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1.
Analysis of the alternating opaque and translucent zones in fish otoliths is a widely used method to determine age in fish. The mechanisms underlying the annual periodicities in the formation of these zones remain unknown, although various interpretations and explanations have been presented to explain the appearance of the opaque zones. Here I review the biological and structural characteristics of the opaque zones in otoliths from a number of fish species. The results of this review suggest that the opaque zones can be classified into four different types. Type A is a dark opaque zone, displaying minute, dense crystals, and is typically formed at a young life-history stage. Type B comprises an aggregation of grooves and discontinuous crystals that are formed during growth-stagnant periods. Type C can be described as a washy black zone that has the appearance of an object that is smeared with ink; it is formed during seasons of active growth. Type D has deep grooves, appears luminous in transmitted light in etched otolith sections, and is formed during the spawning season. Types A and C otolith opaque zones are typical of younger fish and are formed during growing periods. They are complementary to Types B and D otolith opaque zones which are formed during periods of stagnant growth and/or during the spawning seasons and which are typical of older fish, which generally lack Type A zones. To ensure precise age determination in fish, it is therefore necessary to understand the structural and biological characteristics that produce these four distinct types of opaque zones.  相似文献   

2.
The age and growth of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus collected from the East China Sea and the northern waters off Kyushu between June 2000 and June 2001 were determined by observing the otolith surface after dipping it in xylene. The translucent and opaque zones on the otolith surface were identified, and the number of translucent zones was counted. Monthly changes in the frequency of fish with translucent zones on the otolith margin, and in the marginal increments, indicated that the translucent zones were formed between April and June. The seasonal pattern of annulus formation on the otolith became clear by observing the otoliths of fish with known ages, and the otolith formation in wild fish was consistent with that of fish with known ages. The mean gonadosomatic index of male and female fish was high from March to May, and spawning females were observed from mid-March to mid-May. The estimated ages were 1–5 years for males and 1–6 years for females. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters did not significantly differ between male and female. The model was obtained as FL t=406×{1−exp[−0.372×(t+1.68)]  相似文献   

3.
Marginal and edge state analysis was carried out on sagitta otoliths and illicia of white anglerfish taken from ICES Sub-area VI and Division IVa between April 1999 and September 2000. This demonstrated that an annulus comprised a multi-ring opaque zone and a wide translucent zone. Narrow translucent zones within the wide opaque zones were found to be significantly narrower than the translucent zones separating them, suggesting that these were false rings. Opaque material was predominantly deposited during the summer months (July–September) and translucent material during the winter (December–February). Precision of increment readings was tested from repeated increment counts of the calcified structures. This indicated that the most consistent age readings came from sagitta otoliths sectioned through the sagittal plane.  相似文献   

4.
Age determination of wild captured Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, was conducted using sagittal otoliths of 806 specimens (47–260 cm in fork length) caught in the waters off Japan and Taiwan. Otoliths were transversely sectioned and the opaque and translucent zones were analyzed. Opaque zones mainly appeared on the otolith edge from April to July, indicating that the opaque zone is formed annually. The opaque zones formed during later life (age 10+) were more distinct than the earlier zones. The estimated ages of specimens ranged from 1 to 26 years. Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function were estimated to be 249.6 cm, 0.173, and −0.254 years for L∞, k, and t0, respectively. Growth of younger fish was rapid up to 5 years old attaining about 150 cm, and then growth rate decreased. After that, fish attained about 200 cm at 9 years old and about 225 cm (90% of L∞) at 13 years old (50% of maximum age). This paper updates the biological information on length at age with a large size range to support stock assessment model analyses for this commercially valuable species.  相似文献   

5.
We studied the age and growth of the lizardfish Saurida elongata using ground thin sections of otoliths (sagittae) from specimens collected in the Tsushima/Korea Strait between May 1999 and June 2001. A total of 695 individuals with fork lengths (FL) ranging from 189 to 478 mm were examined. The frequency of translucent zone occurrence at the outer margin of the otoliths indicated that translucent zones formed once a year between November and February. Most of the males examined were estimated to be 2–7 years old and the females, 3–9 years old. The maximum estimated age of a male specimen was 10 years and that of a female, 11 years. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth curves were FL t  = 451{1 − exp[−0.172(t + 2.50)]} and FL t  = 515{1 − exp[−0.151(t + 2.47)]} for males and females, respectively. At all ages, the FL at a specific age for females was greater than that for males, suggesting that females of this species grow faster than males.  相似文献   

