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1.
Factors that impact on the ability of biofumigants to suppress fungal pathogens and weeds of strawberry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S.W. Mattner I.J. Porter R.K. Gounder A.L. Shanks D.J. Wren D. Allen 《Crop Protection》2008,27(8):1165-1173
This research aimed at identifying factors that improve the efficacy of biofumigants for soil disinfestation against strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) pathogens and weeds. In laboratory bioassays, volatiles released from the macerated roots of a Brassica rapa/Brassica napus biofumigant crop were six times more effective at suppressing the growth of the strawberry pathogen Rhizoctonia fragariae than shoots. Furthermore, the toxicity of the volatiles from the biofumigant crop to R. fragariae increased as plant developmental stage progressed. These results related to the release of higher quantities and greater diversity of isothiocyanates (ITCs) from the roots of mature biofumigant plants than from their shoots. Separate bioassays showed that volatiles from the biofumigant crop suppressed the growth of six different soil-borne pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum dematium, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora cactorum, and R. fragariae) of strawberry and seven Trifolium spp. (clover) weeds. The suppression of Trifolium spp. by biofumigant volatiles did not relate to their seed size, but might relate to their hard-seededness or genotype. In the field, rotary incorporation of the biofumigant crop did not produce detectable levels of ITCs in soil; reduce the survival of the strawberry pathogens, P. cactorum and C. destructans; or affect populations of culturable soil microflora. Yet, it suppressed the growth of emerging weeds by 40% and the growth of P. cactorum by 20%. We hypothesise that allelochemicals other than ITCs, such as nitriles, or other biological mechanisms might also play a role in biofumigation. A key to improving the efficacy of biofumigation in the field seems to lie in the development of application technologies that can macerate and incorporate biofumigants evenly in soils, in addition to incorporating biofumigants under optimal edaphic conditions for release of ITCs. 相似文献
2.
Ulla B?ng 《Potato Research》2007,50(2):185-203
The potential utility of natural volatiles in various essential oils (EOs) from plants as fumigants to control potato tuber
(Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogens was assessed. The antifungal effects of the volatiles at various concentrations were studied at 10 °C both
in vitro using conidial suspensions of Helminthosporium solani, Fusarium solani var. coeruleum and Phoma foveata plated on agar, and in vivo by inoculating potato tubers. The effects of the volatiles on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani were also studied, but only in vitro. Vapours of many of the EOs tested exhibited some fungicidal activity but volatiles
of garlic, Allium sativum, were, with few exceptions, most effective on all four pathogens in all experiments. An exposure time of at least 2 weeks
was usually required for good control of disease development in vivo. Vapours of A. sativum never stimulated conidial germination, as was observed with some other oils, or damaged tubers, but those of Armoracia rusticana caused tuber collapse. Volatiles from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) EO showed antifungal activity in vitro on all four pathogens, but did not control F. solani, P. foveata or H. solani in vivo. In contrast, sage (Salvia officinalis) EO was ineffective against P. foveata and H. solani in the in vitro system, but controlled disease development in vivo at similar doses. The sometimes conflicting results obtained
in the two test systems show that screening in vitro only is insufficient for evaluation of potent antifungal substances to
be used in practice. 相似文献
3.
Summary Commercial mycorrhizal inoculants andPseudomonas fluorescens isolates CHAO and IP10 have been shown to promote microplant growth during and after weaning. The fluorescent pseudomonads
also protected against the soil-borne potato pathogenRhizoctonia solani. The potential benefits of inoculation in vitro with mycorrhizal fungi and helper/biocontrol bacteria are discussed. 相似文献
4.
R. W. Gibson 《Potato Research》1979,22(3):223-236
Summary Near Cochabamba in Bolivia, plants ofSolanum berthaultii with sticky-tipped foliar hairs only have been collected but further south near Sucre, both sticky-tipped and pointed-tipped
forms of this species and ofS. tarijense occur. Further south still, in Tarija, and in the border region of Argentina, only pointed-tippedS. tarijense has been collected but at Salta sticky-tippedS. tarijense has been found.
