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1.
R. Sánchez-Pérez P. Martínez-Gómez F. Dicenta J. Egea D. Ruiz 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(4):763-770
In this study, 17 peach simple sequence repeat (SSR) sequences were used in the exploration of the genetic heterozygosity
level of several apricot cultivars from Spain, France, Greece, and the USA, and 23 descendants. The genotypes can be classified
in three groups as a function of their genetic heterozygosity (1) local cultivars from Murcia (Spain) (‘Gitanos’ and ‘Pepito
del Rubio’) and several descendants from crosses among these cultivars, with very low genetic heterozygosities (less than
0.30); (2) cultivars from France and Spain (‘Moniquí’, ‘Currot’ and ‘Bergeron’) and several descendants, with intermediate
levels of genetic heterozygosity (around 0.45); and (3) cultivars ‘Orange Red’ and ‘Goldrich’ from North America and ‘Lito’
from Greece, with the remaining descendants, having genetic heterozygosities higher than 0.50. The results showed the high
increase of genetic heterozygosity in the case of descendants from complementary crosses. The use of cultivars from North
America could increase greatly the genetic heterozygosity in the Spanish apricot breeding programs, enlarging the genetic
variability of the local cultivars. On the other hand, in the case of transgressive crosses among local Spanish cultivars,
the increase of genetic heterozygosity was much lower. 相似文献
2.
Ali M. Missaoui Andrew H. Paterson Joseph H. Bouton 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(6):1291-1302
Information regarding the amount of genetic diversity is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of breeding programs and germplasm conservation efforts. Genetic variation between 21 switchgrass genotypes randomly selected from two lowland (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) and one upland (‘Summer’) synthetic cultivars were estimated using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Comparison of 85 RFLP loci revealed 92% polymorphism between at least two genotypes from the upland and lowland ecotypes. Within ecotypes, the upland genotypes showed higher polymorphism than lowland genotypes (64% vs. 56%). ‘Kanlow’ had a lower percent of polymorphic loci than ‘Alamo’ (52% vs. 60%). Jaccard distances revealed higher genetic diversity between upland and lowland ecotypes than between genotypes within each ecotype. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, one representing the upland group and the other the lowland group. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast non-coding region trnL (UAA) intron sequences from 34 switchgrass accessions (6 upland cultivars, 2 lowland cultivars, and 26 accessions of unknown affiliation) produced a neighbor-joining dendrogram comprised of two major clusters with 99% bootstrap support. All accessions grouped in the same cluster with the lowland cultivars (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) had a deletion of 49 nucleotides. Phenotypic identification of greenhouse-grown plants showed that all accessions with the deletion are of the lowland type. The deletion in trnL (UAA) sequences appears to be specific to lowland accessions and should be useful as a DNA marker for the classification of upland and lowland germplasm. 相似文献
3.
Łukasz Stępień Volker Mohler Jan Bocianowski Grzegorz Koczyk 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(7):1499-1506
Fifty-three wheat cultivars have been genotyped using 24 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers in order to evaluate genetic
similarities among Polish wheats, i.e. 53 spring and winter cultivars; ‘Chinese Spring’ was taken as reference. ll but one
SSR marker allowed to identify DNA polymorphisms, giving in total 166 alleles (including nulls), from 3 to 13 alleles per
marker with mean of 7.22. Based on marker data, genetic similarities were calculated and a dendrogram was created. ‘Spring’
cultivars were less diverse than winter ones, showing the biggest similarity to ‘Chinese Spring’. Four sister cultivars (Nutka,
Tonacja, Zyta and Sukces), formed a cluster of very similar materials, of which Zyta and Sukces had the highest similarity
indices. Parental lines Jubilatka and SMH 2182 were more distant from each other (genetic similarity of 0.227). It was possible
to differentiate all the wheats using only four SSR markers: Xgwm186, Xgwm389, Xgwm459 and Xgwm577. 相似文献
4.
