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1.
Blood transfusion therapy is often under-utilised in feline practice in South Africa. However, it is a technique that can be safely and effectively introduced in practice. Cats have naturally occurring allo-antibodies against the blood type that they lack, which makes blood typing, or alternatively cross-matching, essential before transfusions. Feline blood donors must be carefully selected, be disease free and should be sedated before blood collection. The preferred anticoagulant for feline blood collection is citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine. Blood can either be administered intravenously or into the medullary cavity, with the transfusion rate depending on the cat's hydration status and cardiac function. Transfusion reactions can be immediate or delayed and they are classified as immunological or non-immunological. Indications, methods and techniques to do feline blood transfusions in a safe and economical way are highlighted.  相似文献   

2.
The authors investigated the relationship between paw preference (the paw with which dogs prefer to hold a food object) and temperament in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Hypotheses were based on the Valence-Specific Hypothesis, which broadly states that negative emotions are associated with the right hemisphere, and positive emotions are associated with the left hemisphere. To assess each dog's temperament, an owner-rated temperament questionnaire was administered to the owners of 73 pet dogs. The same dogs were tested for paw preference using a Kong (KONG Company, Golden, CO) stuffed with food and were subsequently classified as left-pawed, right-pawed, or ambilateral. A laterality index (LI) value was also calculated for each dog in the study to provide an indication of the strength and direction of its paw preference. Positive LI values reflected a preference for the right paw, whereas negative LI values reflected a preference for the left paw. The LI ranged from ?100 to +100, with numbers closer to either extreme reflecting a stronger paw preference and a score of 0 indicating no preference. The absolute value of LI reflects the strength, but not direction, of paw preference and was included in some analyses.We found no evidence to support a relationship between paw preference and temperament, with the exception that lateralized dogs scored marginally higher than ambilateral dogs on a measure of stranger-directed aggression. We suggest that the temperament assessment used in this study may not be sensitive enough to detect differences between individuals based on their lateralization. Temperament factors were also compared with a number of “demographic” variables (e.g., age, sex, whether the dog was a purebred or a crossbreed, and the frequency of exercise) to determine the effect of these variables on temperament outcomes.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
Feline pancreatitis can be a very difficult disease to diagnose and often requires a combination of clinical suspicion, appropriate physical examination findings, elevations in serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and changes on abdominal ultrasonography consistent with pancreatic disease. The diagnostic difficulties encountered are related to a lack of specific and readily attributable clinical signs in cats. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of pancreatitis are highest when a combination of tests is utilized; but even when such tests are employed, the diagnosis is still problematic, especially in cats with chronic pancreatitis. Therapy is symptomatic and focuses on maintaining fluid volume, controlling pain and vomiting, preventing infection, and adjusting to changes in the cat's condition as they occur.  相似文献   

5.
Cat owners commonly consider their pets to be members of their families, and many factors contribute to a high level of owner attachment to their cats. Suppression of a cat's emotional needs in favour of the emotional requirements of the owner may produce a less satisfactory relationship for the owner, and usually for the cat as well. Owners' failure to comprehend their cat's true demands of life, and their false expectation of their ability to fulfil human psychological demands lies at the heart of many feline behaviour problems.  相似文献   