InS. tarijense andS. herthaultii, the presence of sticky-tipped hairs (for which an aqueous fluoroscein solution is a selective stain) on adult foliage is
controlled by a single dominant gene: plants with this character were more resistant to the aphidMyzus persicae and to the miteTetranychus urticae, and trapped more of the thripsThrips tabaci. In addition to the dominant gene, at least one set of recessive genes was needed for the full expression of this character
in crosses withS. phureja and withS. tuberosum ev. Pentland Crown.T. urticae were trapped on second-generationS. tuberosum × berthaultii with this type of hair.
Part of this work was done at the International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 5969, Lima, Peru. 相似文献
5.
Summary The highlands of South America are the probable geographic origin for the potato gangrene fungusPhoma exigua var.foveata (Foister) Boerema which was found parasitizing plants ofChenopodium quinoa in the Altiplano area of Peru. In vitro studies showed no dissimilarities between it and the antibiotic ‘E’ producing virulent
European isolates ofP. exigua var.foveata. It is as pathogenic to potatoes as the virulent European isolates but onC. quinoa andC. album it is more pathogenic than the European isolates. So far the fungus has not been found on potato tubers in South America
and the reasons why gangrene problems have not arisen there are discussed. 相似文献
6.
通过分子生物学技术把酸性蛋白酶pepB基因转入受体玉米自交系基因组中,培育转酸性蛋白酶pepB基因玉米新品系。以耐盐基因badh作为筛选标记性基因,经过抗性筛选,对T1、T2、T3代转基因植株进行PCR检测,得到14个T1代转基因阳性植株,32个T2代转基因阳性植株和27个T3代转基因阳性植株。Southern杂交结果表明,外源酸性蛋白酶基因已经整合进玉米基因组中。RT-PCR结果表明,酸性蛋白酶基因在受体玉米中获得表达,获得外源酸性蛋白酶pepB基因遗传表达的T3代转基因玉米株系。通过对T2、T3代转基因玉米各品系农艺性状的分析结果表明,转基因玉米各品系在株高、茎粗、穗长等农艺性状上与受体亲本没有差异,但生育期均有不同程度的缩短。 相似文献
7.
Margiotta B. Urbano M. Colaprico G. Johansson E. Buonocore F. D'Ovidio R. Lafiandra D. 《Journal of Cereal Science》1996,23(3):203-211
Electrophoretic and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP–HPLC) analyses were performed on gluten proteins extracted from flours milled from two different Swedish bread wheat lines; these lines have been reported to possess a novel highMrglutenin subunit controlled by a gene at theGlu-A1locus, referred to as 21*. Although RP–HPLC indicated that subunit 21* has a surface hydrophobocity similar to that of the commonly occurring allelic subunits 1 or 2*, it differs from them in isoelectric point, being more basic when analysed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (IEF/SDS–PAGE). RP–HPLC separations of highMrglutenin subunits showed the presence of an additional peak, the behaviour of which was similar to that of y-type subunits encoded by genes at theGlu-A1ylocus and present only in wild wheatsT. urartu(AA) orT. dicoccoides(AABB). Based on chromatographic results and on the tight linkage observed with subunit 21*, it is suggested that the additional component (indicated as 21*y), present in the breeding lines analysed, corresponds to the y-type subunit encoded at theGlu-A1locus. Genes encoding the subunits 21* and 21*y were also analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Contrary to what was observed for the polypeptide itself, the gene corresponding to subunit 21* was similar in size to that encoding subunit 2* and shorter than that corresponding to subunit 1. Moreover, the amplification product corresponding to the active 21*y gene was shorter than that of the allelic inactive gene present in the bread wheat cultivar Cheyenne. As reported for other highMrglutenin subunits, gene size differences observed were due to a different length of the repetitive region. Because cultivated polyploid wheats have been shown to have only the x-type subunit at theGlu-A1locus, it is speculated that the new combination, with both x- and y-type subunits expressed, might have been introgressed during breeding processes from the wild wheat progenitorsT. urartuorT. dicoccoides, which have genotypes expressing both types of subunits. 相似文献
8.