R. Moreno J. A. Espejo A. Cabrera T. Millán J. Gil 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(4):729-736
A study has been conducted into the genetic variation analysis of the tetraploid asparagus landrace ‘Morado de Huetor’ and
its relationship with current commercial cultivars using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers. The presence
of different ploidic levels in the ‘Morado de Huetor’ landrace has been also studied using cytogenetic analysis. Ten decamer
oligonucleotides were used to obtain RAPD markers and to characterise 52 individuals of ‘Morado de Huetor’, 7 of the tetraploid
cultivar ‘Purple Passion’, and 55 of 5 diploid hybrid commercial cultivars. Jaccard similarity index was calculated and a
cluster analysis using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Average) was performed. Tetraploid asparagus,
‘Morado de Huetor’ and ‘Purple Passion’, were well differentiated from the diploid ones showing a higher genetic variability.
This result suggests a different origin for tetraploid and diploid asparagus varieties. Within the diploid cultivars a variety
distribution was obtained. A specific monomorphic band (OPB20883) was found in tetraploid varieties. Within the diploid cultivars, two bands (OPB20830, OPC15705) can be used to distinguish between the hybrid cultivars used in this study. Tri-, penta-, hexa-, and octoploid plants were
found in ‘Morado de Huetor’. The origin of these ploidic levels is discussed and their use in the development of new varieties
is proposed. In conclusion, ‘Morado de Huetor’ is a genetic resource that could be used to increase the narrow genetic background
reported in diploid asparagus cultivars. 相似文献
5.
Luigi Milella Danilo Saluzzi Mauro Lapelosa Giuseppe Bertino Piero Spada Ivana Greco Giuseppe Martelli 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(8):1715-1720
Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate genetic variability among populations of an Italian
strawberry ecotype, and to determinate genetic relationships between genotypes and their putative ancestor. A total of 65
selections and one cultivar ‘Madame Moutot’ (MM), were analysed to evaluate genetic variability present in Etna mountain area
and to confirm as MM was one of the cultivars that originated the ecotype. A total of 222 RAPD markers was obtained using
16 decamer primers and 6 longer primers, 90.8% of the markers obtained by selected primers resulted polymorphic at least within
analysed genotypes. RAPDs were used to calculate genetic similarity coefficients and to generate dendrograms representing
genetic relationships among genotypes analysed. Cluster analysis displays as RAPD polymorphisms were able to characterize
the genotype variability among closely related groups. The data show as MM could be considered the ancestral genotypes introduced
in that area. The results obtained confirm that RAPD markers could be used as reliable markers to perform phylogenetic studies
in Fragaria×ananassa Duch. ex Rozier.
Giuseppe Bertino and Piero Spada - Coauthor involved in genotype selection and field management 相似文献
6.
To evaluate the genetic diversity and to clarify the genetic relationships of Japanese peach cultivars, we analyzed the amplified
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and traced the pedigree of 17 Japanese commercial peach cultivars and six traditional
accessions. Sixteen AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 837 fragments and 146 polymorphic bands with a polymorphism
percentage of 17.5%. All of the peach accessions could be identified from differences in at least 10 polymorphic bands. A
cluster analysis showed that all the Japanese commercial peach cultivars, except ‘Kiyomi’ and ‘Jichigetsuto’, formed a major
group consisting of three sub-groups. Of the six traditional accessions, four were genetically distant from the Japanese commercial
peach cultivars while two accessions from China were classified into the Japanese commercial peach cultivars group. Both the
AFLP analysis and pedigree tracing suggested that Japanese commercial peach cultivars are mainly derived from ‘Shanhai Suimitsuto’,
one of the traditional accessions from China. Although the genetic relationships revealed by AFLP were generally in agreement
with those shown by the pedigree information, some contradictions were found. Combining the AFLP results and pedigree information
can provide a better understanding of the genetic relationships of Japanese peach cultivars. 相似文献
7.
