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1.
The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that exposure to solar radiation increases the checking of wood exposed
to the weather, and to examine the causes and spectral dependency of such an effect. Lodgepole pine decking samples were exposed
outdoors under filters, which blocked selected regions of the solar spectrum while allowing other weathering factors to act
on samples. Surface checking in samples was quantified after 12, 24 and 36 weeks of exposure, and the chemical and micro-structural
changes occurring at weathered wood surfaces were examined. Check numbers and dimensions were greater in samples exposed under
a filter to the full solar spectrum than in samples exposed under filters that blocked the transmission of UV, visible or
infrared radiation. Samples that were shielded from more energetic wavelengths developed less checking and also showed less
delignification at the exposed wood surfaces. Checks developed at the margins of rays and propagated at the interface between
adjacent tracheids, close to the middle lamella. We conclude that exposure to UV and visible light increases the tendency
of wood to check during exterior exposure. Our findings point to a link between changes in cell micro-structure as a result
of photodegradation of lignin and the development of visible checks in wood exposed outdoors. 相似文献
2.
Summary Scots pine wood veneers were acetylated to weight gains of 5, 10, 15 or 20% and exposed to natural weathering. Veneers acetylated
to low weight gains of 5 and 10% and exposed to the weather showed greater losses in mass and tensile strength due to increased
delignification and depolymerisation of cellulose than similarly exposed, untreated controls. Acetylation to 20% weight gain
restricted the loss of veneer mass and holocellulose during exposure. Initially it also slightly reduced the depolymerisation
of cellulose, and this was reflected in lower losses in veneer zero-span tensile strength after 35 days exposure. However,
the photoprotective effects of acetylation, with the exception of veneer mass, were lost with prolonged exposure of veneers
to the weather. Acetylation of wood blocks to 20% weight gain caused a bulking of the wood cell wall, particularly the S3 layer of the secondary wall, and reductions in lumen size. Acetylated latewood cells maintained their shape and radial orientation
during exterior exposure, but acetylation did not prevent erosion of the middle lamella. Mechanisms to explain how acetylation
may affect the weathering resistance of wood are suggested.
Received 26 May 1998 相似文献
3.
I. T. MacLeod A. D. Scully K. P. Ghiggino P. J. A. Ritchie O. M. Paravagna B. Leary 《Wood Science and Technology》1995,29(3):183-189
Summary Western red cedar panels, one coated with a soft latex-based acrylic polymer clear coating and the other uncoated, were exposed outdoors under a series of cut-off filters for 50 weeks. FTIR-ATR spectra of the panels showed that the extent of delignification increased with decreasing wavelengths of the solar radiation incident at the wood surface. The results support the proposal that it is the UV component of sunlight that is primarily responsible for the degradation of lignin. The extent of loss of lignin from the surface of the exposed coated panel was significantly less than that for the exposed uncoated panel suggesting that the coating confers some protection from weathering to the underlying timber. Colorimetric measurements also showed that the degree of discoloration of the panels is related to the wavelength of the radiation penetrating the wood surface.This work was supported financially by ICI Dulux Australia and the Australian Research Council. The authors also express their appreciation for helpful discussions with G. J. Wilson of the Commonwealth of Australia Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.) and I. Leaver of Dulux Australia 相似文献
4.