为明确黑龙江省不同生态区玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成及变化动态,采用Ht单基因常规鉴别寄主技术,对2018、2019年采自黑龙江省39个市县的138株玉米大斑病菌菌株进行生理小种鉴定,共鉴定出0、1、2、3、N、12、13、1N、2N、12N和13N号11个生理小种。所鉴定的138个菌株对Ht1、Ht2、Ht3和HtN抗性基因的毒性频率分别为46.1%、15.3%、9.3%和21.5%。分析2005～2019年间黑龙江省玉米大斑病菌生理小种组成结构及变化动态规律,发现近15年黑龙江省大斑病菌生理小种分化呈现日趋复杂化,不断有新的小种出现,从2005年的10个小种到现在16个小种均已被监测到。不同时期各小种组成及出现频率均在不断变化中,0和1号小种始终是该地区的优势小种。 相似文献
9.
Roderick Casey Joanne E. Sharman David J. Wright James R. Bacon Per Guldager 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1982,31(4):333-346
Five different techniques have been used with sevenPisum (pea) genotypes to demonstrate the existence of extensive genotypic variability in the proportions of the major pea seed globulins, legumin, vicilin and convicilin. The accuracy and reproducibility of each method have been assessed and the significance of the observed variability discussed both in relation to studies of the control of globulin synthesis and to breeding for pea seed protein with higher nutritional quality. 相似文献
10.
O. O. Aiyelaagbe E. O. Ajaiyeoba O. Ekundayo 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1996,49(3):229-233
The seed oils ofParkia biglobosa andParkia bicolor (Mimosaceae) have been analysed for their possible edible utility and to provide some physical data on both oils. The fatty acid composition of the oils was identified. Six major fatty acids were identified in the oil ofP. bicolor while five were identified in that ofP. biglobosa by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography — Mass Spectroscopy (GC — MS). The two oils contained five similar fatty acids in almost the same ratios. Arachidic acid was the most abundant fatty acids (greater than forty per cent) in both oils. Other fatty acids in the oils were behenic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids. The sixth fatty acid inP. bicolor was an odd number of carbon atom and un unsaturated fatty acid (C20H37COOH) named bicolargic acid. The oils were also found to be non toxic. 相似文献
11.
Luis F. Salazar 《Potato Research》2006,49(1):43-47
Outbreaks of a new mating type (A2) of late blight (Phythopthora infestans) and the spread of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) were the most notable events among fungi and bacteria during the last 10 to 15 years in the Andes. The emergence of the A2 mating type of P. infestans was probably a result of seed movement from the Northern hemisphere. Black scurf caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani spread in Peru and Bolivia causing economic losses estimated at 5 to 10%. A high incidence of common scab on potato tubers, caused by the bacteria Streptomyces scabies was found in some localities in Bolivia. Among the emerging viruses, the NTN strains of PVY have been found in some countries including Peru. Recently, two other viruses have been found spreading in potatoes. One is coded SB26/29 and is transmitted by Russelliana solanicola, the first psyllid vector found for a plant virus. The other emerging virus is coded SB41 and is apparently also new to potatoes. It causes a severe mosaic on the affected plants and the virus is transmitted experimentally only by grafting. Some other viruses of minor importance have also been detected in potatoes. 相似文献
12.
为给深入研究Ta DHN2基因在小麦抗旱机制中的作用机理奠定基础,并为进一步丰富小麦DHN基因研究内容提供参考,本研究通过筛选石麦15基因组BAC文库和BAC克隆测序方法克隆了Ta DHN2基因及其启动子,并对Ta DHN2基因序列特征、表达模式和启动子功能等进行了分析和探讨。结果表明,Ta DHN2基因含有1个88 bp的内含子,开放读码框长为696 bp,编码1个含有231个氨基酸的脱水素蛋白。Ta DHN2蛋白具有Y-segment、S-segment和K-segment结构域,属于YSK2类型脱水素蛋白。此外,该蛋白含有明显的核定位信号序列S-segment和基序RRKK。Ta DHN2基因受渗透胁迫诱导表达,在根和叶中表达模式类似,叶中表达量显著高于根中。Ta DHN2基因启动子序列长为2 025 bp,预测含有9个脱水响应顺式元件。在转基因拟南芥中,Ta DHN2基因启动子能够启动GUS基因表达,并在渗透胁迫下诱导GUS基因上调表达。以上结果说明,Ta DHN2基因为脱水响应基因,其启动子为渗透胁迫强诱导启动子。 相似文献
13.
