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1.
Weed and nutrient management in cropping systems of semi-arid areas is a major constraint to cereal yield. Where the use of herbicides is banned or discouraged, the competitive ability of a crop is crucial to reduce weed growth and diffusion. Genotypic differences in the competitive abilities of crops are an important trait to reduce weeds, especially for plant height. However, there is contrasting information about the interactions of other management practices and genotypic traits on wheat yield and competitive ability against weeds and weed growth. The present study investigated yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and weed growth and composition for two wheat cultivars with contrasting competitive abilities against weeds. Wheat was grown under three spatial arrangements (5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm inter-row distance) and three sowing densities, and broadleaf weeds were either removed or not. The sowing rate did not affect the yield of these wheat cultivars or the weed growth. Reduced inter-row distance dramatically reduced weed biomass for both wheat cultivars, and increased wheat yield and nitrogen uptake in the low-competitive, high-yielding, semi-dwarf cv. ‘PR22D89’, when both weed free and with weeds. These results have direct implications for weed and nutrient management in low-input and organic cropping systems. 相似文献
2.
Growing in Central Europe winter instead of spring durum wheat would substantially increase yield potential but is currently hampered by the lack of knowledge of frost tolerance present in elite material. The objectives of our survey were to (i) study the genetic variability and heritability of frost tolerance and its association with other important agronomic and quality traits in durum wheat, (ii) examine the potential to combine frost tolerance with high quality and high grain yield and (iii) investigate the consequences of the heritabilities and associations among traits on the optimum design of a multistage selection programme for winter durum wheat. We investigated 101 elite winter durum wheat lines and four commercial checks in field trials at four locations. Four agronomic as well as nine quality traits were recorded. In addition, frost tolerance was evaluated using a semi‐controlled test resulting in high‐quality phenotypic data. Genotypic variances (σ²G) were significantly larger than zero for all traits, and heritabilities were moderate to high. Several elite durum wheat lines exhibited a frost tolerance comparable to that of two frost‐tolerant Triticum aestivum varieties. Frost tolerance was not negatively associated with other important agronomic and quality traits. The high quality of the phenotypic data for frost tolerance evaluated in a semi‐controlled test suggests that this is a cost‐efficient approach to consider frost tolerance at early stages of a multistage durum wheat breeding programme. 相似文献
3.
不同群落结构麦田杂草的化学防治及药剂敏感性 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
研究除草剂在不同杂草群落结构麦田中的防治效果,探索杂草对不同药剂的敏感性,以期为麦田杂草的化学防控提供支持。通过田间小区试验的方法,测定了不同除草剂在冬小麦阔叶杂草田、禾草田、禾阔混生田的防治效果。结果表明：双氟磺草胺对阔叶杂草的效果最好,禾草发生较多的田块及禾阔混生田以甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆为好;播娘蒿、荠菜等对大部分防治阔叶杂草的药剂依然较为敏感,其中双氟磺草胺敏感性最高,并对恶性杂草猪殃殃有特效;大部分禾本科杂草对甲基二磺隆、啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆敏感,但只有甲基二磺隆对恶性杂草节节麦有良好的防治效果。以阔叶杂草为主的小麦田首选双氟磺草胺,以禾本科杂草及禾阔混生的小麦田宜选择甲基二磺隆。 相似文献
4.
Summary Changes in the weed flora of agro-ecosystems can occur as long-term changes or temporary fluctuations in species composition.
The rate at which weed population shifts occur depends on the selection pressure imposed, genetic variability among weed populations,
plant characteristics and environmental factors. Agronomic practices associated with cropping systems including crop rotation,
tillage, herbicide use, soil amendments, and mechanization of harvesting that impart a range of selection pressures on weed
populations are discussed in this review. Widespread use of herbicides has had the greatest impact on weed selection in recent
years. Evolution of herbicide resistant weeds presents an enormous challenge to farmers. Development of herbicide tolerant
crops has provided another tool for farmers however the selection pressure on weeds and potential impact on weed population
shifts will require judicious use of this technology. Simulation models provide an excellent opportunity to predict future
weed population shifts in response to management practices. Further insight into future management changes on weed selection
must proceed towards an investigation of the processes rather than the outcomes. In particular, this must involve an understanding
of the ecological factors and processes that are likely to determine the weed responses to particular management regimes. 相似文献
5.
