference from physiographic evidence that the latter materials are widespread in terra regions may be incorrect. Several additional, more specific conclusions derived from this preliminary examination are: 1) The combination of data from the Descartes region with data from the orbital x-ray fluorescence experiment indicates that some backside, highland regions are underlain by materials that consist of more than 80 percent plagioclase. 2) The soil or upper regolith between North Ray and South Ray has not been completely homogenized since the time of formation of these craters. 3) The chemistry of the soil indicates that rocks rich in potassium, uranium, and thorium, similar to those that prevail at the Fra Mauro site, are relatively abundant (10 to 20 percent) in the Descartes region. 4) The K/U ratio of the lunar crust is similar to that of the KREEP basalts. 5) The carbon content of the premare lunar crust is even lower than that of the mare volcanic rocks. 相似文献
19.
Hay RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1963,139(3557):829-833
Bed I at Olduvai Gorge is a conformable sequence of lava flows and varied sedimentary deposits that extend upward from a welded tuff overlying the Precambrian basement to the top of a widespread marker bed. Bed II is a sequence of lacustrine clays and laterally equivalent fluvial, eolian, and pyroclastic deposits. Bed III is made up of alluvial deposits and a laterally equivalent assemblage of fluvial, lacustrine, and eolian beds. Bed IV can be subdivided into a lower unit of fluvial clays, sandstones, and conglomerates, and an upper unit of eolian tuffs. The climate was relatively dry throughout much of the time that these beds were deposited, and semidesert or desert conditions may have prevailed at least twice. Tectonic movement seems to have taken place between the deposition of Beds III and IV. 相似文献
20.
Morris RV Klingelhöfer G Bernhardt B Schröder C Rodionov DS De Souza PA Yen A Gellert R Evlanov EN Foh J Kankeleit E Gütlich P Ming DW Renz F Wdowiak T Squyres SW Arvidson RE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5685):833-836
M?ssbauer spectra measured on Mars by the Spirit rover during the primary mission are characterized by two ferrous iron doublets (olivine and probably pyroxene) and a ferric iron doublet (tentatively associated to nanophase ferric iron oxide). Two sextets resulting from nonstoichiometric magnetite are also present, except for a coating on the rock Mazatzal, where a hematite-like sextet is present. Greater proportions of ferric-bearing phases are associated with undisturbed soils and rock surfaces as compared to fresh rock surfaces exposed by grinding. The ubiquitous presence of olivine in soil suggests that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate at Gusev crater. 相似文献