6.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The importance of osteoarthritis (OA) in the horse and the difficulty in its early diagnosis have led to a search for potential biomarkers of joint disease. If the levels of such markers are to be interpreted accurately, clinicians and researchers need to know whether they are influenced by environmental factors and/or interventions such as exercise and repeated arthrocentesis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in synovial fluid (SF) from normal equine joints. METHODS: SF was collected from the left metacarpophalangeal (MCP), radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints of 16 horses. Half of the horses were exercised and arthrocentesis was repeated 14, 14.5, 17 and 24 days after the start of the exercise programme, in both exercised and control horses. Nitric oxide was determined in SF from the MCP joint only and PGE2 and GAG concentrations were determined in SF from all joints. RESULTS: Repeated arthrocentesis caused an increase in NO concentration in the MCP joint on Day 145, in PGE2 concentrations in the radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints on Day 145 and the release of GAGs into SF of the MCP and radiocarpal joints on Day 17. Exercise resulted in an increase in PGE2 levels in all joints but did not influence the other parameters measured. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Repeated arthrocentesis is a potential confounding factor for the use of synovial NO, PGE2 and GAG concentrations as markers of joint disease. Based on this study, such a confounding effect can be avoided if one week or more separates arthrocentesis procedures. Moderate exercise causes a transient rise in PGE2 in SF.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic conditions affecting horses and leads to degeneration of articular cartilage. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs in combination with radiography, which is relatively insensitive and provides only an indication of accumulated damage. Alternative methods, such as molecular markers, are therefore needed that can quantitatively, reliably and sensitively detect osteoarthritic changes in the joints at an early stage of the disease. If such markers are to be used reliably, it is important to know the relationship between marker concentration and cartilage composition. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between cartilage composition, synovial fluid levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hydroxyproline (Hyp) and general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and the presence and severity of articular cartilage damage on the articular surface of P1. METHODS: Synovial fluid (SF) was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 60 mature horses, and levels of GAGs, Hyp and general MMP activity were determined. Further, GAG and denatured collagen content of the articular cartilage were determined at the dorsal articular margin of P1 (site 1) and central cavity (site 2). The presence and severity of cartilage change was quantified using the cartilage degeneration index (CDI), measured at the same 2 sites. Correlations between SF parameters, cartilage composition and degree of cartilage degeneration were sought using correlation analysis. RESULTS: There was no correlation between GAG or Hyp content of SF and the amount of GAGs or denatured collagen, respectively, in cartilage. In joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage, the GAG content of site 1 was significantly lower than in joints with no to minimal cartilage change (P = 0.005) and there was a negative correlation between the amount of denatured collagen and GAG content at site 1 in all joints (r = -039, P = 0.002). Further, in joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage, there was a significant positive correlation between MMP activity in SF and Hyp levels in SF (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) and CDI at sites 1 (r = 0.46, P = 0.03) and 2 (r = 0.43, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: General MMP activity in joints with moderate to severe cartilage damage is related to the severity of those cartilage changes and to Hyp levels in SF. Glycosaminoglycan levels in SF are not directly related to MMP activity, GAG content of articular cartilage or severity of cartilage change. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Glycosaminoglycan levels in SF are not helpful for the early detection of cartilage lesions. In damaged joints, Hyp levels may give an indication of the severity of cartilage change as they are strongly related to MMP activity, but do not qualify as markers for the presence or absence of cartilage lesions.  相似文献   

9.
Pad grafts would be indicated in instances of severe paw trauma when there has been loss of the major weight-bearing pads (ie, metatarsal and metacarpal pads) as well as loss of the digital pads. A practical technique for replacing pad tissue on the remaining paw tissue could avert limb amputation for lack of weight-bearing tissue in the area. Small segmental digital pad grafts were placed in granulation tissue beds in dogs. Although the grafts were from thick pad skin, they healed well. However, intervening wound areas did not become covered with the heavier keratinized epithelium of the pads. The thinner, more rapidly growing, less keratinized epithelium from the wound edges covered most of the wound.  相似文献   

10.
A three-year-old cat with lymphadenopathy, non-regenerative anaemia and marked leucocytosis (171.3 x 10(9) white blood cells/l) was diagnosed with monocytic leukaemia and treated with a combination of anticancer drugs. A number of mature and immature monocyte-like cells were detected in the peripheral blood and bone marrow; they proved to be monocytic cells by cytochemical examination and an analysis of their cell surface phenotype, indicating that the cat suffered from acute myeloid leukaemia, subclassified as monocytic leukaemia (M5). Treatment with cytarabine, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone greatly reduced the number of blast cells in the cat's peripheral blood and bone marrow. The cat was in partial remission for 67 days and survived for 95 days after it was first examined.  相似文献   

11.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Intra-articular facet joint injection is an established diagnostic procedure in human medicine but there are no reports on its reliability in equine practice. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the accuracy of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections of the cervical facet joints and to estimate factors influencing the accuracy. METHODS: Sixty injections with blue dye were performed on the facet joints between 2nd and 7th cervical vertebra (C2-C7) on horses subjected to euthanasia for nonorthopaedic reasons. The facet joints were subsequently dissected to verify accuracy of deposition. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the injections were found to be intra-articular, 17% were intracapsular and a total of 98% were within 1 mm of the joint capsule. There was a marked effect of gained experience (P < 0.01), but not of other factors tested. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The results of the present study do not translate directly to injections performed in live horses, but they indicate that the method can be applied as a diagnostic as well as therapeutic procedure in C2 to C7 and that is advisable to practise injections on cadaver specimens before applying the technique.  相似文献   