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)负责去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团,在生物体的生长发育和非生物胁迫响应方面具有重要作用。本研究根据其他植物中HD2基因家族序列,利用生物信息学方法对小麦中的HD2基因进行鉴定,并对其基本生物学特性和调控网络等进行分析。结果表明,有12个小麦HD2基因被鉴定,并根据蛋白质序列C端是否含有锌指结构将其分为Group1和Group2两个亚家族;这些基因的编码蛋白均定位于细胞核内。利用WheatExp数据和RNA-seq数据对小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境下均存在差异表达。同时,利用qRT-PCR技术对其在小麦12个生长发育时期的叶片中响应热胁迫的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,其在小麦挑旗期和抽穗期表达量明显上升。 相似文献
14.
Protease inhibitor activity is associated to a basic chitinase from potato but not to an acidic one 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Milagros Machinandiarena Marta Castillo Florencia Olivieri Gustavo Daleo Claudia Oliva 《Potato Research》2001,44(2):187-195
Summary Several pathogenesis-related proteins, which are produced in plants submitted to stress, have been identified as chitinases.
We have previously described that a potato basic chitinase strongly inhibited the activity of an aspartic protease isolated
from the same source. In this work, we have tested the activity of two potato chitinases as protease inhibitors. A basic chitinase
(ChiB) inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, proteinase K and a serine protease ofFusarium sp. An acidic one (ChiA) did not show inhibitory activity. The kinetics of trypsin inhibition by ChiB revealed different
patterns of inhibition with azocasein and BAPNA. Metal ions affected differentially both activities, suggesting that ChiB
is a bifunctional protein. These results and those reported by other authors suggest a new physiological role for pathogenesis-related
proteins. However, results presented in this paper suggest that the protease inhibitor activity is not a general characteristic
of potato chitinases. 相似文献
15.
Summary For several years the aphid population patterns and the incidence of the main potato virus diseases have been monitored in
Italian potato-growing areas. Starting from 1992, an increase inAphis gossypii, as compared toMyzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae andAphis fabae, was observed on seed potato fields in the north of Italy.
Laboratory tests revealed thatA. gossypii was insensitive to the pesticide pirimicarb, even at the maximum dose tested (2400 μg/ml). Moreover, in the presence of pirimicarb
the reproductive capacity increased up to 30% as compared with the control, and the new-born aphids began to appear 2 days
earlier in the treated group. By contrast,M. persicae was controlled at a lower dose (300 μg/ml). Lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid were very effective against both aphids. 相似文献
16.
Summary Attempts have been made to differentiate 9Solanum species and 8 Slovakian cultivars ofS. tuberosum using soluble proteins, isoesterases and antigenic properties of tuber proteins. Soluble proteins were shown to possess the
highest diagnostic value in discriminating between individual species and varieties.S. brevidens of the subsectionEstolonifera deviated from the rest of the species belonging to the subsectionPotatoe. The electrophoretic profiles and immunological responses of individual species only partially correlated with their taxonomic
positions. The highest similarity was observed between the pairs of speciesS. bulbocastanum, S. stenotomum, S. maglia-S. phurea andS. gourlayi-S. vernei. It was possible to differentiate also between individual potato cultivars or between their groups according to both soluble
protein and isoesterase patterns. 相似文献
17.
Pugalenthi M Vadivel V Siddhuraju P 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2005,60(4):201-218
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, an underutilized tropical legume has a nutritional quality comparable to soya beans and other conventional legumes as it
contains similar proportions of protein, lipid, minerals, and other nutrients. The beans have been traditionally used as a
food in a number of countries, viz., India, Philippines, Nigeria, Ghana, Brazil, and Malawi. Recently, the velvet beans are
exploited as a protein source in the diets of fish, poultry, pig, and cattle after subjected to appropriate processing methods.
