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1.
Resistance of cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ) genotypes to powdery mildew ( Oidium anacardii ) was assessed on detached leaves, seedlings and flower panicles. Leaves were more susceptible before the development of a waxy cuticle, which confers a dull appearance. Differences in susceptibility/resistance were observed on detached leaves inoculated in the laboratory. Some genotypes supported dense growth of mildew, whereas on others only slight infection was observed under comparable conditions. Mature leaves were immune to colonization. In the field the rate of mildew infection, as estimated from disease progress curves on both seedlings and flower panicles, varied significantly between genotypes allowing their categorization into susceptible and partially resistant clones. A similar rank order for degree of susceptibility/resistance was determined from studies on detached leaves, seedlings and flower panicles. Brazilian introductions of A. occidentale and the AZA2 and AC6 genotypes proved to be partially resistant, while AM6, ATA19 and AIN62 were highly susceptible. The relationship between leaf and flower mildew infection showed positive and highly significant correlations. It is concluded that each of the three approaches to the assessment of disease susceptibility can be used to screen genotypes against mildew attack. Screening in the laboratory provides a rapid indication of potential resistance providing that leaves are compared at the same stages of maturity.  相似文献   

2.
Shomari  & Kennedy 《Plant pathology》1999,48(4):505-513
During March and April of 1993 and 1994, surveys on the incidence and severity of cashew powdery mildew ( Oidium anacardii ) were conducted in the Newala, Mtwara, Nachingwea and Tunduru areas of southern Tanzania to determine the variation in perennation between localities. Only immature cashew shoots, panicles and fruit can be infected by O. anacardii conidia. Cashew trees at sites in each district were assessed for shoot and panicle production and cashew powdery mildew. Survival of O. anacardii between seasons, in any area, was determined by the degree of production of shoots that were within the canopy and by the incidence of infection. Immature shoots produced from the main branches within the tree canopy were the main source of active powdery mildew in all districts; trees in the Newala district had the highest numbers of infected immature shoots in comparison with survey sites in the other areas. During the 1994 cashew-growing season (June–August), powdery mildew developed more rapidly and affected more shoots on the inside of the tree canopy than on the outside. Germination of conidia was reduced after aqueous suspension for 3 h. Germination on cashew leaves submerged under 2 mm of water was not affected. Appressorial and hyphal formation by germinating conidia on leaves decreased with increasing duration under water. Germination of conidia on glass slides at 100% r.h. was higher at 25 and 30°C than at 15°C and there was no germination at 35°C.  相似文献   

3.
Powdery mildew of hop (Podosphaera macularis) may cause economic loss due to reductions in cone yield and quality. Quantitative estimates of crop damage from powdery mildew remain poorly characterized, especially the effect of late season disease management on crop yield and quality. Field studies in Washington State evaluated cone yield, bittering acid content and quality factors when fungicide applications were ceased at different stages of cone development. The incidence of cones with powdery mildew was linearly correlated with yield of cones, bittering acids and accelerated cone maturation. In cultivar Galena, the cumulative effect of every 1% increase in cones powdery mildew incidence was to reduce alpha‐acid yield by 0·33%, which was due to direct effects on cone yield but also indirect effects mediated by dry matter. In the more susceptible cultivar Zeus, alpha‐acid yield was increased 20% by controlling powdery mildew through the transition of bloom to early cone development compared to ceasing fungicide applications at bloom: additional applications provided only modest improvements in alpha‐acid yield. In both cultivars, the impact of powdery mildew on aroma characteristics and bittering acid content were less substantial than cone yield. The damage caused by powdery mildew to cone colour and alpha‐acid yield, as well as the effectiveness of fungicide applications made to manage the disease, appears inseparably linked to dry matter content of cones at harvest. Realising achievable yield potential in these cultivars requires control of the disease through early stages of cone development and harvest before maturity exceeds c. 25% dry matter.  相似文献   