6.
We examined the formation of annuli by marginal observations on otoliths of gunnel (Pholis fangi) in the Yellow Sea to validate the age determination method and to derive the growth equation covering from larval to adult stages. Gunnels, ranging from 46 to 173 mm in total length, were collected by a bag net fishery from the western coastal waters off Korea from November 1998 to October 1999. Marginal observations indicated that the translucent zone (annual mark) on adult otolith was formed during the winter, whereas the opaque zone was formed during the summer. However, a translucent zone was formed between May and June in juvenile otoliths. This false ring was formed when the fish transited from the inshore pelagic life of larvae to the offshore bottom life of juveniles. The observed maximum age was 58 months. Using observed length-at-monthly age, growth in length was expressed by von Bertalanffy growth curve; Lt = 144.0 (1 − e−0.11 (t+0.43)). P. fangi spawned in winter recruit to inshore, and grow quickly in the nursery habitats in spring. Gunnel inhabit the bottom offshore area during the summer season, and reappear inshore thereafter.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT:   The reliability of a mass-processing aging method for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was examined. The method is a half-otolith method, in which 10–20 otoliths are embedded simultaneously in black resin and the mass-processed half plane section is viewed under reflected light (black-resin method). Seasonal periodicity of otolith growth was confirmed by the monthly observations of the percent of translucent zone at the otolith edge, and interannual variation in age distribution detected the progression of dominant year-classes. These results support the assumption that the translucent zone is formed once a year. The black-resin method was compared to the break–burn method, which is the standard technique for this species. The estimated ages of these methods were not biased throughout the age range examined. The coefficient of variation in the black-resin method (4.9–5.7%) was similar to those of the break–burn method (3.5–5.5%). These results suggest that the black-resin method is reliable as an aging method for walleye pollock.  相似文献   

8.
To examine the age, growth and reproduction of silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, in the waters off northeastern Taiwan, 469 specimens (213 females and 256 males) were collected from August 2000 to January 2002 at the Nanfanao fish market, northeastern Taiwan. The relationship between body weight (W) and total length (TL) for both sexes combined was expressed as: W = 2.92 × 10−6 TL3.15 (n = 469, p < 0.01). The relationship between TL and vertebral centrum radius (R) for both sexes combined data was estimated as: TL = 25.979 + 18.197R (n = 250, p < 0.01). Growth bands (including translucent and opaque zones) in precaudal vertebrae formed once a year between December and January and were counted up to 11 and 14 for females and males, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) was used to model the observed length at age data. The sexes combined VBGF predicted an asymptotic length (L∞) = 332.0 cm TL, growth coefficient (k) = 0.0838 year−1, age at zero length (t0) = −2.761 year (n = 250, p < 0.01). Size at 50% maturity for males was estimated to be 212.5 cm based on the logistic curve, which corresponded to 9.3 years. Females matured at 210–220 cm, which correspond to 9.2–10.2 years. The length at birth was estimated to be 63.5–75.5 cm TL. The number of embryos per litter was 8–10 and sex ratio of embryos was 1:1.  相似文献   

9.
A growth model for the endangered cyprinid fish Tribolodon nakamurai was derived following otolith analyses of 16 wild and 53 reared specimens. The asteriscus was the most appropriate to measure size among three otolith elements, and its height OH  mm was used as size index of otolith. Standard length L  cm was best back-calculated using the Gompertz model, L  = 70.0·exp[–exp{−0.553 (OH   –  2.73)}]. Translucent zones on the lapilli, analyzed from 5-year-old-reared fish, were regarded as winter slow-growing zones. The ages of 10 wild specimens of 37.0–48.1 cm standard length were calculated as 7–10 years by counting the translucent zones on the lapilli. Age t was best back-calculated using the allometry model, t  = 1.33· OH 1.37. The growth trajectory of T.   nakamurai followed a slender S curve, three typical growth models, von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz, and Richards' model, which is a general formula of the above three, being fitted using the maximum likelihood method. The Gompertz model, Lt  = 60.2·exp[–exp{−0.258( t  − 4.68)}], was found by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) to be the statistically most acceptable growth model.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract. A simple technique of grinding eel otoliths (sagittae) for age/growth studies is described. On thin, polished otolith layers the annual growth rings, as well as supernumerary zones formed in fresh water, could be easily distinguished. The described equipment and grinding procedure gave good results on permanent preparations, allowing repeated age-readings. The procedure appears to be applicable to other fish species as well.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT:   Elongate ilisha Ilisha elongata is a commercially important fishery resource in both Japan and China. Age and growth of the species were investigated by scale analysis from June 1996 to July 1997 in Ariake Sound, Japan. Scale annuli were formed once a year mainly between June and July. The age was 1–6 years for both male and female individuals. There was no significant difference in the regression of fork length (FL) on scale radius ( R ) between sexes by a covariance analysis. The combined sex von Bertalanffy growth equations were expressed as L t  = 495.4 × (1 − e−0.3176( t  + 0.4108)), where L t is FL in mm at age t . Comparison of the age and growth among different populations from coastal waters in the western North Pacific Ocean suggested that the FL of the Ariake population is the smallest at each age. The spatio–temporal variations in growth are possibly relevant to environmental conditions of the growth grounds of subadults; however, there was no gradient change in the growth of I. elongata with latitude. Water temperature may not be the main factor affecting the growth of this species . The growth of the tropical population from Sarawak differs greatly from those of temperate and subtemperate populations, which implies genetic variation or phenotypic plasticity in different climate zones.  相似文献   

