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1.
Using the mycelial reactions of 435 combinations of 14 Fusarium pseudograminearum and 15 F. graminearum isolates, it was demonstrated for the first time that mycelial reactions/barrage formation cannot be clearly used to distinguish F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum. Mutually compatible isolates produced very different patterns of compatibility with other isolates. However, about 60% of pairings between F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum isolates were compatible, indicating common ancestry. The Mantel tests used to determine any possible associations between mycelial compatibility reactions and AFLP genotypic diversity data revealed no association between the two systems in either species. In addition, no association was found between mycelial compatibility reactions and sexual reproduction in the two species. Implications of the higher frequency of mycelial compatibility reactions observed in F. pseudograminearum than in F. graminearum are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
A large number of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolates were collected from wheat spikes from all regions in China with a history of fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics. Isolates were analysed to investigate their genetic diversity and geographic distribution. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) analyses of 437 isolates resolved both species, with 21% being F. graminearum (SCAR type 1) and 79% being F. asiaticum (SCAR type 5). AFLP profiles clearly resolved two groups, A and B, that were completely congruent with both species. However, more diversity was detected by AFLP, revealing several subgroups within each group. In many cases, even for isolates from the same district, AFLP haplotypes differed markedly. Phylogenetic analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data indicated that all isolates of SCAR type 1, AFLP group A were F. graminearum , whilst isolates of SCAR type 5, AFLP group B were F. asiaticum , demonstrating that it is an efficient method for differentiating these two species. Both species seem to have different geographic distributions within China. Fusarium graminearum was mainly obtained from wheat growing in the cooler regions where the annual average temperature was 15°C or lower. In contrast, the vast majority of F. asiaticum isolates were collected from wheat growing in the warmer regions where the annual average temperature is above 15°C and where FHB epidemics occur most frequently. This is the first report of the distribution of, and genetic diversity within, F. graminearum and F. asiaticum on wheat spikes throughout China.  相似文献   

3.
Crown rot, caused by the fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum (teleomorph Gibberella coronicola) is a major disease of wheat in the Australian grain belt. However, there is little information available on the population structure of this pathogen. We measured genetic diversity as assessed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis within and between populations of F. pseudograminearum from northeastern, south central, and southwestern regions of the Australian grain belt. Amongst the 217 isolates, 176 haplotypes were identified and grouped into two main clusters. One cluster contained isolates from populations in northeastern Australia, and the other cluster contained isolates from populations in south central and southwestern Australia. The southern populations were distinguished from the northeastern populations by higher levels of population differentiation (Gst) between them and genetic identity amongst the regional populations. We hypothesize that the F. pseudograminearum populations from northeastern and southern Australia are independent, which could result from different founding events or from geographic isolation and the accumulation of genetic differences due to genetic drift and/or selection.  相似文献   

4.
河北省小麦冠腐病发生现状及病原菌初探   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
2013-2015年对河北省小麦主产区65县124点小麦冠腐病的田间症状和发生情况进行了调查。该病主要引起小麦茎基部变褐,灌浆期引起枯白穗,对产量影响较大。调查结果表明,小麦冠腐病发生主要集中在河北省中南部地区,而且发生程度呈逐年加重的趋势。2013年田间很少见由小麦冠腐病引起的枯白穗,2015年田间普遍发生枯白穗,严重发生地块局部枯白穗率达到20%~50%。病原菌分离结果显示,河北省中南部地区小麦冠腐病菌的分离频率较高,东北部麦区分离频率较低;经形态及分子生物学鉴定,河北省小麦冠腐病的病原菌主要为假禾谷镰刀菌和禾谷镰刀菌。  相似文献   