12.
A radiographical study of a cat mummy from the Egyptian collection of the National Archeological Museum in Parma, Italy was carried out in order to evaluate the content and to describe how cats were wrapped and mummified. The mummy contained the complete skeleton of a 4-5-month-old cat. Radiology revealed the position of the cat's body; it was wrapped to occupy the smallest space possible. In order to better position the cat, the ribs of the thorax were compressed cranio-caudally and the fore limbs were then positioned very close to the thorax. The hind limbs were flexed close to the lumbar spine and the tibio-tarsal joints were subluxated to allow the repositioning of the tarsal, metatarsal and phalanx bones cranio-caudally near the tibiae. A coccygeal vertebra was fractured in order to reposition the tail as close as possible to the body. Atlanto-occipital subluxation and a fracture/hole was present in the occipital region of the skull: whether this was made for draining skull contents as a mummification process and/or to euthanase the cat remains open for discussion.  相似文献   

13.
Use of sodium monoiodoacetate to fuse the distal hock joints in horses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
SUMMARY Intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) was investigated as an agent for chemical arthrodesis of the distal hock joints in the horse. Five horses diagnosed with either spavin (three horses), a small tarsal bone fracture or a failed surgical arthrodesis, had 150 mg of MIA injected into the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint of the affected hock(s). Eight joints were treated in the five horses. Follow-up evaluation by clinical and radiological examination took place over 9 to 14 months. Two of the five horses were sound at the conclusion of the study and one horse, although lame after flexion, was considered by the owner to have been treated successfully. One of eight TMT joints showed complete radiographic fusion. Complications after treatment included pain, chronic lameness and swelling. It was concluded that chemical arthrodesis using this technique can not be recommended as being a superior treatment as compared with surgical arthrodesis at this time but is deserving of further clinical evaluation.  相似文献   

14.
Synthetic feline facial pheromone (FFP) (Feliway; Ceva Animal Health) was assessed for the management of cats with recurrent feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). Nine of 12 cats completed the randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study. They had their environment treated daily with either FFP or placebo for 2 months, after which time the treatment groups were reversed. Owners used visual analogue scales to define the severity of their cat's clinical signs and behavioural changes. Five (56%) of the owners stated that their cat's overall health was better when they were using FFP. Four (44%) of the owners noticed no difference between when using the FFP and when using the placebo. While there were no statistical differences between the two treatment groups there was a trend for the cats exposed to FFP to show fewer days with clinical signs of cystitis (FFP total, mean per cat+/-standard deviation, 30, 4.3+/-6.7; placebo 69, 9.9+/-19.1), a lower overall clinical score (1667, 238+/-476; 2009, 287+/-425), a reduced number of episodes of cystitis (9, 1.3+/-2.0; 10, 1.4+/-2.1) and reduced negative behavioural traits (e.g., less aggression and fear) (-128, -18.3+/-65.8; -73, -10.4+/-35.1).  相似文献   

15.
The development of pathological changes in both human and canine hip joints is mainly caused by a lack of synovial fluid lubrication. This results in an increased joint abrasion. Even after implantation of joint prosthesis, inadequate lubrication can lead to abrasion in the tribological pair. This can finally result in aseptic loosening of the prosthesis. In spite of the enormous number of studies that have been performed on human, only little knowledge about the tribological properties of the joints in dogs is available in the literature. For this reason the viscosities of synovial fluid, derived from physiological and pathologically changed canine elbow joints were measured. The viscosities were determined by the use of a cone-plate viscometer at different temperatures and shear rates. The obtained values were compared with the viscosity values of pathologically changed synovial fluids from human knee joints as well as with pathological samples from the canine hip joint. The results show that the viscosity values vary within a series of measurements and are inversely proportional to the temperature of the sample and the shear rate. The differences between the average viscosities of canine and human synovial fluids taken from pathologically changed joints are below 4% (22.5 s(-1) at theta1 = 25 degrees C). The findings of this study are being implemented in a FE-Model for the computation of actual forces in the hip joint during different movements. This would represent a contribution to an improved prosthetic treatment of canine and human hips.  相似文献   