Mustafa Kemal Yalinkiliç Rifat Ilhan Yuji Imamura Munezoh Takahashi Zafer Demirci Ahmet Cihangir Yalmkiliç Huseyin Peker 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(6):502-514
Outdoor performances of a polyurethane varnish and an alkyd-based synthetic varnish coated over chromium-copper-boron (CCB)-impregnated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) [10 (R) × 100 (T) × 150 (L) mm] were investigated. These varnishes were also applied to the wood surface as sole coatings or impregnated into wood as water-repellent (WR) solutions. Outdoor exposure was performed in the Black Sea region of northern Turkey (41°N, 39.43°E) where humid weather predominates throughout the year and accelerates decomposition of coated wood surfaces. The wood panels were exposed at 45° south on their tangential surfaces. After 9 months of exposure to summer, autumn, and the following winter season, the color and glossiness changes of the exposed surface, adhesion of the coating layer to the wood surface, water absorption through the coating layers, mass loss, and the hardness of the board surface were studied. CCB impregnation greatly stabilized the surface color of varnish-coated panels of both wood species. Gradual decreases of adhesion between varnished layers and preimpregnated surfaces were attributed to probable weakening of interactions at the interface of the treated wood and the film layer. A superficial cleaning process of treated wood is suggested to improve glossiness and adhesion. The coated wood surface became harder with time on outdoor exposure until a maximum hardness occurred followed by softening, whereas the uncoated surface softened steadily. Polyurethane varnish yielded a harder surface than synthetic varnish. Mass losses of wood panels after 9 months of exposure were negligible for all treatments compared with the untreated controls, which were totally discolored and eroded on the surface. It is concluded that long-term exterior wood protection has been achieved by a successful combination of an appropriate preservative treatment followed by a compatible surface-coating process. 相似文献
5.
Two Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques, photoacoustic and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, were utilized
to explore the physical and chemical changes in wood caused by weathering. Five tropical wood species (albizia, kapur, mahoni,
nangka, puspa) were exposed to natural weathering for various periods. The contents of extracts, phenolics, and Klason lignin
in unexposed samples of these wood species were determined by chemical analysis. Infrared spectra of the weathered surfaces
were recorded by the two techniques. The photoacoustic spectra exhibited rapid decomposition and elusion of wood constituents
containing benzene rings in the region closest to the exposed surface. Line maps of infrared spectra in the vertical direction
obtained by diffuse reflectance infrared microspectroscopy were consistent with the view that the additive effects of water
and ultraviolet irradiation play an important role in destroying the lignin-hemicellulose matrix of the cell wall. The infrared
spectroscopic techniques are available for the analysis of weathered wood.
Received: October 22, 2001 / Accepted: February 20, 2002
Correspondence to:S. Yamauchi 相似文献
6.
Studies of the degradation and protection of wood surfaces 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
Summary Large weight losses occurred in thin veneers of radiata pine (P. radiata) during natural weathering due mainly to loss of lignin and hemicelluloses. This was demonstrated by direct chemical analysis and by spectrocopic techniques. Treatment of veneers with dilute aqueous solutions of the recognized surface stabilizing compound chromium trioxide was found to dramatically restrict weight loss during weathering, but similar applications of ferric compound were less effective (Evans, Schmalzl 1989). In order to rationalize these protective effects FTIR internal reflectance spectroscopy was used to study chemical changes taking place at the wood surface upon treatment and during weathering. The spectra obtained provide direct evidence for the modification and stabilization of the lignin aromatic system with aqueous chromium trioxide and to a lesser extent with ferric salts. It is postulated that photostable lignin complexes are formed. The implications of these findings for the development of improved surface stabilizing compounds for wood are discussed briefly.The authors wish to thank the following: Tom Syers and Lloyd Vickers (C.S.I.R.O., Division of Forestry and Forest Products); Helen Neave, and Clive Hilliker (Australian National University, Department of Forestry) for technical assistance, and the Stanley Melbourne Bruce fund for financially supporting part of the work 相似文献
7.
INTRODUCTION Wood is far from a stable material. One of the biggest challenges for woodworking is learning to work within the constraints of wood properties. Discoloration of wood directly influences the decorative performance of wood products. Therefore, the degree of color change is a critical factor that determines the utilization area of dyed wood (Sakuragawa Satoshi, 1996). Discoloration has occurred because the wood components and dye molecules are degraded by UV-ray (Kaneko Shin… 相似文献
8.
9.