5.
Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum ) causes head blight of cereals and contaminates grains with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). To determine the correlations among aggressiveness traits, fungal colonization and DON production, 50 progeny from a segregating population of G. zeae were inoculated onto a susceptible winter wheat cultivar in three field environments (year–location combinations). Aggressiveness traits were measured as head-blight rating and plot yield relative to noninoculated plots. Fungal colonization, measured as Fusarium exoantigen (ExAg) content, and DON production were analysed with two ELISA formats. Disease severity was moderate to high based on head-blight rating and relative plot yield. Fusarium ExAg content and DON production ranged from 0·26–1·41 units and from 4·18–43·70 mg kg−1, respectively. Significant ( P  = 0·01) genotypic variation was found for all traits. Heritability for Fusarium ExAg content was rather low because of high progeny–environment interaction and error. DON/ Fusarium ExAg ratio did not vary significantly ( P  > 0·1) among progeny. Correlation between DON production and Fusarium ExAg content across environments was high ( r  = 0·8, P  = 0·01), but no covariation existed between aggressiveness traits and DON/ Fusarium ExAg content ratio.  相似文献   

6.
Previous studies have evaluated the overall structure of populations of Fusarium pseudograminearum (teleomorph, Gibberella coronicola ), causal agent of cereal crown rot, but there is no information available on spatial relationships of genetic variation in field populations. Three 1-m-row sections in crown-rot-affected wheat fields in the Australian grain belt were intensively sampled to estimate population genetic parameters and the spatial aggregation, or clustering, of disease aggregates and genotypes. Estimates of population genetic parameters based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) indicated that the genetic diversity in isolates from the 1-m-row populations described a significant portion of the diversity recorded for corresponding field and regional populations. In point pattern analysis, there was physical clustering and aggregation of F. pseudograminearum isolates from two of the three sites. Analysis of the spatial distribution of clonal haplotypes (DICE similarity ≥ 97%) indicated significant aggregation of clones in all three 1-m-row populations. Based on matrix comparison tests, both mating types and genetic distances had significant spatial aggregation for at least two of the three 1-m-row populations. This is consistent with the presence of non-random spatial genetic structure due to clonal aggregation. High levels of genetic diversity and spatial structuring of disease and genotypes in at least two of the three 1-m-row populations is consistent with the hypothesis that stubble is a primary inoculum source in no-tillage farming systems, resulting in aggregated patterns of disease and allowing for haplotypes to be maintained in the field over a number of annual cropping cycles.  相似文献   

7.
A high-throughput and reliable seedling bioassay to screen wheat germplasm for crown rot resistance was developed. Single wheat seedlings were grown in square seedling punnets in a glasshouse and inoculated with a monoconidial Fusarium pseudograminearum isolate 10 days after emergence. The punnets were laid horizontally on their side and a 10- µ L inoculum droplet placed on the stem base. Seedlings were incubated at near-saturated relative humidity, and crown rot severity was assessed 35 days after inoculation. Studies on the duration of incubation period, inoculum concentration and temperature were carried out to optimize these parameters. Seedling growth at 25/15(±5)°C in a glasshouse and 48-h incubation at near-saturated RH in darkness gave the best results. When crown rot resistance rankings of 16 Australian cultivars from the bioassay were compared with their field performance, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was highly significant. This indicated that the seedling bioassay mimicked field resistance to crown rot in adult plants. A bootstrap resampling analysis showed little or no improvement in the coefficient of variation with an increasing number of replications, indicating a high level of precision and reproducibility. By detecting small but consistent differences in crown rot severity, the bioassay proved effective in large-scale screening for partial resistance: already over 1400 wheat genotypes have been screened. The high degree of precision makes this an invaluable tool in the understanding of pathogen aggressiveness, host specialization and parasitic fitness.  相似文献   