T. D. Khanh M. I. Chung T. D. Xuan S. Tawata 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(3):172-184
Crop allelopathy may be useful to minimize serious problems in the present agricultural production such as environmental pollution, unsafe products, human health concerns, depletion of crop diversity, soil sickness and reduction of crop productivity. Several crops including alfalfa, buckwheat, maize, rice, rye, sorghum, sunflower, wheat, etc. are affected either by their own toxicity or phytotoxin exudates when their residues decompose in the soil, that show strong suppression on weed emergences. Allelopathic crops when used as cover crop, mulch, smother crops, green manures, or grown in rotational sequences are helpful in reducing noxious weeds and plant pathogen, improve soil quality and crop yield. Those crop plants, particularly the legumes, incorporated at 1–2 tons ha−1 (alfalfa, buckwheat, rice by-products), which can give weed reduction and increase of rice yield by 70 and 20 %, respectively, are suggested for use as natural herbicides. Allelochemicals from allelopathic crops may aid in the development of biological herbicides and pesticides. Cultivating a system with allelopathic crops plays an important role in the establishment of sustainable agriculture. The introduction of allelopathic traits from accessions with strong allelopathic potential to the target crops will enhance the efficacy of crop allelopathy in future agricultural production. 相似文献
6.
Bernd Horneburg Sabrina Seiffert Jennifer Schmidt Monika M. Messmer Klaus‐Peter Wilbois 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(3):372-378
Weed competition can severely reduce soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yields, particularly in organic systems. An efficient screening and breeding approach is needed to increase breeding progress for weed tolerance. This study sought to (i) establish a system for direct selection of competitive genotypes, (ii) evaluate genotypic differences in weed tolerance among six early‐maturing genotypes and (iii) assess the contribution of selected morphological traits to weed tolerance. A direct selection system providing two different levels of weed competition through all development stages of a soybean crop was developed, using mixtures of selected crop species as sown competitors. Two resulting mixtures induced intermediate (<30%) and strong (>50%) yield reduction, respectively. This selection system can be applied in screening and breeding programmes to facilitate breeding for weed tolerance. No significant difference in weed tolerance was detected between six soybean genotypes of maturity groups 000 to 00. Morphological traits that might influence competitive ability, for example light absorption, leaf area and lateral shoots, were assessed, and their potential for indirect selection for weed tolerance is discussed. 相似文献
7.
不同耕作方式对小麦田杂草发生规律及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了摸清新型耕作模式下四川小麦田杂草发生规律及防除方法,通过以传统翻耕为对照,连续5年定田定点研究了不同耕作方式对小麦田杂草发生规律及产量的影响,结果表明：不同耕作方式下,小麦田杂草种类基本相同。免耕不覆盖处理的杂草数量最多,翻耕次之,免耕覆盖稻草最少。小麦田杂草有2个出苗高峰：小麦播后2~3周有一个大的出苗高峰;播后6~7周有一个小高峰。不同耕作方式下杂草对小麦株高和分蘖无明显影响;免耕覆盖稻草与翻耕处理的小麦产量相当,且均明显高于免耕不覆盖处理。说明免耕覆盖稻草既可以显著降低杂草发生数量和为害,同时又可以明显增加小麦产量,应用前景广阔。 相似文献
8.
为解决河套黄灌区麦田杂草绿色防控问题,在河套黄灌区小麦田杂草严重发生的区域,对小麦与杂草竞争关系观测的基础上,试验测定了采用不同小麦品种、种植密度、有机肥、耕翻次数、地膜覆盖方式等绿色控草措施的效果和小麦产量。结果表明,以藜科杂草、籽粒苋和稗草危害为主的麦田,杂草出土滞后于小麦10天以上。杂草主要分布于行（穴）间,株数分别占66.6%（条播）、97.6%（穴播）,且行（穴）中杂草长势较弱,单株鲜重较行（穴）间降低39.3%~41.9%,小麦生长前期生态抑草作用明显;绿色控草措施中除品种和种植密度对控草效果差异不显著外,其余措施控草效果明显。综合比较得知,黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数、无杂草草籽污染有机肥的株数防效分别为82.3%、71.7%、22.0%、8.6%;黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数、无杂草草籽污染有机肥的鲜重防效分别为98.0%、97.1%、23.9%、9.6%;黑色地膜全覆膜穴播、常规覆膜穴播、增加耕翻次数分别增产69.4%、56.4%、21.1%,可实现有机小麦生产机械化绿色控草以及低成本、高产量、规模化生产的目的。 相似文献
9.