4.
抗白粉病胡麻种质资源田间鉴定与筛选   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
白粉病目前已成为影响胡麻产量和质量最常见的病害之一, 种植抗病品种是防控病害最经济环保的有效措施, 然而抗病亲本材料的缺乏已成为制约抗病品种选育的关键因素。为筛选出抗白粉病胡麻材料, 本研究在田间自然感病的条件下, 采用病情指数法对300份国内外胡麻种质资源材料进行了抗白粉病鉴定和评价。结果表明, 所有供试材料均程度不同地感染胡麻白粉病, 无免疫材料, 仅有5份材料为中抗; 其余295份均为感病材料, 其中8份材料中感, 52份材料感病, 235份材料高度感病。本研究可为抗白粉病胡麻品种的培育及相关抗病基因的发掘提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
Foliar sprays of solutions of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, K2HPO4 (DKP) and potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, KH2PO4 (MKP), commercial systemic fungicides, and an alternating treatment with phosphate fertilizer and systemic fungicides inhibited development of the powdery mildew fungus, Oidium mangiferae, on flowers and bloom clusters of field-grown mango trees. The effectiveness of the alternation treatments with an appropriate systemic fungicide and 1% solution of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) in controlling powdery mildew on bloom clusters was similar to that of the commercial treatment with the systemic fungicides. However, application of the systemic fungicides alone, on the same dates on which they were applied in the alternation treatment, without application of the phosphate treatment was significantly less effective in controlling the disease than either the phosphate or the alternation treatment. This indicates that the use of phosphate fertilizer has a significant role in disease control and that it can reduce the number of fungicide treatments necessary against powdery mildew by up to 50%. These results were confirmed in large-scale demonstration trials conducted in commercial orchards in 1994 and 1995. Our 1997 findings also revealed that tank-mix treatments of 1% MKP solution with half the recommended quantity of sterol inhibitor fungicide applied at 14-day intervals provided a protection against powdery mildew comparable with or superior to that given by the standard fungicides-based treatment applied at 7-day intervals. Tank-mix treatments of MKP (1%) with sterol inhibitor at the recommended rate or with the new strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl (BAS 490F, strobi), or the BAS 490F alone, were the most effective, and provided >95% protection against O. mangiferae, compared with the control. Phosphate solutions were found not to be phytotoxic to plant tissue. These treatments affected the yield of mango trees: a significantly lower yield was observed on control untreated trees, probably because of powdery mildew infection on flowers. The inhibitory effectiveness of phosphate salts makes them a potential major component of an integrated pest management program.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Cashew trees in farmers’ fields in two contrasting areas in southern Tanzania were surveyed for growth, powdery mildew development, amounts and applications of sulphur, pest damage and nut yield by village‐based extension workers in 1993. There was a wide range of powdery mildew levels on cashew flowers, apples and nuts at both the Tunduru (inland) and Newala (western Makonde plateau). In both Newala and Tunduru application of sulphur dust was associated with reduced severity of blossom powdery mildew. Sulphur usage commenced later in Newala than Tunduru though this was associated with earlier onset of blossoming in the latter district. Farmers in both areas applied similar numbers of rounds of sulphur, however in Newala more sulphur was applied per tree reflecting the bigger trees found in this district. There was a highly significant (P < 0.001) negative association between use of sulphur and severity of blossom powdery mildew irrespective of nut yield. There was a strong positive association (P < 0.01) between use of sulphur and more than one nut per panicle from harvests in October, no significant association in November and a significant negative association (P < 0.05) between use of sulphur and more than one nut per panicle in December. The survey highlighted areas in Newala where there were higher powdery mildew levels, through either lack of sulphur application or poor control by late application of sulphur, with relatively high numbers of nuts per panicle. Conversely, areas were identified where despite control of cashew powdery mildew severity by application of sulphur nut yield remained relatively low. The results suggest that final yield results from an interaction of factors of which cashew powdery mildew is only one. There was a highly significant (P < 0.01) association between the number of sulphur rounds and severity of cashew powdery mildew (Newala data only) but no significant association between number of rounds of sulphur and yield taken during October. Pest damage estimates from cashew nuts showed no consistent pattern in either region. Survey results suggest that there is considerable potential in the optimization of sulphur usage as a strategy for control of powdery mildew.  相似文献   