8.
The genetic diversity and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolated from wheat heads in China were examined and compared with those of isolates of F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale from Europe, USA and Nepal. Genetic diversity was assessed by SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis and by molecular chemotyping. SSCP analysis of the Fg16F/Fg16R PCR amplicon differentiated F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale and revealed three haplotypes among sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) type 1 F. graminearum isolates. AFLP analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity and clustered the majority of Chinese isolates in one group along with other isolates of Asian origin. The second cluster contained F. graminearum isolates from China, Europe and the USA. Of the Chinese isolates, 79% were F. asiaticum and 81% of these were of the 3-AcDON chemotype, with only 9·5% of either chemotype 15-AcDON or NIV. All the Chinese and USA isolates of F. graminearum were 15-AcDON, whereas among the isolates from Europe, 21% were NIV and 8% were 3-AcDON chemotype. No evidence was found for possible differences in aggressiveness between F. graminearum and F. asiaticum . Highly aggressive isolates were present in each region and no evidence was found for any association between aggressiveness and geographical origin or chemotype among the isolates examined. No difference was observed in pathogenicity towards wheat seedlings between Chinese isolates and those from Europe, the USA or Nepal.  相似文献   

9.
Fusarium graminearum andF. culmorum are capable of infecting winter cereals at all growth stages. From natural field epidemics of wheat head blight and rye foot rot, three fungal populations were collected with 21, 38 and 54 isolates, respectively; their aggressiveness was analyzed in comparison to collections ofF. graminearum (25 isolates) andF. culmorum (70 isolates) that represent a wide range of geographical locations and host species. All isolates were tested for aggressiveness on young plants of winter rye in the greenhouse and scored for disease severity on a 1–9 scale. Disease ratings of individual isolates ranged from 1.5 to 5.7 indicating quantitative variation of aggressiveness. Genotypic variance was highest in the twoFusarium collections. No substantial difference was found in the amount of genotypic variation betweenF. graminearum andF. culmorum. Individual field populations revealed 57–66% of the total genotypic variation of the collections. This implies a high degree of diversity of aggressiveness within single field populations ofF. graminearum andF. culmorum causing natural epidemics.  相似文献   

10.
Fusarium species involved in the Fusarium crown rot (FCR) complex affect wheat in every stage of development from seedling to grain fill. This study was designed to compare the aggressiveness of the FCR complex members including F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum in causing seedling blight, decreased plant vigour and crown rot. To assess their relative pathogenicity, two hard red spring wheat cultivars and two durum wheat cultivars were inoculated in the field with five isolates from each of the three species for two years. Significant differences in patterns of pathogenicity were identified. In particular, F. culmorum caused greater seedling blight while F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum caused greater crown rot. Greatest yield reductions were caused by F. pseudograminearum. Cultivar differences were identified with respect to seedling disease and late season crown rot. No interactions were identified between cultivar performance and isolates or species with which they were challenged.  相似文献   

11.
为明确我国不同种、地理来源和毒素化学型小麦茎基腐病菌的致病力分化情况,采用纸塔法对来自全国9个省市80个采样点分离的224株小麦茎基腐病菌进行致病力分析。结果表明,不同种镰刀菌的致病力不同,黄色镰刀菌Fusarium culmorum,禾谷镰刀菌F.graminearum,假禾谷镰刀菌F.pseudograminearum及亚洲镰刀菌F.asiaticum致病力强于其他种。F.culmorum致病力显著高于F.pseudograminearum和F.asiaticum,而F.pseudograminearum,F.graminearum及F.asiaticum三者之间无显著性差异。中华镰刀菌F.sinensis,木贼镰刀菌F.equiseti,锐顶镰刀菌F.acuminatum致病力较弱,三者间苗期致病力无显著性差异;多数省份F.pseudograminearum群体间致病力无显著差异,仅山东F.pseudograminearum群体的致病性显著低于河南群体;此外,产毒类型为3ADON的F.pseudograminearum群体致病力显著高于15ADON群体。  相似文献   