A. R. Khan A. K. Ghorai R. C. Srivastava S. R. Singh 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1997,178(2):73-78
Intensive use of chemical herbicides and pesticides has raised serious concern about their effect on non-target organisms, plants, human bodies and the environment. Hence there is a continuous search for benign, harmless, non-hazardous and eco-friendly technology to control the growth of weeds which compete with crops for water, nutrients, light and space; thus reducing crop yield significantly. An attempt was made to control the weeds through smothering. This controls the weeds by cutting off light from the photosynthetic portion of weed plants by using black polyethylene sheets (LPDE film) which inhibit the top growth. Experiments to control the weeds in a lowland rice field through smothering were conducted in the high rainfall coastal region of eastern India wth eight treatments including smothering and conventional methods like hand/mechanical weeding and herbicides, etc. The treatment of smothering for one week + puddling + transplanting proved to be better than other conventional methods and may replace herbicide and hand/mechanical weeding totally with a better rice yield. 相似文献
10.
除草剂为作物产量提供保障的同时,对作物造成的药害也频繁发生。为此,本文以目前陇东旱塬区主栽玉米品种为试验材料,选用对恶性杂草具有良好防除效果的除草剂,明确了75%二氯吡啶酸SG、90%莠去津WG和56% 2甲4氯钠盐SP 3个单剂及其2个混配配方对玉米主要农艺性状及产量的影响,以期为玉米的安全生产提供依据。结果表明：参试除草剂在药后0~7天及不同生育期对玉米生长均无直观影响。75%二氯吡啶酸SG、90%莠去津WG、75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG对苗期玉米株高稍有影响,但随着玉米自身防御能力的增强,除草剂对之后各生育期的玉米株高无显著抑制作用。不同除草剂对各生育期玉米茎粗无抑制作用,玉米果穗粗、果穗有效长、穗粒数和百粒重无显著差异。各除草剂处理后玉米产量较空白对照增加21.93%~30.22%,较人工除草对照增加-2.91%~3.69%。可见,供试除草剂对玉米安全性高,可应用于玉米田的杂草防除。 相似文献
11.
不同耕作方式对杂草控制及燕麦产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
摘要：试验在内蒙古阴山北麓武川县旱作农田进行,以传统耕作为对照,研究免耕、年年深松、年年浅松、浅旋与隔年深松6种耕作方式对杂草控制以及燕麦产量的影响。结果表明：①农田中单子叶杂草所占比例大,主要有狗尾草、野燕麦等,都为禾本科杂草,占全部杂草的81.7%;其它为双子叶杂草,主要有猪毛菜、藜、黄花蒿等8种,占全部杂草的18.3%。②免耕、年年深松、隔年深松杂草发生频率较大,浅松、浅旋对杂草控制相对较好,免耕杂草密度比浅松、传统高42.4%、22.1%。③不同耕作方式结合除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均以草甘膦最高,分别达到76.3%～82.1%与79.3%～93.2%。④除浅旋外,其余耕作方式的单产均明显高于传统耕作。 相似文献
12.