7.
白粉病是黄瓜生产中发生普遍,危害严重的主要病害之一。pm5.1和PM5.2是黄瓜上的2个白粉病抗性位点,本文对7份不同抗病基因型的黄瓜自交系进行了黄瓜白粉病抗性鉴定,并开展了黄瓜白粉病菌侵染过程的研究,对侵染后12、24、72 h的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率等进行了分析。结果表明,当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1 pm5.2pm5.2时,黄瓜病情指数最高,表现为高感白粉病;当基因型为PM5.1PM5.1PM5.2 PM5.2和pm5.1pm5.1pm5.2pm5.2时,表现为中感白粉病;当基因型为pm5.1pm5.1PM5.2PM5.2时黄瓜自交系病情指数最低,表现为抗白粉病。分生孢子在抗、感黄瓜自交系植株叶片上均能萌发,但只能在感病黄瓜材料上完成整个无性生长周期,产生分生孢子。此外,黄瓜白粉病菌分生孢子在感病材料上的萌发率、菌丝形成率及菌落形成率均高于抗病材料。  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT Vitis labruscana 'Concord' is a grape cultivar widely grown in the United States for processing into juice and other grape products. Concord grapes are sporadically but sometimes severely damaged by the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Uncinula necator. Although the foliage is often reported to be moderately resistant to powdery mildew, severe fruit infection occurs in some years. We observed the seasonal development of powdery mildew on leaves, rachises, and berries of unsprayed Concord grapevines. Inoculations of flower and fruit clusters revealed a brief period of berry susceptibility and a protracted period of rachis susceptibility. The rachis remained highly susceptible to infection, and the severity of rachis infection increased throughout the growing season until the rachis formed a periderm shortly before harvest. In contrast, berries were nearly immune to infection within 2 weeks after fruit set. Rachis and berry infections were detected before the disease was observed on foliage, and the incidence of rachis and berry infection often exceeded disease incidence observed on foliage until after fruit acquired substantial ontogenic resistance. Excellent control of fruit infection, and adequate control of leaf infection, was achieved by two fungicide applications targeted at the peak period of fruit susceptibility. Although Concord is thought to be moderately resistant to powdery mildew, the rachis is highly susceptible, and may be the avenue by which prebloom infections make their way onto the developing fruit. Late-season infection of the rachis neither spread to the fruit, nor did it cause fruit to drop prematurely, and may be of little economic consequence on fruit destined for processing. Although fruit of V. vinifera cultivars have been reported to remain susceptible to infection until berry sugar levels reach 8 to 15%, Concord fruit become nearly immune to infection nearly 6 weeks before this stage of development. Because powdery mildew does not become conspicuous on foliage until late summer, it is generally regarded as a late-season problem on Concord grapes, and previous management programs have reflected this belief. However, the greatest contribution to control of fruit infection is due to fungicides applied during the peak period of fruit susceptibility, from bloom until shortly after fruit set, long before the disease is observed on foliage.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of powdery mildew (caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea )on muskmelon seedlings and the efficacy of seed treatment with systemic fungicides were examined under controlled environmental conditions. The fresh weight of seedlings infected with powdery mildew was substantially less than that of uninoculated seedlings 5 weeks after inoculation, and the inoculated seedlings shrivelled 1 week later. The fungicides fenarimol and triadimenol applied to the seeds did not affect germination and suppressed powdery mildew effectively when applied at a rate equivalent to 8 g fungicide product per kg seed. Under conditions moderately conducive to the pathogen, fenarimol markedly reduced disease severity and its effect when applied as a seed treatment was as effective as foliar treatment. When conditions were highly conducive to the pathogen, seed treatment with fenarimol was not effective. Development of powdery mildew and efficacy of the seed treatments were related to soil type: disease developed earlier and more intensely on seedlings grown in sandy soil than those in organic medium, and seed treatment had a more pronounced effect on seedlings grown in sandy soil. The results indicate that fungicidal treatment of muskmelon seeds may offer an adequate means of reducing powdery mildew infections on seedlings.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of three reported biological control agents, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Verticillium lecanii and Sporothrix flocculosa, was tested against cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Two glasshouse experiments, one in the summer and one in winter/spring were conducted on a semi-commercial scale. In both experiments, a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar were used. In the second experiment, the additional effect of integration of biological control and silicon amendments to the nutrient solution was also assessed. In both experiments, A. quisqualis did not control the disease. V. lecanii had a small effect on powdery mildew in the first experiment but not in the second. S. flocculosa gave the best control of powdery mildew in both experiments. In the first experiment, weekly application of S. flocculosa reduced disease in the partially resistant cultivar to the same level as a treatment in which the fungicides bupirimate and imazalil were each applied once. Addition of silicon in the nutrient solution in a concentration of 0.75 mM reduced disease by 10–16%, averaged over all treatments. There was no interaction between silicon and the biocontrol agents. Yield was recorded in the second experiment and was significantly increased by the fungicide treatment compared to the control in the partially resistant cultivar. Yield in the treatment with S. flocculosa was not significantly different from the fungicide treatment in this cultivar. Silicon had no effect on yield in either cultivar.  相似文献   