12.
A sample of 140 Fusarium graminearum isolates from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, representing three populations at least 150 km from one another, were examined for trichothecene genotype based on PCR amplification of portions of the Tri3 and Tri12 genes and a species‐specific (Fg16F/R) primer pair. Genetic diversity was assessed in a sample of 103 F. graminearum lineage 7 (F. graminearum sensu stricto) isolates using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The 15‐ADON genotype was dominant, followed by the NIV genotype (2–18% prevalence), across all three populations. All NIV‐type isolates were in lineage 2 (F. meridionale) and all 15‐ADON‐type isolates were in lineage 7. Isolates with the same haplotype were rare and genotypic diversity was uniformly high (≥98% of the count), suggesting that recombination has played a significant role. The number of migrants (Nm) was estimated between 5 and 6 across all loci and all populations, but the high frequency of private alleles (up to 30%) suggests a historical, rather than contemporary, gene flow. Regarding linkage disequilibrium, 0·8, 1·5 and 2·2% of the locus pairs from the three populations were in disequilibrium, which is lower than values reported in other locations. Thus, Brazilian populations differ from those found in Europe, North America and most of Asia in the presence of a significant frequency (7·8%) of isolates of the NIV genotype in lineage 2.  相似文献   

13.
主要由假禾谷镰孢Fusarium pseudograminearum引起的茎基腐病是小麦上的重要病害,对产量及质量都有严重影响,目前尚无登记应用在该病害防治上的化学药剂。本研究从河南省17个地市采集病害样本,分离纯化得到82株小麦茎基腐病菌菌株,包括76株假禾谷镰孢和6株禾谷镰孢。嘧菌酯抑制76株假禾谷镰孢孢子萌发的EC50值为0.02~1.54 μg/mL,平均EC50值为 (0.33 ± 0.29) μg/mL;经数据异常值检验,舍弃异常菌株LHWY-6及SQYC-6后,嘧菌酯对74株 (97.37%) 正常菌株的平均EC50值(0.30 ± 0.24) μg/mL可作为假禾谷镰孢对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线;不同地市菌株间敏感性存在差异,同一地市菌株间对嘧菌酯的敏感性差异较大,许昌、焦作、洛阳和商丘4市的菌株间敏感性差异倍数均在20.00以上,南阳、三门峡和开封3地的菌株间差异倍数均在2.00以下,其他地市菌株间差异倍数在2.70~12.00之间;假禾谷镰孢孢子萌发对嘧菌酯与其对丙硫菌唑、多菌灵、咯菌腈、氰烯菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯和戊唑醇的敏感性相比,除吡唑醚菌酯外其余5种药剂的抑制作用均弱于嘧菌酯;嘧菌酯对6株禾谷镰孢的EC50值在0.10~0.42 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为 (0.19 ± 0.12) μg/mL;嘧菌酯对两种镰孢菌丝生长的抑制活性均较弱,EC50都在7 μg/mL以上。离体条件下,15%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂在260 g/(100 kg种子) 剂量下防效达63.64%;温室盆栽时,在220 g/(100 kg种子) 剂量下防效为55.24%。嘧菌酯对小麦茎基腐病菌孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,且在离体和温室条件下对病害均有很好的防治效果,可作为备选药剂推广使用。  相似文献   

14.
A total of 82 fungal isolates was obtained from wheat kernel samples affected by fusarium head blight collected from 20 locations in southern Brazil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to characterize trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes [deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and two acetylated derivatives of DON]. To identify isolates that producing DON and NIV, portions of the Tri13 gene were amplified. To identify 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotypes, portions of Tri3 and Tri12 were amplified. Nearly all of the isolates studied (76/82) were of the DON/15-ADON genotype. Six of the isolates were of the NIV genotype. The DON/3-ADON genotype was not observed. Portions of three genes were sequenced from representative isolates of the NIV and DON/15-ADON genotypes and compared with sequences from curated reference isolates of Fusarium in GenBank. blast queries for individual gene sequences and pairwise comparisons of percentage identity and percentage divergence based on 1676 bp of concatenated DNA sequence suggested that the isolates representing the DON/15-ADON genotype were Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and the isolates representing the NIV genotype were Fusarium meridionale . This is the first detailed report of trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes of F. graminearum and F. meridionale in Brazil.  相似文献   