Lakhpat Singh Rawat R. K. Maikhuri Yateesh M. Bahuguna N. K. Jha P. C. Phondani 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2017,20(1):45-60
Recent developments in weed science and allied aspects have involved several interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control has become a questionable subject, which besides controlling the weeds, the chemical herbicides are harmful in many ways to soil, crops, other plants and the environment as a whole. Taking into consideration ecologically sound weed management, in modern days the reliance on chemical herbicides has decreased and a shift towards naturally occurring biological herbicides has received great attention throughout the world. Sunflower is an annual dicotyledonous plant, herbaceous, erect, and a native of North America. It is thermo and photo-insensitive, hence it can be grown year round in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Only two spp. Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus tuberosum are cultivated for food, the remaining spp., are ornamentals weeds and wild plants. However, H. annuus is allelopathic and inhibits the growth and development of other plants thus reducing their productivity. Sunflower is a major oil-yielding crop in India and its cultivation in northwest India started 25 to 30 years ago in areas located in the plains. In this region, rice-wheat rotation became very popular owing to its high yields; however, these crops are highly infested by weeds, thus farmers use herbicides for their control. Hence, this rotation consumes a maximum quantity of herbicides in this region, which has resulted in several problems viz., environmental pollution, human health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. Thus, serious ecological questions about the reliance on herbicides for weed control in this rotation have been raised. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems is with the use of allelopathic strategies, including the use of weed-smothering crops for weed management and for the sustainability of agriculture. The field, pot culture, and laboratory studies have shown that inclusion of sunflower crops in rotation and intercropping considerably reduced the weed population in the current and succeeding crops. Rhizosphere soil of sunflower drastically smothered the weed germination, population, and biomass. The residual suppression effect of sunflower also persisted in the next crop up to 75 days. Thus, it is conceptualized that the inclusion of such oilseed crops before the rice crop in the rice-wheat rotation may provide satisfactory weed control in the succeeding rice crops and may minimize the use of herbicides. Likewise, the replacement of sorghum by summer sunflower oilseed crops may also help in the control of summer as well as winter weeds. More studies in this direction may provide avenues for satisfactory weed management in agro-ecosystems and may help to minimize the use of herbicides and thereby pave the way to develop sustainable agricultural practices for biodiversity conservation and enhancing biological integrity. 相似文献
13.
Hanne ?sterg?rd Kristian Kristensen Hans O. Pinnschmidt Preben Klarskov Hansen Mogens S. Hovm?ller 《Euphytica》2008,163(3):391-408
For low-input crop production, well-characterised varieties increase the possibilities of managing diseases and weeds. This
analysis aims at developing a framework for analyzing grain yield using external varietal information about disease resistance,
weed competitiveness and yield potential and quantifying the impact of susceptibility grouping and straw length scores (as
a measure for weed competitiveness) for predicting spring barley grain yield under variable biotic stress levels. The study
comprised 52 spring barley varieties and 17 environments, i.e., combinations of location, growing system and year. Individual
varieties and their interactions with environments were analysed by factorial regression of grain yield on external variety
information combined with observed environmental disease loads and weed pressure. The external information was based on the
official Danish VCU testing. The most parsimonious models explained about 50% of the yield variation among varieties including
genotype-environment interactions. Disease resistance characteristics of varieties, weighted with disease loads of powdery
mildew, leaf rust and net blotch, respectively, had a highly significant influence on grain yield. The extend to which increased
susceptibility resulted in increased yield losses in environments with high disease loads of the respective diseases was predicted.
The effect of externally determined straw length scores, weighted with weed pressure, was weaker although significant for
weeds with creeping growth habit. Higher grain yield was thus predicted for taller plants under weed pressure. The results
are discussed in relation to the model framework, impact of the considered traits and use of information from conventional
variety testing in organic cropping systems. 相似文献
14.
Evaluating Predictive Values of Various Physiological Indices for Salinity Stress Tolerance in Wheat 
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下载免费PDF全文 M. Zhu S. Shabala L. Shabala Y. Fan M. X. Zhou 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2016,202(2):115-124
Soil salinity is a worldwide issue that affects agricultural production. The understanding of mechanisms by which plants tolerate salt stress is crucial for breeding varieties for salt tolerance. In this work, a large number of wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum) cultivars were screened using a broad range of physiological indices. A regression analysis was then used to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these traits towards the overall salinity tolerance. In general, most of the bread wheats showed better Na+ exclusion that was associated with higher relative yield. Leaf K+/Na+ ratio and leaf and xylem K+ contents were the major factors determining salinity stress tolerance in wheat. Other important traits included high xylem K+ content, high stomatal conductance and low osmolality. Bread wheat and durum wheat showed different tolerance mechanisms, with leaf K+/Na+ content in durum wheat making no significant contributions to salt tolerance, while the important traits were leaf and xylem K+ contents. These results indicate that Na+ sequestration ability is much stronger in durum compared with bread wheat, most likely as a compensation for its lesser efficiency to exclude Na+ from transport to the shoot. We also concluded that plant survival scores under high salt stress can be used in bread wheat as a preliminary selection for Na+ exclusion gene(s). 相似文献
15.