12.
从患病凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺中分离出菌株20100612001,经人工感染实验证实,该分离菌株对凡纳滨对虾的半数致死量为1.44×106CFU/ml。形态学观察和革兰氏染色表明,该菌株为革兰氏阴性,无芽孢,有一根端极鞭毛;呈球杆状、球状、棒状或梨状且有两极浓染现象;在2216E培养基上为透明或半透明的圆形菌落,而在TCBS选择性培养基上为绿色或蓝绿色菌落。经Biolog碳源利用反应、脂肪酸气相色谱分析得出,该菌株与副溶血弧菌、需钠弧菌等的生理生化特性最相似;16SrD-NA序列测定表明,该菌株与弧菌属中几株病原菌的同源性均达到98.9%以上。在分子进化树中该菌株与副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus的进化地位最接近。综合上述实验结果分析得出,该细菌分离物为副溶血弧菌。  相似文献   

13.
Fish age determination using otoliths requires a prior understanding of growth mark deposition patterns (translucent rings, TR) as well as their connection with internal or external events experienced by the fish. This study analysed the macrostructural seasonal ring deposition pattern observed in transversal sections of black hake otoliths. A total of 793 black hake otoliths were collected in autumn and spring 2007 from research and commercial surveys carried out in continental and shelf waters off Mauritania. Most of the Merluccius polli otoliths presented narrow and wide translucent rings (NTR and WTR, respectively) regardless of fish size, whereas Merluccius senegalensis otoliths only showed NTR. This seemed to be a sign of ontogenetic discrepancy between the two black hake species, whose otoliths confirmed the existence of significant differences in their growth patterns.The frequency distributions of the number of TR counted along the ventral radius (VR) of the otolith from the nucleus (birth date) and from the ventral edge (death date) were analysed to ascertain whether a specific endogenous event (Hypothesis A) or a precise environmental event (Hypothesis B) could restrain growth leading to the formation of TR. The general TR frequency distribution pattern was somewhat similar for both hake species, which showed marked TR at comparable distances. Within each species, TR frequency distributions of their distances from the nucleus along the otolith VR were quite similar between sexes, seasons, and fish sizes. Our results support the idea of a coincident biological event, such as first maturity, slowing down the growth process and thus provoking the formation of TR in otoliths of both species.This study also experience difficulty using the complex and highly variable macrostructural pattern of black hake otoliths to establish age interpretation criteria for these two species.  相似文献   

14.
A translucent collagen gel was formed from a transparent acidic solution of red stingray collagen by adjusting to physiological ionic strength and pH in phosphate buffer and then incubating at 25–37°C. During fibril formation from red stingray collagen, the turbidity increased when the NaCl concentration was increased at constant pH and the rate of fibril formation was accelerated by higher pH or lower NaCl concentration. The T m of red stingray collagen fibrillar gel was estimated as 44.3 ± 3.5°C, which was higher than that of the collagen solution, 33.2°C. In addition, red stingray collagen gel maintained its shape without melting and was suitable for culture of mouse stromal cells at 37°C.  相似文献   