Genetic diversity in 24 advanced breeding lines of cotton was studied by using six amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP) primer-pairs and 14 morphological characters. The six selected AFLP primer-pairs generated a total of 535 amplification
products, of which 460 were found to be polymorphic resulting in 85.9% polymorphism. The observed genetic distances using
AFLP markers ranged from 30% to 87% with an average of 34%. A wide range of variability was observed for all the morphological
traits studied. The range in taxonomic distance was from 0.60 to 2.77. Most of the lines could be clustered in two major clusters
in both the analyses. But the correlation coefficient between the pair-wise distances estimated from AFLPs and the average
taxonomic distances estimated from morphological characters was found to be 0.04. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed inconsistencies
in the clustering patterns, as the co-phenetic correlation coefficient between the dendrograms for morphological and AFLP
data indicated a poor fit for the two data types. From combined information, genotypes ‘RST-12’, ‘H 1226’, ‘P 348’, ‘KDCAKD’,
‘CISV 24’ and ‘H1222’ were found to be distinct from rest of the material. 相似文献
8.
B. Khadari L. Krichen P. Lambert M. Marrakchi J. M. Audergon 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(4):811-819
In order to give insights into the origin and historical selection process of Tunisian apricot propagated by grafting, 31
cultivars from three areas presenting contrasting ecological conditions – Kairouan, Testour and Ras Jbel were compared to
cultivars from Europe, North America, North Africa, Turkey, Iran and China, using 234 AFLP markers. The phenetic analysis
allowed to distinguish 5 clusters, the four previously defined groups: – ‘diversification’, ‘geographically adaptable’, ‘continental
European’ and ‘Mediterranean’ – groups and the Tunisian one. The partitioning of genetic diversity within and between cultivar
groups assessed according to the Bayesian approach and assuming Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, showed a loss of 21.81–38.49%
of genetic diversity in Tunisian apricot compared to Mediterranean and diversification groups, respectively. Genetic variation
occurred within Tunisian subgroups rather than among (FST = 0.060) evidencing a narrow genetic pool. Mediterranean and Tunisian groups were the least differentiated. Comparing them,
24 AFLP fragments discriminated the Mediterranean group from the Tunisian group but most of them where also shared by the
other groups. Strongly differentiated gene pool and low genetic diversity are probably the result of bottleneck effects linked
to the occurrence of propagation by seedlings rather than by grafting during the introduction periods in the North and the
Centre of Tunisia. This study points at the propagation by seedlings as an important factor which should be taken into account
to understand the evolution of apricot in South Mediterranean areas. 相似文献
9.
Asako Kobayashi Kaworu Ebana Shuichi Fukuoka Tsukasa Nagamine 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(3):499-506
Landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are valuable sources of genetic variation that have been lost in advanced cultivars. Seeds of a rice landrace stored
for almost 100 years were found on Sado Island in Niigata prefecture, Japan. This report aims to present basic data on the
genetic variation of this landrace, which was known as ‘Echizen’. Five samples of ‘Echizen’, consisting of two old samples,
one sample maintained on farm, and two lines regenerated from old seeds were compared with other advanced cultivars and landraces
using 19 microsatellite markers. Among the five samples of Echizen, the two stored samples showed greater diversity than the
other samples. Cluster analysis based on the UPGMA method also showed that old Echizen was a diverse landrace that could cover
the genetic diversity of most Japanese rice cultivars. 相似文献
10.
Ten cpSCAR markers that show polymorphism in Prunus avium were used to fingerprint sweet cherry cultivars. The purpose of the study was also to contribute to identification and to
help determine their genetic interrelationships. Samples of ‘0900 Ziraat’, a superior Turkish variety, which were collected
in several locations all over Turkey, had identical cpSCAR patterns, and they resembled a common European haplotype, A. ‘Sweetheart’,
‘Summit’ and ‘Canada Giant’ and their haplotype are intermediate between the previously described haplotypes A and B, which
were originally found in Central and Eastern European sweet and wild cherries, and those from Northern Turkey, respectively.
The data therefore suggests a local maternal descent (within Europe and Asia Minor) of the cultivars analysed. Our results
show that chloroplast DNA analysis is a straightforward way to classify cherry cultivars. We compare our results to others
previously reported for sweet cherry cultivars, and conclude that cpSCAR diversity data could be considered for phylogenetic
studies in this group. 相似文献
11.
12.
