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1.
ABSTRACT:   Experiments were conducted to determine the acute tolerance of juvenile (mean weight ± standard error, 9.9 ± 0.9 g) black sea bass Centropristis striata to environmental un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N) exposure at various salinities. Specifically, median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of NH3-N and NO2-N at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure were determined at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 g/L at 22°C. With the exception of LC50 values determined at 48 h, median lethal concentrations of NH3-N to black sea bass were not influenced by environmental salinity; 24, 48, and 96 h LC50 values ranged from 0.81 to 0.85, 0.65–0.77, and 0.46–0.54 mg-NH3-N/L, respectively. In contrast, tolerance of black sea bass to environmental NO2-N was compromised at reduced salinities. Median lethal concentrations of NO2-N to fish at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 288.3 to 429.0, 258.4 to 358.8 and 190.0 to 241.9 mg-NO2-N/L, respectively. Results indicate that while juvenile black sea bass are relatively sensitive to acute NH3-N exposure, they are highly resistant to NO2-N exposure.  相似文献   

2.
The uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose-dependent and rapid manner (steady-state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96-h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite-N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low-salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical.  相似文献   

3.
Tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL6) were exposed to a mixture of ammonia and nitrite by the static renewal method. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia-nitrite mixture was 1:1, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.20, 1.43 and 0.84 toxicity units which were equivalent to 12.66 mg/L ammonia-N (0.60 mg/L NH3-N) plus 14.91 mg/L nitrite-N, 8.23 mg/L ammonia-N (0.39 mg/L NH3-N) plus 9.69 mg/L nitrite-N, and 4.83 mg/L ammonia-N (0.23 mg/ L NH3-N) plus 5.69 mg/L nitrite-N. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia-nitrite mixture was 51, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.50, 1.56 and 0.85 toxicity units which were equivalent to 23.98 mg/L ammonia-N (1.13 mg/L NH3-N) plus 5.65 mg/L nitrite-N; 14.96 mg/L ammonia-N (0.71 mg/L NH3-N) plus 3.52 mg/L nitrite-N, and 8.15 mg/L ammonia-N (0.39 mg/ L NH, N) plus 1.92 mg/L nitrite-N. A mixture of ammonia and nitrite exerted greater toxicity than high concentrations of either ammonia or nitrite alone. The combined effect of ammonia and nitrite on P. monodon postlarvae was antagonistic for 48 and 72 hours exposure, but synergistic after 96 hours exposure.  相似文献   

4.
Penaeus setiferus postlarvae were exposed to acute levels of ammonia, nitrite, and to a mixture of both by a short-term static method, The 24h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for un-ionized ammonia were 1.49, 1.21 and 1.12 mg/L NH3-N (un-ionized ammonia as nitrogen), and 11.55, 9.38 and 8.69 mg/L ammonia-N (un-ionized plus ionized ammonia as nitrogen). The 24-h, 48-h and 72-h LC50 values for nitrite were 268.06, 248.84 and 167.33 mg/L nitrite-N (nitrite as nitrogen). Nitrite was much less toxic than ammonia. The joint effect of ammonia and nitrite on the postlarvae was synergistic at 48-h exposure and antagonistic after 72 h. Postlarvae of P. setiferus may be considered as organisms sensitive to ammonia and nitrite.  相似文献   

5.
This study evaluated the effects of isonitrogenous feeding (60 g dietary protein per kilogram of body weight per day) using experimental feeds with 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% protein on the nitrogen budget, ammonia efflux rate, growth and survival of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei raised in a low-salinity (4 g L−1) zero-water exchange culture system for 4 weeks. No significant differences in weight gain or instantaneous growth rate were observed between the dietary treatments with 35% and 40% protein after 3 weeks of study, or between treatments with 25% and 30% protein after 4 weeks of study. High mortality rates were observed for the 35% and 40% protein treatments, probably associated with high nitrite levels (4.80 and 7.36 mg NO2-NL−1 respectively) in water. Among the various dietary treatments, 39–46.3% of feed nitrogen was converted to shrimp biomass, 32.8–38.0% and 14.4–39.9% remained within the system as organic and inorganic nitrogen, respectively, and 32.5–39.3% was unaccounted for. The results of the present study showed high nitrogen utilization efficiencies. However, as the nitrogen loading of the zero-water exchange system increased, so did the nitrogen excretion of shrimp, causing a deteriorated general condition of the shrimp, demonstrated by the low ammonia efflux rates recorded at the end of the trial. This study confirms that low-salinity closed systems are particularly susceptible to nitrogen loading. Thus, in these culture systems, low-protein feeds may perform better as they provide more carbon for heterotrophic bacteria and less nitrogen to be degraded and transformed into nitrogenous wastes.  相似文献   