Summary Four hardwoods, red oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, and sweetgum, were exposed to outdoor weathering and to artificial ultraviolet (UV) light with wavelengths of >220 and >254 nm. Discoloration and loss of brightness were observed from all specimens regardless of their exposure conditions. White oak and sweetgum changed color at a slower rate than did red oak and yellow-poplar. SEM micrographs showed that all wood species exhibited surface deterioration after 30 days exposure to sunlight or 500 hrs to UV light. Loss of middle lamella, separation of procumbent cells, and damage of pit structures were observed on transverse sections for all species. ESCA studies revealed a high oxygen content at the wood surfaces indicating severe oxidation of wood exposed either outdoors or to artificial UV light. The generation of new chromophoric groups such as carbonyls, carboxylic acids and quinones, and the loss of lignin at the oxidized surface were demonstrated experimentally by infrared studies.This study was supported by cooperative research funds provided by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. The authors wish to acknowledge this support 相似文献
10.
Alkaline degradation of spruce and beech wood 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. Mašura 《Wood Science and Technology》1982,16(2):155-164
Summary The alkaline delignification of spruce and beech wood is accomplished in three phases. The first phase results in a decrease of yield down to 83...80%, the second one in a decrease from 83...80% to 64...61% and the third one in a yeld drop from 64...61% to 50...46%. The amount of polysaccharides removed in the first phase was 22%, in the second phase 5...6% and in the third phase 10% of the total polysaccharides in the original wood. The amount of lignin removed in the first phase of delignification was 9...11% in the second phase 53...54% and in the third phase 28% of the total lignin in the original wood. The polysaccharides extracted in the second and third phase amounted to 70...78% of the polysaccharides removed in the first delignification phase. For an entire characterization of the delignification reaction not only the course of lignin removal is of importance but also the course of the polysaccharide extraction. The results show that for a two-stage alkali-oxygen-cooking technology the optimum yield after initial partial alkaline delignification lies in the range of 64...61%. 相似文献
11.
Effects of short-term thermomechanical densification on the structure and properties of wood veneers
Pavlo Bekhta Stanisław Proszyk Tomasz Krystofiak Jan Sedliacik Igor Novak Miroslava Mamonova 《Wood material science & engineering》2017,12(1):40-54
The effects of short-term thermomechanical (STTM) densification temperature and pressure on the changes in surface roughness, wettability, mass loss (ML), thickness and density of alder, beech, birch, and pine wood veneer with low moisture content (~5%) were investigated. The anatomical structure of veneers was also observed. Veneer sheets were densified using pressure levels of 4, 8 and 12 MPa at three temperatures: 100°C, 150°C and 200°C for 4 min. The results were compared with those of the non-densified veneers. The obtained results show that STTM densification of veneers similarly to long-term densification of solid wood causes irreversible changes in their properties. The STTM-densified veneer surfaces became smoother and more hydrophobic, ML increased slightly while roughness and thickness values decreased significantly, the cell lumens collapsed and a certain amount of fractures in cell walls developed with increasing densification temperature and pressure. All of the investigated wood species showed higher density values after densification. It was found that an even STTM densification of veneers provides stable properties under normal atmosphere conditions; in particular, the thickness and contact angle values were stable for 24 hours after densification, which is an important consideration for industrial applications. 相似文献
12.
Elena N. Tokareva Andrey V. Pranovich Bjarne R. Holmbom 《Wood Science and Technology》2011,45(4):767-785
Different model compounds for lignin, hemicelluloses and pectins were studied by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry
(ToF–SIMS). Mass spectra of Klason lignin from normal and compression spruce wood, aspen wood and wheat straw were compared.