不同耕作方式对玉米田杂草发生规律及产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
摘要：研究了小麦－玉米一年两熟制农田,在免耕覆盖麦秸、免耕、旋耕三种耕作方式下,玉米田杂草发生规律、喷施玉农乐对杂草的防除效果及对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：不同耕作方式杂草种类差异不大,免耕覆盖麦秸的杂草数量比免耕不覆盖的降低53％-82％,比旋耕的降低了62％-78％。玉农乐30g/hm2处理,免耕覆盖麦秸的防效最好,免耕不覆盖和旋耕田差异不大;玉米田免耕覆盖麦秸,能降低玉农乐的用药量。免耕覆盖麦秸玉米出苗率降低,但是穗粒数、百粒重及产量增加;玉农乐45-60g/hm2处理,不同耕作方式中其产量差异不大;玉农乐30g/hm2处理和对照小区的产量,免耕覆盖麦秸的最高。 相似文献
16.
冬油菜苗期化学除草效果和经济效益研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为筛选出经济、高效、安全的化学除草方法,有效控制油菜田间杂草危害,提高油菜产量和种植效益,通过试验,研究了2种化学除草剂不同使用浓度的安全性和苗期化学除草效果,并以人工除草和不除草方法为对照,对比分析不同除草方法的投入和产出情况。结果表明：不同除草方法间油菜产量差异显著;化学除草方法对油菜田间杂草有较好的防除效果,并可显著降低油菜生产的劳动力和生产成本投入,进而提高经济效益;不同化学除草方法均于施药35天后表现出较好的除草效果;每公顷用21.2%喹·胺·草除灵悬浮剂900 mL于油菜4—5叶期、杂草3—4叶期兑水900 kg及时喷施的方法除草效果好,对油菜生长安全,可以作为冬油菜田的苗期化学除草方法在生产上应用。 相似文献
17.
Breeding for increased weed suppression would be a sustainable contribution to improved soybean weed management, because weed infestation is a major constraint to soybean production world-wide and in organic farming in particular. However, genetic variation in the soybean–weed interaction would be necessary to enable plant breeders to select soybean genotypes based on a superior weed suppression behavior. As there is a lack of information on variation between soybean cultivars in their competitive ability against weeds, the effects of weed pressure on ten early maturity soybean genotypes were studied in a controlled field experiment over three years in Austria. Winter oilseed rape was sown into the soybean stand to simulate pressure from a seed-propagated type of weed. Weed pressure significantly affected soybean yield as well as other agronomic, phenologic and seed quality characters. In two seasons, strong competition from weeds caused a soybean yield reduction of 370 and 560 kg/ha, respectively. In a third season a significant yield increase over weed-free controls was observed at relatively low levels of weed pressure which is explained by non-competition effects of a weak weed ground cover on soybean growth. Yield loss due to weed pressure was lower in early than in late maturity genotypes which appears to be the effect of a better weed tolerance rather than weed suppression. Genotype by weed treatment interaction was not significant, and genetic variation in ground cover development or leaf area was low or not significant in the early maturity soybean cultivars investigated. As such characters are considered important for weed suppression, their variation needs to be increased to enable selection for improved weed suppressive ability. 相似文献
18.
After the evaluation of numerous accessions of primitive wheats for yield components and morphophysiological traits related
to drought tolerance (e.g., maintenance of high relative water content, RWC; photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence,
qQ; and chlorophyll loss, chl, under moisture stress conditions), several accessions belonging to three species (Triticum
dicoccum, T. polonicum, and T. carthlicum) were crossed with the improved durum wheat varieties Cham 1 and Om Rabi 5. A direct
selection (F2 progeny) for yield and an indirect physiological trait were applied on interspecific T. durum x T. dicoccum, T. durum x T.