C. A. Offord 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(6):1263-1272
Waratahs (Telopea spp.) are cultivated for their blooms for the international cut flower market. A morphometric study was conducted on a range of cultivated waratah varieties to determine the variability of selected characters of horticultural importance and which parents might be of value in future breeding programs. Univariate analysis of characters of 13 cultivars revealed the greatest range of variation in number of flowers, bract dimensions, flower colour and leaf margin type. Differences were observed between number of flowers per inflorescence in the T. speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br. group of accessions and the other species cultivars; interspecific cultivars with T. mongaensis, Cheel and T. oreades F. Muell. were intermediate, with a similar pattern observed in bract length and width. Multivariate analysis (canonical variate analysis – CVA) discriminated between waratah cultivars on the basis of flower colour (first axis), then flower number, bract length, leaf width and leaf margin type (axis 2). The third axis also separated leaf width, the fourth leaf length and width, and the fifth leaf apex shape, CVA was also used to explore the genetic contribution of three parent T. speciosissima cultivars to hybrid populations. Hybrids with ‘Sunflare’, ‘Sunburst’ or ‘Wirrimbirra White’ as one parent were very dispersed indicating the range of inheritance of the observed phenotypic characters, leading to the possibility of selecting individuals with the required degree of character inheritance. It was demonstrated that the Telopea speciosissima type, which forms the basis of the waratah cut flower industry, may be improved by hybridising with other Telopea species. The application of the results to the development of waratah breeding programs is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Jinggui Fang Chih-Cheng T. Chao Philip A. Roberts Jeffrey D. Ehlers 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(6):1197-1209
Cowpea is an important grain legume and hay crop of many tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the dry savanna region
of West Africa. The cowpea gene pool may be narrow because of a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Genetic variation
within specific breeding programs may be further restricted due to breeding methods, ‘founder effects’ and limited exchange
of germplasm between breeding programs. Genetic relationships among 60 advanced breeding lines from six breeding programs
in West Africa and USA, and 27 landrace accessions from Africa, Asia, and South America were examined using amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with six near infrared fluorescence labeled EcoRI + 3/1bases/MseI + 3/1bases primer sets. A total of 382 bands were scored among the accessions with 207 polymorphic bands (54.2%). Despite
a diverse origin, the 87 cowpea accessions shared a minimum 86% genetic similarity. Principal coordinates analysis showed
clustering of breeding lines by program origin, indicating lack of genetic diversity compared to potential diversity. Accessions
from Asia and the Americas overlapped and were distinct from West African breeding lines, indicating that germplasm from Asia
and the Americas have common origins outside West Africa. US and Asian breeding programs could increase genetic variability
in their programs substantially by incorporating germplasm from West Africa, while national programs in West Africa should
consider introgression of Asian germplasm and germplasm from other parts of Africa into their programs to ensure long-term
gains from selection. 相似文献
14.
Eight genomic SSR markers with a M13 tail attached were used to assess the genetic diversity of 72 Ussurian Pear accessions
(Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) in China. The M13-tailed method was effective in discriminating all the 32 wild accessions. All the 40 Ussurian Pear
cultivars could be successfully discriminated with the exception of 4 sets of synonymies or spots. A total of 108 alleles
were obtained with an average of 13.5 per locus. The expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and power of discrimination
were 0.78, 0.63, and 0.86 respectively. Three triploid cultivars (‘Anli’, ‘Ruan’er’, and ‘Pitaiguo’), and one wild accession,
P. ussuriensis ‘Xilin-3’, showed three alleles at some SSRs. The number of alleles and observed heterozygosity per locus for 40 Ussurian
Pear cultivars were 9.1 and 0.62, respectively, lower than the values of 32 wild accessions which were 11.3 and 0.65, respectively.
A dendrogram based on the SSR genotypes was obtained, showing two major groups corresponding to cultivated group and wild
group. All the cultivars fell into the cultivated group. Some subgroups (Nanguoli subgroup, Zhibazi subgroup, Xiangshuili
subgroup, Balixiang subgroup, Anli subgroup) could be found in the cultivated group. A very close relationship between ‘Huagaili’
and ‘Miansuan’, and a close relationship between ‘Anli’ and a wild accession, P. ussuriensis ‘Huangshanli’ could be found in Anli subgroup. ‘Nanguoli’ and ‘Xiaowuxiang’ showed a close relationship with at least one
identical allele at each locus with the exception of NH015a. 相似文献
15.