11.
Cashew powdery mildew is presently the most important disease of cashew trees in all Brazilian growing regions. Although it was described over a century ago, it had never threatened the Brazilian cashew industry until the first decade of the 21st century. Morphological and pathogenic evidence indicated the possibility of different pathogen species being involved in early and late types of cashew powdery mildew. This study was designed to elucidate this issue by comparing two different powdery mildew fungi occurring on cashew plants in Brazil according to the morphological characteristics, phylogenetic relationships with closely related powdery mildew fungi and pathogenic relationships. Based on morphology, molecular phylogenetics and pathogenicity on cashew, it was shown that two species of powdery mildew specimens are without question associated with cashew trees. One species, which infects young immature tissues such as shiny leaves, flowers and young fruits, is Erysiphe quercicola, while Erysiphe necator is associated exclusively with mature leaves. This is the first report of both E. quercicola and E. necator causing cashew powdery mildew, and the first detection of E. necator on cashew.  相似文献   

12.
燕麦种质资源抗白粉病鉴定及利用评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用田间自然感病的方法,于2009-2011年在甘肃省天水市甘谷县对128份燕麦品种进行了由白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.avenae)引起的燕麦白粉病田间抗性鉴定和评价,该地区属于白粉菌病害常发区。结果表明,所有供试材料均程度不同地感染燕麦白粉病,无免疫材料,2份材料‘MF9715’、‘4607’表现高抗;8份材料‘QO245-7’、‘白燕2号’、‘VAO-1’、‘709’、‘4663’、‘4641’、‘4628’和‘青永久307’表现中抗;其余118份材料表现中感、高感和极度感病。说明抗燕麦白粉病的材料严重匮乏,可利用的抗性种质资源相对更少。筛选出的高抗和中抗材料对燕麦白粉病有较好抗性,是今后可利用的抗性种质资源。  相似文献   