polonicum, and T. durum x T. carthlicum populations. Divergent selection was applied to validate the possible use of morphophysiological
traits (root parameters, RWC, photochemical quenching, proline content, and carbon isotope discrimination) in selection, and
to evaluate the resulting effects on yield. Heritability and selection response of these traits has been evaluated, and the
impact of divergent selection for morphological and agronomic characters was studied under field conditions. The divergent
populations were evaluated under different environmental conditions in France, Syria, and Yemen. Selection for morphophysiological
traits related to moisture stress, such as root parameters, RWC and carbon isotope discrimination was possible due to high
h2 values and effective, resulting in high genetic gains. However, the effect of selection for these traits on yield stability
needs to be further studied. Furthermore, a modified bulk method (F2 'progeny method') was developed. Direct selection for grain yield per plant in F2 was carried out and yield per line in F3 was evaluated under contrasting environmental conditions in France, Syria, and Tunisia. Results revealed that some F3 lines were higher yielding than the improved durum wheat varieties Cham 1 and Om Rabi 5 under both stressed (Aleppo) and
favourable (Montpellier) environmental conditions. Lines were evaluated in preliminary yield trials at Montpellier (France),
Aleppo (Syria), and Constantine (Algeria). Results indicated that the use of related species combined with the use of the
modified bulk breeding method is promising not only for increasing durum wheat yield in drought prone environments, but also
for improving durum wheat yield stability across contrasting environments. Results of both breeding strategies are presented,
and the potential advantages of using related tetraploid species in durum wheat breeding for drought tolerance are discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Genetic architecture of seedling drought tolerance is complex and needs to be better understood. To address this challenge, we developed a protocol to identify the most promising drought-tolerant genotypes at the seedling stage in winter wheat. A population of 146 recombinant inbred lines (F9) derived from a cross between wheat cultivars, ‘Harry’ (seedling drought tolerant) and ‘Wesley’ (seedling drought susceptible) were used in this study. All genotypes were sown in three replications in a randomized complete block design under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Seven traits were scored and grouped into tolerance traits; days to wilting, leaf wilting, and stay green and survival traits; days to regrowth, regrowth, drought survival rate, and recovery after irrigation. Three selection indices were calculated (1) tolerance index, (2) survival index, and (3) drought tolerance index (DTI). The same set of genotypes were also tested for grain yield in two low rainfall environments for two seasons. High genetic variation was found among all genotypes for all seedling traits scored in this study. Correlations between tolerance and survival traits were weak or did not exist. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.53 to 0.88. DTI had significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations with all seedling traits. Genotypes were identified with a high drought tolerance at the seedling stage combined with high grain yield in low rainfall. Breeding for tolerance and survival traits should be taken into account for improving winter wheat drought tolerance at seedling stage. The selected genotypes can be used for to further improve drought tolerance in high yielding wheat for Nebraska. 相似文献
20.
Deployment of diversity at the species and at the genetic levels can improve the ability of crops to withstand a wide range of biotic and abiotic stressors in organic and low-input cropping systems, where the response to stresses through external input is limited or restricted in comparison with conventional systems. Although there are several strategies to use agrobiodiversity in wheat-based systems, their implementation is limited by the lack of a clear relationship between agrobiodiversity and provision of key agroecosystem services. In a three-year field trial in Central Italy we compared common wheat Italian and Hungarian pure lines, Italian old cultivars and Hungarian and British Composite Cross Populations (CCPs), grown with or without a contemporarily sown Subterranean clover living mulch. We aimed at linking crop performance, in terms of yield, weed reduction and disease susceptibility, to three categories of functional diversity: (1) functional identity, represented by the identifying traits of cultivars, (2) functional diversity, represented by the genetic heterogeneity of wheat crop population, and (3) functional composition, represented by the co-presence of wheat and the living mulch.Concerning cultivars, effects of functional identity were predominant for weed reduction and grain yield. Old cultivars tended to better suppress weeds but to be less yielding. Italian cultivars were more advantaged than cultivars of foreign origin, thanks to a better matching of their growth cycle into local climate. Functional diversity effects on yield and weed reduction were confounded with identity effects, given that all the CCPs were of foreign origin. In fact, the performance of CCPs was generally aligned with a central-European pure line. However, differences in yield components suggest that CCPs can evolve peculiar yield formation strategies. Moreover, CCPs were less susceptible than pure lines to foliar diseases. For functional composition, the living mulch was able to reduce dicotyledonous weed abundance and weed biomass without reducing wheat yield unless wheat was poorly established. Despite the strong morphological and phenological differences among the tested cultivars, no interactions were found between cultivar and living mulch presence, suggesting that, in conditions similar to our experiments, there is room to freely combine elements of crop diversity. Crop diversification strategies in wheat should be further explored and optimized, especially by constituting CCPs from locally adapted germplasms and by improving the feasibility and efficacy of legume living mulches. 相似文献