15.
Talas F  Kalih R  Miedaner T 《Phytopathology》2012,102(1):128-134
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.), causes tremendous annual yield losses in wheat worldwide. Variation of aggressiveness of isolates from individual field populations in terms of FHB infection and deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the host are important population parameters reflecting parasitic ability. Our main objective was to estimate the variation of both traits within three populations of F. graminearum s.s., each consisting of 30 single-spore isolates collected from small wheat fields in Germany, and to compare it with 11 isolates of a collection (F. graminearum collection) from four countries. The same isolates were characterized using 19 single-sequence repeat markers. All isolates were spray inoculated on a moderately resistant spring wheat cultivar at two field locations over 2 years (i.e., in four environments). The genotypic proportion of phenotypic variance (σ(2)(G)) within populations was significant (P < 0.01) for both traits, and the σ(2)(G) × environment interaction was even more important for mean FHB severity. Ranges in mean FHB severity and DON concentration in the host were only slightly smaller for the field populations than for the F. graminearum collection. Both traits were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated within and across populations. A further partitioning of σ(2)(G) revealed 72% of σ(2)(G) within and 28% of σ(2)(G) across populations for both traits. Molecular variance of the three populations was similarly distributed (73.6% within versus 26.4% between populations). In view of this high within-field variation for traits of parasitic ability and selection, neutral molecular markers, multiple resistance genes of different origin should be employed in wheat breeding programs to obtain a long-term stable FHB resistance.  相似文献   

16.
The main causative agents of Fusarium head blight in central Europe are Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. We examined the mycotoxin producing ability, aggressiveness and molecular variability of F. graminearum isolates. Altogether twenty-six Hungarian, three Austrian isolates and representatives of eight species identified in the F. graminearum species complex were involved in this study. Mycotoxin producing abilities of the isolates were tested by GC-MS and HPLC. The central European isolates were found to belong to chemotype I (producing deoxynivalenol). Most isolates produced more 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol than 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol suggesting that they belong to chemotype Ib. All F. graminearum isolates were found to be highly pathogenic in in vitro aggressiveness tests. Phylogenetic analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA profiles, and restriction profiles of the intergenic spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster of the isolates allowed clustering of the central European isolates into 17 and 16 haplotypes, respectively. When RAPD and IGS-RFLP data were combined, almost every single central European F. graminearum isolate could be differentiated (27/29 haplotypes). Sequence analysis of a putative reductase gene of some isolates was also performed. Based on molecular data, the majority of the central European isolates belonged to F. graminearum sensu stricto characteristic to the northern hemisphere, with the exception of one Hungarian isolate, which was not related to any known species of the F. graminearum species complex based on sequence data. The taxonomic assignment of two other Hungarian isolates, previously suggested as belonging to F. boothii based on mitochondrial DNA restriction profiles, was supported by sequence analysis.  相似文献   