13.
为明确海南省苦瓜白粉病的病原菌、生理小种及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传规律,结合形态学鉴定和分子鉴定解析白粉病菌及生理小种种类,通过显微镜观察白粉病菌侵染过程,并应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法探讨苦瓜对白粉病的主要抗性遗传规律。结果表明:采集自海南省6个市(县)的苦瓜白粉病病原菌均为单囊壳白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea,属生理小种2F,该菌在侵染苦瓜叶片时有4个关键时期:接种后4 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,8 h为附着孢形成高峰期,16～24 h为次生菌丝形成高峰期,5 d为分生孢子梗形成高峰期。将其接种于苦瓜抗、感品系,对白粉病的抗性符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,主基因和多基因共同控制苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,其中以主基因遗传为主,且会受到环境变异的影响。根据苦瓜抗性遗传规律,F2代主基因遗传率最高,受环境影响最小,在苦瓜的白粉病抗性育种中,以早期世代F2代作为有效选择世代。研究表明白粉病菌侵染叶片的前2 d是白粉病防治的最佳时期,所以在白粉病易发的物候期,可将防治时间提前1～2 d。  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT Berries of Vitis vinifera are reported to be susceptible to infection by Uncinula necator until soluble solids levels (brix) reach 8%, and established colonies are reported to sporulate until brix reach 15%. However, our analysis of disease progress on fruit of selected V. vinifera cultivars indicated that severity became asymptotic several weeks earlier in fruit development. When mildew-free fruit clusters of V. vinifera 'Chardonnay', 'Riesling', 'Gewürztraminer', and 'Pinot Noir' were inoculated at stages ranging from prebloom to 6 weeks postbloom, only fruit inoculated within 2 weeks of bloom developed severe powdery mildew. Substantial ontogenic resistance to infection was expressed in fruit nearly 6 weeks before fruit brix reached 8% and over 2 months before they reached 15%. Rachises of 'Chardonnay' and 'Riesling' fruit clusters developed severe powdery mildew when inoculated at bloom, and disease increased steadily over the next 60 days. The rachis of fruit clusters inoculated 31 days after bloom developed only trace levels of powdery mildew. Berry weight of all four cultivars at harvest was reduced when fruit clusters were inoculated at bloom or 16 days postbloom, primarily by splitting, rotting, and dehydration of mildewed berries, but the weight of later-inoculated berries was not reduced. Inoculation of berries just as ontogenic resistance increased markedly, approximately 3 to 4 weeks postbloom, resulted in the development of inconspicuous, diffuse, non-sporulating mildew colonies on berries, sometimes associated with a network of necrotic epidermal cells. Rather than a protracted and relatively static period of berry susceptibility lasting 3 months, fruit of V. vinifera appear to acquire ontogenic resistance rapidly after fruit set. A refocusing of disease management on this critical period of high fruit susceptibility should greatly improve the efficacy of fungicides directed against powdery mildew.  相似文献   

15.
Two cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) cultivars differing in their resistance to powdery mildew, Ningfeng No. 3 (susceptible) and Jinchun No. 4 (resistant), were used to study the effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on resistance to infection by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ) and the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). The results indicated that inoculation with P. xanthii significantly suppressed subsequent infection by powdery mildew compared with noninoculation, regardless of Si application. Root-applied Si significantly suppressed powdery mildew, the disease index being lower in Si-supplied than in Si-deprived plants, regardless of inoculation treatment. The resistant cultivar had a more constant lower disease index than the susceptible cultivar, irrespective of inoculation or Si treatment. Moreover, with root-applied Si, activities of PRs (for example peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and chitinase) were significantly enhanced in inoculated lower leaves or noninoculated upper leaves in inoculated plants of both cultivars. Root-applied Si significantly decreased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in inoculated leaves, but increased it in noninoculated upper leaves. However, Si treatment failed to change significantly the activity of PRs in plants without fungal attack. Compared to the control (no Si), foliar-applied Si had no effects either on the suppression of subsequent infection by P. xanthii or on the activity of PRs, irrespective of inoculation. Based on the findings in this study and previous reports, it was concluded that foliar-applied Si can effectively control infections by P. xanthii only via the physical barrier of Si deposited on leaf surfaces, and/or osmotic effect of the silicate applied, but cannot enhance systemic acquired resistance induced by inoculation, while continuously root-applied Si can enhance defence resistance in response to infection by P. xanthii in cucumber.  相似文献   

16.
A technique for relating the progress of plant diseases caused by airborne fungal pathogens to cumulative numbers of trapped spores is proposed. The relationship involves two epidemiological parameters—a disease asymptote and the infection efficiency (disease units/spore) of inoculum. The technique was evaluated using data on apple powdery mildew and scab epidemics in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchard plots. For powdery mildew, the observed relationships were close to those proposed in the unsprayed plot, but changed after or during the period of fungicide application in sprayed plots. Parameter estimates gave useful comparative information on the epidemics. The technique was not useful for scab because of the discontinuous patterns of infection.  相似文献   