Although the velvet beans contain high levels of protein and carbohydrate, their utilization is limited due to the presence
of a number of antinutritional/antiphysiological compounds, phenolics, tannins, L-Dopa, lectins, protease inhibitors, etc.,
which may reduce the nutrient utilization. Unfortunately, even though many researchers all over the world working on Mucuna, only scanty and conflicting information are available regarding its utilization as a food/feed and no scientific gathering
to date has focused on the food/feed applications of Mucuna. Hence, the present review has been emphasized on the nutritional potential of this underutilized, nonconventional legume
and current state of its utilization as food/feed for both human beings and livestock throughout the world. 相似文献
18.
Professor Fred A. Bliss John W. S. Brown 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1982,31(3):269-279
Phaseolin, the major globulin seed storage protein of common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris L., accounts for up to 50% of the total seed protein. The rapid accumulation of phaseolin in the maturing seeds begins about 14 days after flowering and continues for some 12–14 days longer. However, the amount and rate of phaseolin accumulation, related to variation in onset, length, termination, and rate of synthesis, have been shown to vary between genotypes.Only three phaseolin electrophoretic types, designated T, S, and C after the cultivars Tendergreen, Sanilac, and Contender, respectively, have been identified among over 100 cultivated accessions. The narrow ranges of molecular weights and isoelectric points of the 14 protein polypeptides of phaseolin, as well as the homology observed from peptide mapping, suggest that the phaseolin polypeptides are similar proteins. Based on the results of crosses among cultivars having the three electrophoretic patterns, the genes controlling the polypeptides of each of the phaseolin types appear to be tightly linked, inherited in a block and the alleles are codominant.Substantial variation in phaseolin content, based on estimations using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, has been found among bean lines. Although most segregating populations show continuous distributions and quantitative inheritance, some inbred backcross lines having enhanced phaseolin accumulation appear to carry a few genes with major effects. A single gene that reduces the amount of phaseolin to less than one-half of the normal levels has been identified recently in an accession of wildP. vulgaris. 相似文献
19.
Male Lepidoptera often possess specialized scales, called hair pencils that emit volatiles that are critical to mating success. Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), males will display hair pencils to females before attempting copulation. The importance of volatiles on these hair pencils is, however, not clear. We compared the proportion of successful copulations in unmanipulated mating pairs to pairs where males had their hair pencils either removed or chemically washed, and to pairs where females were antennectomized. Mean proportions of successful matings were significantly lower in pairs where hair pencils had been manipulated or where females had been antennectomized compared with unmanipulated mating pairs. There was no significant difference in mating success between treatments where hair pencils had been manipulated; however, mating success was significantly lower in hair pencil treatments than in antennectomized treatments. Mean copulation proportions in hair pencil/antennectomized treatments were also significantly less than in respective sham-operated treatments. Our results suggest that volatiles are associated with hair pencils, and they may be required for mating success in C. fumiferana. 相似文献
20.
George Grant Norma H. Mckenzie Renato A. Moreira Arpad Pusztai 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1986,36(1):47-61
A nutritional study ofDioclea grandiflora (Mucuna) andDioclea sclerocarpa, two legume seeds related toCanavalia which grow extensively in South America and are used as a human food source, has been carried out. Whilst both seeds, when fed to rats at a level equivalent to 100g seed protein kg–1 diet gave poor nutritional performance, the anti-nutritional factors involved were apparently different. WithDioclea grandiflora, the presence in the seed of a soluble small molecular weight component, which caused food intake to be reduced to levels well below that required to meet minimum protein, energy, vitamin and mineral requirements, led to poor growth. This factor could be reduced substantially by exhaustive dialysis or by aqueous ethanol extraction of the meal. These procedures may have potential practical applications. In addition, the constitutent lectin, which was partially resistant in vitro and in vivo to degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes, also contributed to growth depression. WithDioclea sclerocarpa, a non-haemagglutinating pH 7 soluble factor was primarily responsible for the poor performance of rats. This factor could not be removed by exhaustive dialysis. The apparently poor protein digestibility observed may be due to increased secretion of endogenous nitrogen. 相似文献