15.
In the early 1990s, the spawning biomass of the southern bluefin tuna (SBT) population was estimated to be less than 10% of its historical level. However, major uncertainties surrounding the age composition of the catch confounded the virtual population analysis assessment models. To eliminate these uncertainties, validated estimates of the age composition of the catch were required.We examined scales, caudal vertebrae and sagittal otoliths to determine which structure produced the most accurate age estimates in SBT. Scales proved useful for estimating ages of SBT only up to 4 years. Marginal increment analysis verified that the zones of dense circuli visible on the scales were deposited annually up to this age. In larger fish, the compression of circuli on the margin of scales and high incidence of regenerated scales made estimation of age very difficult. Obvious increments were present on both the vertebrae and otoliths. Age estimates from the two structures matched closely for the first 10 years of life. However, in larger (older) fish the counts diverged, otoliths consistently providing higher age estimates. We determined that annual increments are formed on sagittal otoliths throughout life but that this is not the case in vertebrae, where bands are formed less frequently. Thus, vertebrae were unreliable for estimating age beyond 10 years, which corresponds approximately to the age-at-first maturity.Ages were estimated from otoliths of 1121 fish from throughout the species’ size range. These data indicate that SBT live to at least 40 years of age, twice the longevity previously accepted; that age at recruitment is 1 year, not 2; and that mean age-at-maturity is approximately 11 years, not 7.The age distribution of SBT catches by the Japanese longline fishery in the Tasman Sea indicate that a significant proportion of the SBT population in this area is over 25 years of age and that cohorts spawned in the late 1970s and early 1980s are markedly under-represented in the population. The latter is thought to result from intense exploitation on these cohorts by the Australian surface fishery soon after recruitment.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT:   Age and growth of the yellowstriped butterfish, Labracoglossa argentiventris , around Izu Oshima Island were studied using a total of 1450 fish. Age was determined by counting the edge of the opaque zones as a ring mark on sectioned sagittal otoliths. Formation of the first ring was observed during spring or summer, corresponding to 1.5 years after hatching. Thereafter, one ring was formed each year in the same season as the previous year. The growth of the butterfish was rapid until 2 years of age. The maximum likelihood method was applied to the age and length data for estimating parameters in von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic growth models. The selected model, based on the Akaike Information Criterion, was the von Bertalanffy growth model, which indicated differential asymptotic length and variance by sex.  相似文献   

17.
High pressure was applied at levels of 300 to 3,742 atm for 30 min to formulate gels from bluefish meat paste, and the properties of the resulting gels were compared with those of heat-induced gels formulated at 90°C for 20 min, or at 60°C for 60 min. The moisture content of the pressure-induced gels was similar to that of the heat-induced gels, while protein contents and pH values of pressurized gels were slightly lower than those formulated by heat. Gels formed by pressure were more translucent as compared with those formulated by heat. Texture measurement indicated that there were no significant differences between the elasticities of the gels obtained under various pressures, although gel firmness increased with pressure. Overall, the heat-induced gels formulated at 90°C for 20 min were firmer but had similar elasticities to pressure-induced gels, while gels formulated at 60°C for 60 min were comparatively softer and had lower elasticities. The salt-extractable protein and protein digestibility studies indicated that pressure treatment formed gels with less protein denaturation and which were more digestible than the fish gels formulated by heat. The results from proteolytic activity studies showed that the pressure range used in this study was less effective in inactivating the endogenous proteases in the fish flesh than heat.  相似文献   

18.
厦门杏林湾鲻鱼年龄和生长的研究   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  
厦门杏林湾鲻鱼鳞片年轮可作为年龄鉴定依据。鳞片边缘增长率a的周年变化，表明鳞片年轮每年形成一次，新年轮主要在10-11月间出现。已计算出鲻鱼体长与鳞长、体长与体重的关系式。3龄鱼以前属于幼鱼生长阶段，体长和体重的相对增长率较大，生长指标较高；3龄鱼以后则进入成鱼生长阶段。其生长适合于von Bertalanffy生长方程，体重生长曲线的拐点位于2龄至2．5龄之间，其生长速度和加速度曲线能反映生长过程的变化特征，合理捕捞的生物学指标应以生长转折点较为适当，限制捕捞1龄和2龄的港养鲻鱼是提高单位面积产量的关键之一。  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Numerous studies have now demonstrated that the most common method of ageing sharks and rays, counting growth zones on calcified structures, can underestimate true age. I reviewed bomb carbon dating (n = 15) and fluorochrome chemical marking (n = 44) age validation studies to investigate the frequency and magnitude of this phenomenon. Age was likely to have been underestimated in nine of 29 genera and 30% of the 53 populations studied, including 50% of those validated using bomb carbon dating. Length and age were strongly significant predictors of occurrence, with age typically underestimated in larger and older individuals. These characteristics suggest age underestimation is likely a systemic issue associated with the current methods and structures used for ageing. Where detected using bomb carbon dating, growth zones were reliable up to 88% of asymptotic length (L∞) and 41% of maximum age (AMax). The maximum magnitude of age underestimation, ΔMax, ranged from five to 34 years, averaging 18 years across species. Current perceptions of shark and ray life histories are informed to a large extent by growth studies that assume calcified ageing structures are valid throughout life. The widespread age underestimation documented here shows this assumption is frequently violated, with potentially important consequences for conservation and management. In addition to leading to an underestimation of longevity, the apparent loss of population age‐structure associated with it may unexpectedly bias growth and mortality parameters. Awareness of these biases is essential given shark and ray population assessments often rely exclusively on life history parameters derived from ageing studies.  相似文献   

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