Spectra of brominated spruce and aspen wood sections showed fragment ions attributed to brominated guaiacyl and syringyl units
in lignin at m/z 215, 217, 229 and 231, and m/z 245, 247, 249 and 261, respectively. Spectra of mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides
showed fragment ions at m/z 127 and 145 characteristic for hexose units, and ions at m/z 115 and 133 characteristic for pentose
units. The same ions were detected in spectra of delignified spruce and aspen wood sections. Labelling of anionic groups by
Sr2+ ions followed by ToF–SIMS analysis showed that pectins were present at specific locations on the surfaces of spruce and aspen
wood sections still after delignification with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. 相似文献
13.
To clarify the role of lignin in the affinities of acetylated wood for organic solvents, the effects of delignification on
the solvent adsorption of acetylated wood were investigated. Acetylated wood meals rapidly adsorbed organic solvents that
were hardly adsorbed by unmodified wood. For nonpolar and low-polarity organic solvents, a clear positive correlation was
observed between the amount of adsorption and the lignin content. This indicated that acetylated lignin was responsible for
the excellent affinities of acetylated wood for hydrophobic organic solvents. On the other hand, for lower alcohols and water,
the amount of adsorption reduced with an increase in the lignin content. It was suggested that the adsorption of such polar
solvents was dominated by insufficiently acetylated hydrophilic polysaccharides. 相似文献
14.
Régis Mendonça André Ferraz Othar Kordsachia Gerald Koch 《Wood Science and Technology》2004,38(7):567-575
Scanning UV-microspectrophotometry was used to investigate the topochemistry of lignin removal from pine wood (Pinus taeda and P. elliottii) chips during biopulping involving wood treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Pilát) Gilbn. & Ryv. followed by alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone delignification. A delignification front starting from the lumen towards the compound middle lamella was clearly observed in micrographs recorded from individual cell wall layers of wood samples biotreated for 30 days. Lignin was removed without cell wall erosion. UV-micrographs of wood samples cooked for a short time (90 min pulping) showed that the S2 of biotreated samples are more homogeneously delignified compared to the S2 of the undecayed controls. Similarly, the compound middle lamella and cell corners are also more delignified in biotreated samples. On the other hand, UV-micrographs of samples cooked for a long time (150 min pulping at 170°C) showed that there are no significant differences in the contents of residual lignin retained in the S2 of undecayed and biotreated wood samples. 相似文献
15.
Iis Yuningsih Istie Sekartining Rahayu Dumasari Lumongga 《Wood material science & engineering》2020,15(4):229-236
ABSTRACT The quality of finished wood products depends on the quality of its coating layer. An important indicator for evaluating the quality is Adherence of the paint on the wood surface. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of wood surface roughness and the viscosity of acrylic paints (pure acrylic and acrylic copolymer) to the wettability and Adherence for long and short rotation teaks. Wood surface with various degrees of roughness was prepared by sanding with abrasive papers of P120, P240, and P360 grits. Different viscosity of the acrylic paints was prepared composition between paint and water (w/w) of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. The wettability of the acrylic paints on teak wood surfaces was measured using a sessile drop contact angle method with the S/G model. Adherence of the coating layer was measured using a crosscut test. The results showed that the increase in the roughness (Ra) and the decrease in the viscosity of the paints resulted in the increase in the wettability which leads to better Adherence of acrylic paints on the surface of teak woods. The pure acrylic paint generated better wettability and Adherence compared to the acrylic copolymer. 相似文献
16.
Pseudo-lignin induced by high-severity dilute acid treatment of lignocellulose has been widely studied because of its detrimental effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. However, cooling-induced pseudo-lignin (CIPL) formed during the cooling process after treatment has always been ignored and never been characterized systematically. To investigate the formation and chemistry of CIPL, liquid hot water treatments of poplar wood were conducted. Samples of treated wood and hydrolysate were taken out from digester at various temperatures during the cooling process for characterization. SEM images evidenced a progressive deposition of CIPL on the surface of the treated wood during cooling process with a yield of 19.6 mg/g treated wood. However, the treated wood which was collected isothermally at reaction temperature showed no pseudo-lignin. Variation of organic compounds in hydrolysate from lignocellulose degradation during cooling process revealed that depolymerized lignin and furfural accounted for 80.4 and 10.6 % of CIPL, respectively, while soluble saccharides from carbohydrate hydrolysis were independent from CIPL formation. These findings stress the importance of isothermal separation of treated wood and hydrolysate. Otherwise, CIPL should hinder enzymatic hydrolysis for biofuels production or delignification for cellulosic fiber production. 相似文献
17.