Toan Duc Pham Tri Minh Bui Gun Werlemark Tuyen Cach Bui Arnulf Merker Anders S. Carlsson 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(5):679-690
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a traditional oil crop cultivated throughout South East Asia. To estimate the genetic diversity of this crop in parts
at the region, 22 sesame accessions collected in Vietnam and Cambodia were analyzed using 10 RAPD markers. The 10 primers
generated 107 amplification products of which 88 were polymorphic fragments (83%). Genetic diversity of all populations was
Ht = 0.34 when estimated by Nei’s genetic diversity and species diversity was H′sp = 0.513 when estimated by Shannon diversity index. Genetic distance ranged from 0.03 to 0.43, with a mean genetic distance
of 0.23. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis for the 22 accessions divided
the material in four groups. The dendrogram revealed a clear division among the sesame accessions based on their geographical
region. Interestingly, some geographically distant accessions clustered in the same group, which might indicate the human
factor involved in the spreading of sesame varieties. The high level of polymorphism shown suggests that RAPD techniques can
also be useful for the selection of parents in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) breeding program and for cultivar differentiation. 相似文献
16.
Hoy-Taek Kim Yutaka Hirata Hyun-Jung Kim Ill-Sup Nou 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(7):1375-1383
A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification method using newly designed S-RNase primers was carried out in five Korean-bred
pear cultivars and ten Japanese-bred pear cultivars. A new S-RNase allele, designated as S10, was discovered from ‘Chengsilri’, containing a 1513 bp and two exons (213 bp in total) that coded for a peptide of 71 amino
acids. The S10-RNase allele contained the three conserved cysteine residues peculiar to S-RNase in Japanese pear and one histidine residue
essential for RNase activity. We compared nucleotide sequence similarity of the exon regions of ten pear S-RNase alleles.
The nucleotide sequence of S1 showed a high similarity to S4 (97.4%) and the new S10 shows 77.8% (S5) to 84.4% (S4) similarity with the other pear S-RNase alleles. S10 had a unique restriction endonuclease site for ‘HhaI’, with digests yielding fragments of 1235 and 491 bp. The S-genotype of pear cultivar (‘Chengsilri’) was determined to be
S5S10 by PCR–RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). Cluster analysis of 49 known S-RNase alleles of the Rosaceae separated
into two divergent groups are as follows: group I: pear and apple, group II: almond, sweet cherry and mume. 相似文献
17.
Portuguese wheat landraces, ‘Arrancada’ were collected from the Aveiro region, Portugal before the 1950s. We found in eight
accessions of `Arrancada' hexaploid wheat with the long glume phenotype. We assessed the comparative genetic diversity among
Portuguese `Arrancada' wheat and Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. using AFLP assays and discuss the origin of long glumed `Arrancada' wheat. With the four primer pairs
a total of 4885 visible bands were scored corresponding to 99 AFLP markers as putative loci, of which 55 markers (54%) were
polymorphic. UPGMA clustering and PCO grouping showed that long glumed ‘Arrancada’ wheat and T. petropavlovskyi were genetically diverse. Long glumed ‘Arrancada’ hexaploid wheat separated into two clusters (groups) in both the UPGMA
dendrogram and in PCO analysis. Four long glumed accessions fell in the cluster of tetraploid wheat. A similar argument could
be made for another four accessions which belong to the cluster of hexaploid wheat. The substantial level of genetic variation
indicated that long glumed ‘Arrancada’ wheat and T. petropavlovskyi originated independently. It is most likely that the P-gene of long glumed ‘Arrancada’ hexaploid wheat was introduced from T. turgidum ssp. polonicum (L.) Thell. to T. aestivum via natural introgression or breeding. We suggest that the long glumed ‘Arrancada’ hexaploid wheat did not originate from
T. aestivum through spontaneous mutation at the P locus 相似文献
18.