6.
Tolerance of snakehead Channa striatus to ammonia was tested at three pH levels (8.0, 9.0. and 10.0) in experimental tanks. At pH 8.0, ammonia LC50 estimates for snakehead at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were >205.7, >203.5, 152.6, and 107.3 mg total ammonianitrogen (TAN)/L (or >10.3, >10.2, 7.6, and 5.4 mg NH3-N/L), respectively. At pH 9.0, ammonia LC50 estimates at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were >52.4, 62.8, 56.1, 43.4 mg TAN/L (or >18.0, 21.6, 19.3, and 14.9 mg NH3-N/L), respectively. At pH 10.0, ammonia LC50 estimates at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 25.7, 21.6, 20.3, and 18.7 mg TAN/L (or 21.6, 18.1, 17.1, and 15.7 mg NH3-N/L). respectively. Our data indicate that the tolerance of snakehead to ammonia was associated with pH. Thus, we recommend that snakehead should not be subjected to prolonged exposures of NH3-N concentration more than 0.54 ma at pH 8.0, more than 1.49 mg/L at pH 9.0, or more than 1.57 mg/L at pH 10.0.  相似文献   

7.
Pcnaeus monodon juveniles (35.4 ± 2.2 mm TL) were exposed to seawater (20 ppt) having different concentrations of total ammonia (NH3+ NH,+) and nitrite. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined with static-renewal tests. The LC50, of total ammonia-N, NH3-N and niMte-N on shrimps decreased with increase of exposure time. The 24, 48, 72, % and 120 h LC50 were 94.96, 61.09, 47.47 45.58 and 38.00 mg/L total ammonia-N (2.68, 1.73, 135, 1.29 and 1.08 mg/L NH3-N) and 215.85, 185.33, 88.54, 54.76 and 37.97 mg/L nitrite-N, respectively. The 144h LC50 of total ammonia-N and NH3-N was 36.71 mg/L and 1.04 mgL. The "threshold" of ammonia and nitrite was found at 144h and 120h respectively, from the toxicity curve approaching asymptote. A "safe value" was 3.7 mg/L total ammonia-N, 0.1 mg/L NH3-N (20 ppt, pH 7.70, 27C) and 3.8 mg/L nitrite-N for P. monodon juvenile .  相似文献   

8.
张萍  乔振国 《海洋渔业》2002,24(2):68-69
采用静水试验法，用PVP-碘对南美白对虾无节幼体进行了急性毒性试验。试验结果表明：PVP-碘对南美白对虾无节幼体的24h及40h半致死浓度分别为8.737mg/L及6.512mg/L，其安全浓度为0.65mg/L。  相似文献   

9.
通过测定菲、芘、壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性,探讨了这三种难降解有机物对黑褐新糠虾的24h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50 ).结果表明菲对黑褐新糠虾24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的半致死浓度分别为530 μg/L、310 μg/L、166 μg/L和126 μg/L;壬基酚对黑褐新糠虾24 ...  相似文献   

10.
Closed recirculation systems (CRS) present an alternative for providing organisms to the aquaculture. A CRS with zero water exchange was used in the present study; the CRS consisted of a culture and maturation facility, biofilter system and reservoirs tanks. During two consecutive trials, the CRS efficiency was evaluated by assessing the growth, survival and maturation of juveniles into adults Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Throughout the study, water quality parameters (temperature, pH, salinity, NH3, NO2 and NO3) and ion concentration were monitored. Most parameters showed fluctuations without significant differences. However, a decrease in pH was observed during the maturation phase, and an increase in phosphorus was detected, in both the trials, compared with that in initial seawater. Growth and survival for juvenile and pre-adult shrimps presented similar variations without significant differences. Female gonadal maturation and spawning rate were not significantly different between trials. Unfortunately, shrimp eggs underwent lysis 6 h after spawning. These results show that the growth, survival and maturation obtained under CRS conditions are reproducible, and suggest the possibility of using these systems for biosecure shrimp culture, protected against eventual diseases outbreaks. The results of this study also suggest the importance of future studies addressing ion concentration changes in a CRS with zero water exchange.  相似文献   