17.
小麦茎基腐病近年来在我国发生日趋严重,不但威胁我国粮食安全,还存在真菌毒素污染的潜在威胁,危害人畜健康。本文概述了小麦茎基腐病的危害现状以及在不同地区引起该病害的优势镰孢菌种类,明确了假禾谷镰孢Fusarium pseudograminearum在我国多个小麦主产区已逐渐上升为茎基腐病的优势病原。在此基础上,进一步分析了假禾谷镰孢的侵染循环和遗传多样性,揭示了小麦茎基腐病严重发生与土壤中的病原菌积累、农业措施及多种环境气候因素,尤其是干旱环境密切相关。总结了目前已报道的调控假禾谷镰孢致病的关键蛋白,揭示了假禾谷镰孢的产毒类型,明确了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 合成的生化途径,不同杀菌剂对镰孢菌毒素合成的影响,以及杀菌剂刺激或抑制DON合成的机制。并以“防病减毒”为目的,提出了多种协同防病的综合防治措施,可为小麦茎基腐病绿色防控提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
PIRA-PCR ( p rimer- i ntroduced r estriction a nalysis PCR) was developed to detect isolates of Fusarium graminearum with moderate resistance to carbendazim, a methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)-group fungicide. Two primer pairs were designed and synthesized according to the nucleotide sequence of the β 2-tubulin gene from F. graminearum. Fragments of 164 bp were amplified by nested PCR from isolates differing in carbendazim sensitivity. A Hin dIII restriction enzyme recognition site was introduced artificially by inner primers to detect a mutation at codon 167, and Taa I ( Tsp 4CI) restriction enzyme was used to detect a mutation at codon 200. The sensitivity of isolates to carbendazim was determined by analyzing electrophoresis patterns of the resulting PCR products after simultaneous digestion with both Hin dIII and Taa I. Results from PIRA-PCR and a conventional method (mycelial growth on agar) were identical but PIRA-PCR required only 7–8 h while the conventional method required 5–7 days. This study demonstrates that PIRA-PCR not only monitors the appearance of moderately resistant isolates, but can be useful for detecting genotypes of F. graminearum with moderate resistance to carbendazim.  相似文献   

19.
Greenhouse trials conducted in 2003 and 2004 investigated the impact of trichothecenes on the severity of seedling blight and root rot in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum var. durum ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and triticale (× Triticosecale 6x ) using two trichothecene-producing and two trichothecene-nonproducing Fusarium graminearum strains. In 2003 seedling emergence and survival following soil infestation of the trichothecene-producing strain (Gz3639) were significantly reduced compared with the trichothecene-nonproducing strain (GzT40), while root-rot incidence and severity were increased significantly. In 2004, two trichothecene-producing strains (Gz3639 and GzT106) reduced seedling emergence and survival ( P  ≤ 0·01) in eight of 10 crops/cultivars based on single-degree-of-freedom contrasts. However, when results from all strains were combined no significant differences were observed between two trichothecene-producing and two trichothecene-nonproducing F. graminearum strains. Inoculation with GzT106, a trichothecene-producing 'add-back' strain, resulted in more severe root rot symptoms in eight of 10 cultivars ( P  ≤ 0·01–0·05) and lower seedling emergence and survival in seven of 10 cultivars ( P  ≤ 0·01–0·10), compared with the wild-type parental strain Gz3639. The presence of trichothecenes may play an important role in the aggressiveness of F. graminearum .  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in small grains worldwide. Although primarily a pathogen of cereals, it also can infect noncereal crops such as potato and sugar beet in the United States. We used a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on intergenic sequences specific to the trichodiene synthase gene (Tri5) from F. graminearum. TaqMan probe and primers were designed and used to estimate DNA content of the pathogen (FgDNA) in the susceptible wheat cv. Grandin after inoculation with the 21 isolates of F. graminearum collected from potato, sugar beet, and wheat. The presence of nine mycotoxins was analyzed in the inoculated wheat heads by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. All isolates contained the Tri5 gene and were virulent to cv. Grandin. Isolates of F. graminearum differed significantly in virulence (expressed as disease severity), FgDNA content, and mycotoxin accumulation. Potato isolates showed greater variability in producing different mycotoxins than sugar beet and wheat isolates. Correlation analysis showed a significant (P < 0.001) positive relationship between FgDNA content and FHB severity or deoxynivalenol (DON) production. Moreover, a significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation between FHB severity and DON content was observed. Our findings revealed that F. graminearum causing potato dry rot and sugar beet decay could be potential sources of inoculum for FHB epidemics in wheat. Real-time PCR assay provides sensitive and accurate quantification of F. graminearum in wheat and can be useful for monitoring the colonization of wheat grains by F. graminearum in controlled environments, and evaluating wheat germplasms for resistance to FHB.  相似文献   

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