Nahla V. Bassil B. Gilmore J. M. Oliphant K. E. Hummer J. A. Henning 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(7):959-969
Eight genic SSR loci were evaluated for genetic diversity assessment and genotype identification in Humulus lupulus L. from Europe and North America. Genetic diversity, as measured by three diversity indices, was significantly lower in European
cultivars than in North American wild accessions. Neighbor Joining cluster analysis separated the hop genotypes into European
and North American groups. These eight SSRs were useful in uniquely identifying each accession with the exception of two sets
of European landraces and a pair of Japanese cultivars, ‘Shinshuwase’ and ‘Kirin II’. An accession from Manitoba grouped with
the European (EU) cluster reflecting the group’s genetic similarity to older Manitoba germplasm used to develop ‘Brewer's
Gold’ and the gene pool arising from this cultivar. Cultivars grouped closely with one of their immediate parents. ‘Perle’
grouped with its parent ‘Northern Brewer and ‘Willamette’ grouped with its parent ‘Fuggle H’. Wild American accessions were
divided into two subgroups: a North Central group containing mostly H. lupulus var. lupuloides and a Southwestern group containing H. lupulus var. neomexicanus accessions. These eight SSRs will be valuable for genotype identification in European and wild American germplasm and may
potentially prove useful for marker-assisted selection in hop. PCR products from four previously reported primer pairs that
amplify the same intronic SSR regions as do the genic SSRs in this study were compared in eight common cultivars. Different
primer pairs generated robust markers at the chs2 and chi loci. However, only the HLC-004B and HLC-006 primer pairs amplified successfully at the chs3 and chs4 loci.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
Margarita Mauro-Herrera Alan W. Meerow Lalith Perera Joanne Russell Raymond J. Schnell 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(2):203-217
A prior analysis of eight coconut cultivars with 15 microsatellite (SSR) markers drew unexpected relationships between two
of the out-crossing tall cultivars evaluated: ‘Atlantic Tall’ and ‘Panama Tall’. We further investigated the relationships
between these eight cultivars by increasing the number of individuals studied (particularly for ‘Atlantic Tall’ and ‘Panama
Tall’), by including 28 more molecular markers, and by adding two other cultivars to our analysis. Our results show that five
to ten coconut individuals do not represent a dependable sample to withdraw conclusions regarding cultivar/variety relationships,
particularly when studying out-crossing genotypes. As suggested in the prior study, a high level of hybridization was observed
between the ‘Atlantic Tall’ and ‘Panama Tall’ cultivars. However, at this time we were able to identify distinct groups for
each one of these two cultivars. The two clustering methods used (Neighbor Joining, NJ and Unweighted Pair Group Method with
Arithmetic mean, UPGMA) produced dendrograms that resolved contrasting cultivar relationships, especially for the ‘Atlantic
Tall’ and ‘Panama Tall’ cultivars. We discuss the implications of our results in regard to current scenarios of coconut domestication
and future considerations when assessing genetic relationships among different varieties. 相似文献
20.
Keizo Yonemori Chitose Honsho Akira Kitajima Malli Aradhya Edgardo Giordani Elvio Bellini Dan E. Parfitt 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):81-89
Sixty one persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) selections, including 17 Italian, 11 Spanish, 13 Japanese, six Korean, five Chinese, one Israeli, and eight of unknown
origin, were evaluated for genetic differences by AFLP analysis. Relationships among cultivars were evaluated by UPGMA clustering,
Neighbor Joining, and MultiDimensional Scaling. While similarities among groups were generally less than 0.60, both UPGMA
and Neighbor Joining separated European and Asian cultivars. Spanish and Italian cultivars were not separated by any of the
analyses, suggesting that they share a common gene pool, while Japanese, Chinese and Korean cultivars formed distinct clusters.
Diversity within groups was greater than diversity between groups. Most cultivars were quite polymorphic (only 0.60–0.80 similarity
between cultivars). In addition, the presence of several Japanese cultivars in the European group and a group of European
cultivars nested between Chinese and Korean groups suggest that similar, but different progenitors were used in the development
of the present European cultivars. ‘Kaki Tipo’ selections from different sources were clearly different by AFLP analysis,
indicating that they are separate cultivars. 相似文献