11.
采用毒理学方法,在水温28.0~29.0℃下于0.5 m^3的圆形玻璃钢桶中,用氯化镉和氯化汞配成不同质量浓度的Cd^2+和Hg^2+试验溶液,研究Cd^2+和Hg^2+对体质量49.10~52.10 g波纹龙虾的毒性,用直线内插法求得Cd^2+和Hg^2+的半致死质量浓度及安全质量浓度。试验结果显示,Cd^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是2.5169、1.3378、1.0445、0.9500 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0095 mg/L;Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是0.0560、0.0333、0.0246、0.0227 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.000227 mg/L。Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的毒性作用强于Cd^2+的毒性作用。  相似文献   

12.
溴氰菊酯对日本对虾的急性毒性及积累试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用半静态换水补药的方法,开展溴氰菊酯对日本对虾的急性毒性及积累试验,并且记录下不同溴氰菊酯浓度下日本对虾的中毒症状。通过试验获得溴氰菊酯对日本对虾24h、48h、72h和96h的半致死浓度(LC50)值分别为0.00090mg/L、0.00050mg/L、0.00019mg/L、0.00012mg/L,96h安全质量浓度为0.046μg/L。通过药物积累试验表明在试验期间内,水体中溴氰菊酯浓度与受试生物体内溴氰菊酯的积累量成负相关。  相似文献   

13.
Post-larval and juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were exposed for 72 h at 29 C to four pH levels (8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0) and four concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L NHj-N). Results indicated potentiation between NH3 and high pH. Juveniles were more tolerant of high pH and NH3 than post-larvae.
For post-larvae, estimates of 72 h LC50 for pH were 9.43, 9.21, and 8.71 at 0, 1, and 2 mg/L NH3-N, respectively; 72 h LC50 estimates for NH3-N were 2.18 and 1.45 mg/L at pH levels of 8.5 and 9.0, respectively. For juveniles, estimates of 72 h LC50 for pH were 9.91, 9.56, 9.04, and 8.76 at 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L NH3-N, respectively; 72 h LC50 estimates for NH3-N were 2.02 and 0.54 mg/L at pH 9.0 and 9.5, respectively.
In pond culture of M. rosenbergii , high pH levels can cause mortality at stocking. The 72 h data can be used as an indication of safe stocking levels of pH and ammonia. These data suggest that post-larvae should not be exposed to pH > 9.0 nor to NH3-N > 1 mg/L in the pH range 8.5–9.0 and juveniles should not be exposed to pH > 9.5 nor to NH3-N > 0 mg/L at pH 9.5, > 1 mg/L at pH 9.0, or > 2 mg/L at pH 8.5.  相似文献   

14.
Bioassays were conducted with technical grade and commercial formulation of cypermethrin using freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus as the test fish. The technical grade cypermethrin contained 92% active ingredient (a.i.) and the commercial formulation was an emulsified concentrate (EC) containing 10% a.i. (10% EC). Based on the actual concentration in water (2 h), the commercial formulation was found to be more acutely toxic to O. niloticus (96-h LC50 = 4.85 μg/L) than the technical grade cypermethrin (96-h LC50 = 9.74 μg/L). Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations (1.25, 2.5 μg/L) of commercial cypermethrin for 96 h produced stress on the fish, which was evident from the reduction of hepatic glycogen, reduction in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase in liver and elevation of plasma glucose level and activities of hepatic acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Exposure to these concentrations of cypermethrin for 14–28 days produced anaemia in fish. Long-term exposure (90 days) of the fish to these concentrations reduced the growth and deposition of protein and lipid in the body of fish as compared to control. It is concluded from this study that even minute concentration (1.25 μg/L) of cypermethrin (10% EC) in water can produce stress on fish. Long term exposure to such concentration of cypermethrin may also affect growth of the fish.  相似文献   

15.
为了探讨低盐度(0.6～0.8 g/L)条件下初始体质量为(0.38±0.004)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的亮氨酸需求量,以鱼粉、花生麸和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源配制含粗蛋白400 g/kg的6种等氮饲料,标记为L7～L12组,各组亮氨酸水平分别为15.95、17.95、19.95、21.95、23.95和25.95 g/kg(饲料干物质).每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,进行56 d生长实验.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率随饲料亮氨酸水平的升高而升高,当亮氨酸水平达到23.95 g/kg(L11组)时,增重率达到最高值(1143.11±36.40)％,显著高于L7组(P＜0.05);亮氨酸水平继续提高,增重率变化不显著(P＞0.05).幼虾的蛋白质效率、全虾体蛋白沉积率和血淋巴总蛋白随着饲料亮氨酸水平的升高呈现升高趋势,最高值出现在L11组,并显著高于L7组(P＜0.05).各实验组饵料系数、血淋巴谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和尿素氮含量则呈现降低的趋势,最低值出现在L11组,且显著低于L7组(P＜0.05).以增重率为指标,根据折线模型可知,低盐度条件下凡纳滨对虾幼虾的亮氨酸最适需要量为24.80 g/kg饲料,即61.99 g/kg饲料蛋白.  相似文献   

