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1.
2013～2016年,采用田间人工接种方法,评价300份玉米种质对两种灰斑病菌玉米尾孢(Cercospora zeina)和玉蜀黍尾孢(Cercospora zeae-maydis)的抗性。结果表明,对玉米尾孢表现高抗、抗和中抗的种质分别为10、100和121份,表现感和高感的种质分别为62份和7份;对玉蜀黍尾孢表现高抗、抗和中抗的种质分别为4、33和78份,表现感和高感的种质分别为137份和48份。76.99%的供试种质对玉米尾孢表现为高抗、抗或中抗,61.67%的供试种质对玉蜀黍尾孢表现为感或高感,玉米尾孢对大多数种质的致病力较玉蜀黍尾孢弱。 相似文献
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大豆细菌性斑点病是江淮地区大豆生产中常见病害,但大豆种质资源抗性水平及抗源鉴定工作较少。本研究采用对大豆叶片正反面高压喷雾的接种方法鉴定了江淮地区309份育成品种(系)及亲本材料对大豆细菌性斑点病生理小种S1的抗感反应。结果表明:供试材料抗性差异明显,分别鉴定出高抗和中抗材料61和68份,占总数的19.74%和22.1%,表现为感病和高感的材料共有180份,占总数的58.25%。适合淮北和淮南地区种植的140和169份品种(系)中,抗病材料(高抗+中抗)分别有68和61份,感病材料(感病+高感)分别有72和108份,江淮淮北地区抗病品种(系)的比例高于淮南地区。供试材料抗性反应等级与成熟期等性状存在相关性。同时还发掘出徐豆18、南农99-6等高抗品种,及具有高蛋白、高油特性的优质抗性种质材料。 相似文献
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大麦种质资源苗期根腐病抗性鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《大麦与谷类科学》2015,(3)
试验采用孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法,对国内外205份大麦种质资源材料进行实验室苗期根腐病抗性筛选、鉴定。结果表明,有11份材料高抗根腐病,35份材料中抗根腐病,156份材料中感或高感根腐病;以发病严重度为分析变量做品种抗病性聚类分析,取欧式距离为2.14时,品种抗病性可分为两大类,第一类抗病材料(包括高抗与中抗)总共有46份,占供试鉴定材料的22.44%;第二类感病材料(包括中感与高感)总共有156份,占供试鉴定材料的77.09%;获得的抗病材料可作为抗病育种亲本材料,为丰富和拓展我国大麦抗病育种种质资源奠定基础。 相似文献
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为了筛选抗甘蔗梢腐病的优异种质材料,采用室内离体接种方法对70份甘蔗种质材料进行梢腐病抗性鉴定。根据发病程度划分的抗性等级和聚类分析的方法综合评价种质材料的抗性。结果表明,甘蔗分蘖期对梢腐病菌的免疫力较伸长期差。参试的70个种质材料中,高抗材料6个,占8.57%;抗病材料15个,占21.43%;中抗材料13个,占18.57%;中感材料12个,占17.14%;感病材料13个,占18.57%;高感材料11个,占15.71%。在2次不同生育期接种过程中‘HoCP02-263’均未发病,很可能是对Fusarium sacchari免疫的材料。系统聚类分析的结果与材料的抗性表现基本一致。甘蔗梢腐病的抗性评价较佳时期为分蘖期。 相似文献
5.
甘蔗常用亲本黑穗病抗性初步调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确甘蔗常用亲本宿根黑穗病的发生情况及品种抗性,2017年对我单位海南杂交基地的401个常用亲本一年宿根的黑穗病发生情况进行初步调查和抗性评价。结果表明,有219份常用亲本材料表型为高抗(占54.6%),109份材料表现为抗病(占27.2%),51份材料表现为中抗(占12.7%),20份材料表现为感病,2个材料表现为高感;国内引进亲本对甘蔗黑穗病抗性达抗病(R)及以上抗性水平的占90.7%,抗病性表现最优,国外引进亲本和区内自育品种(系)的抗病性水平相当。该调查结果为杂交亲本的选用和新品种的推广提供依据。 相似文献
6.
2020-2022年通过田间人工接种,对58份鲜食玉米品种进行抗性鉴定和评价,明确玉米品种对瘤黑粉病和丝黑穗病的抗性差异。结果表明,58份鲜食玉米中未检测出高抗(HR)瘤黑粉病品种,1份品种原玉糯999表现抗病(R),占比1.7%;福甜73、白甜糯3号、白玉糯2020、甘糯2020等4份材料表现中抗(MR),占比6.9%;27份品种表现感病(S),占比46.6%;26份品种表现高感(HS),占比44.8%。对丝黑穗病鉴定结果表明,未发现高抗(HR)和抗病(R)品种,仅1份品种永糯321表现中抗(MR);其余20份和37份材料分别表现感病(S)和高感(HS),分别占鉴定材料的34.5%和63.8%。 相似文献
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香蕉枯萎病己成为香蕉的毁灭性病害。该病属于土传性病害,扩散蔓延速度快,难于进行生物控制、药物防治及轮作、浸田等常用防治方法的防治。因此,防治香蕉枯萎病的最佳方法是进行香蕉遗传改良,培育抗病品种。选用从INIBAP[(International Network for the Improvement of Bnana and Plantain,国际香(大)蕉改良网络)]引进的42份香蕉种质资源,采用伤根侵染法,用含2×106个孢子/L的香蕉枯萎病1号和4号小种菌液分别对42份香蕉幼苗进行处理,筛选抗香蕉枯萎病种质。结果表明：在侵染1号小种时,7份材料表现高感,13份感病,22份中抗,无高抗;在侵染4号小种时,25份材料表现高感,12份感病,5份中抗,无高抗。综合分析显示,M11和M25对枯萎病1号和4号小种均表现中抗。 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
17.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
18.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
19.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献