本文讨论了木质纤维自身胶合的问题，湿法纤维板是实现自身胶粘的典型例子，提出利用木质纤维原料生成实现自身胶合，以及木质纤维原料表面活化是实现良好先决条件，对木质纤维原料自身胶粘的研究寄予厚望。 相似文献
18.
Zhenfu Jin Youming Yu Shunliu Shao Jiewang Ye Lin Lin Kenji Iiyama 《Journal of Wood Science》2010,56(6):470-476
Cunninghamia lanceolata wood meal samples with different lignin contents after delignification with an acidic NaClO2 system were carboxymethylated, and the degree of substitution (DS) and the distribution of the carboxymethyl (CM) groups
were investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Cellulose samples prepared from bleached kraft softwood pulp, food-grade konjac mannan, and commercial
oat xylan (containing 10% arabinosyl and 15% glucosyl residues) were also investigated. The chemical shift of methylene protons
in 1H NMR spectra of CM groups of carboxymethyl konjac mannan and commercial oat xylan appeared in the same region as those of
carboxymethylcellulose. The DS of carboxymethyl lignocellulose (CMLC) increased slightly from 1.36 to 1.48 with decreasing
lignin content, but the water solubility of CMLC clearly increased with decreasing lignin content. It was suggested that the
covalent linkages between lignin and cell-wall polysaccharides play the role of cross-linker in CMLC. Water absorbents were
synthesized by graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid onto CMLC samples with different lignin contents. The highest level
of water absorbency was obtained from CMLC containing 14% of lignin, suggesting the importance of lignin as the cross-linker. 相似文献
19.
S. Lekounougou M. Pétrissans J. P. Jacquot E. Gelhaye P. Gérardin 《Wood Science and Technology》2009,43(3-4):331-341
Effect of heat treatment on extracellular enzymes involved in wood degradation by Trametes versicolor was investigated. Heat-treated and untreated beech blocks were exposed to T. versicolor on malt-agar medium and extracellular enzymatic activities investigated. A strong ABTS oxidizing activity has been detected during the first stage of colonization in both cases, while cellulase activities are mainly detected in the case of untreated beech wood. Further investigations carried out on holocellulose, isolated using sodium chlorite delignification procedure and subjected to heat treatment or not, indicate that commercially available cellulases and xylanases are able to hydrolyse untreated holocellulose, while heat-treated holocellulose was not affected. All these data suggest that chemical modifications of wood components during heat treatment disturb enzymatic system involved in wood degradation. 相似文献
20.
Bruna Ugulino 《Wood material science & engineering》2018,13(2):64-72
Sanding is the most common machining process used to prepare wood surfaces prior to coating. Hence, to improve surface quality and coating performance during this process, an optimal set of machining parameters should be established according to wood species and its final use. The effects of grit size and feed speed on surface properties and coating performance of red oak wood were studied. Surface quality was assessed by surface roughness, scanning electron micrographs, and wetting analyses. Coating performance was evaluated using pull-off adhesion tests on coated surfaces before and after an accelerated weathering. The results showed that smoother surfaces are obtained as the grit size number of the abrasive increased. On the other hand, minor differences were observed on cell damages and surface roughness as feed speed changed. Also, there was little difference among treatments concerning wetting behavior and surface energy. Pull-off strength was more affected by changes in grit size than feed speed. A P100-grit size program with a feed speed of 7 m/min resulted in a suitable roughness which provided good adhesion and high pull-off strength after aging test. 相似文献