16.
运用均匀设计法检验盐度和碱度对泥鳅的联合毒性作用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
李洪涛  周文宗  高红莉  张硌 《水产科学》2006,25(11):563-566
采用寇氏法研究盐度、碱度对泥鳅的急性毒性作用,观察泥鳅对不同药剂的毒性反应及症状。试验结果表明,盐度对泥鳅24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为15.1、14.8、14.4、13.9 g/L,其安全质量浓度是4.3 g/L;碱度对泥鳅24、48、72、96 h的半致死质量浓度分别为10.3、9.0、7.9、6.6 g/L,其安全质量浓度是2.1 g/L。利用均匀设计法对盐碱的联合毒性进行了试验设计,对试验数据进行多元线性全回归分析表明:碱度的毒性作用强于盐度,盐碱联合毒性在不同时期均表现为拮抗作用。利用盐碱地和咸水进行养殖泥鳅具有较好的前景。  相似文献   

17.
This study was performed to estimate the nitrite toxicity to southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water (7.5 ppt of salinity). For a LC50 test, 20 fingerlings (5.7 ± 0.4 cm) in each aquarium (15 L) were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg NO2?‐N/L in duplication for 10 d. Median lethal concentration at 96 h (96‐h LC50) was calculated as 81.6 mg NO2?‐N/L. For a verification test, young flounder (164.2 ± 9.1 g) were exposed to a simulated culture condition in recirculating systems (1000 L). Sodium nitrite was not added to control system, whereas it was added to Treatment system 1 (TS 1) and Treatment system 2 (TS 2) to maintain nitrite concentrations of 20 and 30 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively. The plasma nitrite concentrations of the young flounder in TS 1 and TS 2 were 4.5 and 6.6 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively, after 2 wk. At this time, the methemoglobin percentages in TS 1 and TS 2 reached 85.8 and 89.7%, and survival rates were 37.5 and 25.0%, respectively. The results of these tests indicate that southern flounder do not concentrate nitrite in blood from the environment, but they seem to be more sensitive to nitrite compared with other species that do not concentrate nitrite.  相似文献   

18.
初步研究了产自中美洲地区的美洲鳗鲡（Anguilla rostrata）苗种对于温度、pH值、溶解氧、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、光强等生态因子的适宜范围及耐受极限。结果显示：鳗苗适宜水温是20℃～28℃,临界上限和下限分别是38℃及0℃;鳗苗正常活动的溶氧临界值是1.0 mg L-1,半数窒息点为0.7 mg L-1;适宜pH为4～10,耐受的上下限分别为11和3;非离子态氨对鳗苗24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别是4.54、4.08、4.08、2.62 mg L-1,安全浓度为0.26 mg L-1;亚硝酸盐对鳗苗24、48、72、96h的半致死浓度分别是92.05、65.81、45.54、37.06 mg L-1,安全浓度为3.71 mg L-1;引起鳗苗不安的光强阈值是5.88 µE/m2/s。  相似文献   

19.
吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑、溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡的急性毒性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用静水式急性毒性试验法研究了吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑和溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)(体重为0.87±0.19 g)的急性毒性。试验结果表明,在水温28±2℃时,吡喹酮对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为73.85 mg/L、66.71 mg/L、56.57 mg/L、52.72 mg/L,安全浓度为16.34 mg/L;甲苯咪唑对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为142.81mg/L、13.80 mg/L、5.19mg/L、1.74mg/L,安全浓度为0.023 mg/L;溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡的24 h LC50、48 h LC50、72 h LC50、96 h LC50分别为9.56μg/L、9.34μg/L、7.69μg/L、7.67μg/L,安全浓度为2.68μg/L。吡喹酮、甲苯咪唑、溴氰菊酯对花鳗鲡分别属于低毒、中毒、剧毒药物。甲苯咪唑对花鳗鲡的安全浓度0.023 mg/L远低于欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)的常用浓度1～2 mg/L,因此在花鳗鲡养殖中使用甲苯咪唑制剂需十分谨慎。  相似文献   

20.
A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi-intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH4+ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH4+ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO2-+ NO3- concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m2 per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1-ha pond.  相似文献   

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