17.
The results of 21 winter wheat and 32 spring barley trials done in the United Kingdom showed that cultivars differed significantly in their yield response to a standard fungicide treatment. Regression analyses showed that yield responses were significantly related to disease reduction, particularly that of mildew, although the proportion of variance accounted for was small. Measurements made on seven winter wheat trials indicated that the percentage of leaf area remaining green after anthesis was increased by the fungicide treatment to a greater extent than could be attributed to disease reduction alone. In some of these trials, yield responses were more closely correlated with the increase in leaf area remaining green than with disease reduction.  相似文献   

18.
为明确小豆白粉病病原菌的种类以及小豆种质资源对白粉病的抗性,采用形态学和系统发育学方法对近年来在北京市发生的小豆白粉病病原菌种类进行鉴定,并采用室内苗期人工接种法评价小豆常见栽培品种（系）对白粉病的抗性。结果表明,从北京市采集的感白粉病小豆病样中培养获得病原菌BJ1,该菌能在小豆叶片和茎上产生明显的白色粉斑,分生孢子梗直立,不分枝,分生孢子单细胞,成链状着生于分生孢子梗上,呈椭圆形或卵圆形。通过rDNA-ITS序列系统发育分析,小豆白粉病菌BJ1被鉴定为白粉菌目白粉菌科的苍耳叉丝单囊壳Podosphaera xanthii。室内苗期人工接种条件下,19个供试小豆品种（系）接种小豆白粉病菌BJ1后均可发病,其中9个审定品种均表现为中度感病或高度感病,10个优良品系发病略轻。  相似文献   

19.
To further the understanding of the natural genetic diversity for disease resistance to powdery mildew ( Erysiphe cichoracearum ) in Arabidopsis thaliana , quantitative trait loci analysis was undertaken on recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant accession Warschau-1 and the susceptible Columbia-0. Powdery mildew grew less well on Warschau-1, but the resistance was not associated with a specific block in the infection sequence. Two potential powdery mildew disease-resistance loci were identified and mapped, one with a major effect and one with a minor effect on disease resistance. The two loci acted in an additive manner to confer resistance, and together they explained 65% of the variation in resistance. In addition, the major powdery mildew disease-resistance locus was genetically mapped to the bottom of chromosome III, a region containing the powdery mildew resistance loci RPW7 , RPW8 and RPW10 . Unlike resistance mediated by the RPW8 locus in the accession Moscow-1, resistance in Warschau-1 was not correlated with the hypersensitive response, highlighting the influence of genetic background or environmental factors on the expression of disease resistance. Together with the powdery mildew resistance loci described in other studies, these results suggest that A. thaliana is a useful source of natural powdery mildew disease resistance, which potentially can be utilized in fundamental studies and as a tool for applied studies.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT In search of new durable disease resistance traits in barley to control leaf spot blotch disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph: Cochliobolus sativus), we developed macroscopic and microscopic scales to judge spot blotch disease development on barley. Infection of barley was associated with cell wall penetration and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. The latter appeared to take place in cell wall swellings under fungal penetration attempts as well as during cell death provoked by the necrotrophic pathogen. Additionally, we tested the influence of a compromised Mlo pathway that confers broad resistance against powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). Powdery mildew-resistant genotypes with mutations at the Mlo locus (mlo genotypes) showed a higher sensitivity to infiltration of toxic culture filtrate of Bipolaris sorokiniana as compared with wild-type barley. Mutants defective in Ror, a gene required for mlo-specified powdery mildew resistance, were also more sensitive to Bipolaris sorokiniana toxins than wild-type barley but showed less symptoms than mlo5 parents. Fungal culture filtrates induced an H2O2 burst in all mutants, whereas wild-type (Mlo) barley was less sensitive. The results support the hypothesis that the barley Mlo gene product functions as a suppresser of cell death. Therefore, a compromised Mlo pathway is effective for control of biotrophic powdery mildew fungus but not for necrotrophic Bipolaris sorokiniana. We discuss the problem of finding resistance traits that are effective against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens with emphasis on the role of the anti-oxidative system of plant cells.  相似文献   

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