16.
A three-and-a-half-year-old male neutered Siamese cat presented with idiopathic feline lower urinary tract inflammation and dysuria, which appeared to be caused by stricture of the urethral meatus. Wedge meatoplasty was performed, which relieved the cat's dysuria and restored a normal urine stream. To my knowledge, this is the first report of meatoplasty as a treatment for stricture of the urethral meatus in a cat.  相似文献   

17.
A scirrhous adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct was shown by histopathological examination to be the cause of obstructive jaundice in an 11-year-old female Siamese cat. In addition to icterus, the cat's clinical signs included depression, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, weight loss and dehydration. Symptomatic therapy relieved the anorexia, constipation, dehydration and depression, but jaundice, weight loss and occasional vomiting continued during the 2-month course of illness. Serum cholesterol and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) remained elevated and serum bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) values progressively increased from the cat's initial presentation to its death 2 months later. At necropsy the tumour was found to involve only the extrahepatic bile duct. Neoplasia of the extrahepatic biliary system has been reported only twice in domesticated animals (Patnaik et al., 1975; Feldman, Strafuss & Gabbert, 1976).  相似文献   

18.
The main objective of this study is to estimate genetic parameters for osteochondrosis (OC) and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in fetlock, hock and stifle joints as well as for palmar or plantar osteochondral fragments (POFs) and dorsodistal osteochondral fragments (DOFs) in fetlock joints. For this purpose, the results of a standardized radiographic examination of 7396 Hanoverian Warmblood horses were used. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated using residual maximum likelihood (REML) under a linear animal model. Heritability estimates for OC at the different joints were at 0.17–0.34, for OCD at 0.16–0.46, for POFs at 0.19 and for DOFs at 0.22 after transformation onto the liability scale. For osteochondral fragments (OFs), lower heritabilities were estimated, especially in fetlock joints. POFs were genetically negatively correlated with OC in each joint. The size of the heritability estimates indicates that the prevalence of these radiographic findings can be reduced by breeding measures. However, differentiation among the different clinical entities is crucial to avoid underestimation of heritabilities. The analysis of genetic parameters performed in this study indicates that OC and OCD in fetlock, OC and OCD in hock, OC and OCD in stifle joints, POFs of the hindlimbs and DOFs may be treated as different traits.  相似文献   

19.
A 2-year-old Himalayan cat was examined because of 4 days of vomiting, lethargy; and anorexia. The cat had undergone hysterectomy and removal of left ovarian remnants 5 days earlier. Results of laboratory testing and excretory urography were consistent with uremia and bilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrostomy catheters were placed to drain urine and allow time for physiologic diuresis prior to definitive repair. During the next 2 days, the cat's physiologic status improved greatly. The cat underwent exploratory surgery, and both ureters were found to be ligated. The healthy proximal portions of the ureters were implanted into the bladder. Six months after surgery, the cat was doing well, and excretory urography demonstrated that both ureters were patent. Bilateral obstruction of the ureters is a life-threatening condition that can be difficult to correct in cats. Placement of nephrostomy catheters allows time for improvement in the cat's physiologic status prior to the protracted anesthesia time needed for surgical repair of the ureters.  相似文献   

20.
Summary

Hip dysplasia is considered to be one of the most serious problems in dog breeding. In the past 20 years the studies of, and the attempts to control, this condition have been directed mainly to the overall picture of the abnormality of the hips. The various efforts have resulted in a decrease in the incidence of HD in several breeds of dogs. For other breeds the results have not been very convincing, however. In some instances they are even said to be conflicting with other aims of breeding. Based on these data some separate studies have recently been performded in respect of the details of the disorders in the hip joints and of the heritability of these elements.

The present study concerns itself with the roots of the disorders as they are observed in the various breeds. A great variety of data indicates that selection within the canine species for specific morphological traits must be considered as one of the most important roots of the occurrence of HD. The collected data strongly indicate that improvements in the HD status in the various breeds can be reached by selection against specific disorders of the hip joints in these breeds.  相似文献   

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