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1.
小麦不同品种的水分利用特性及对灌溉制度的响应   总被引：31，自引：4，他引：31       下载免费PDF全文
为了研究不同小麦品种的水分利用特性和对灌溉制度的响应，该文于2003～2004年在中国科学院栾城农业生态试验站对19个抗旱节水性不同小麦品种进行了不同灌溉处理下，其生长发育特性、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的比较研究，结果表明不同小麦品种的水分利用特性有显著差异。不同小麦品种产量相差最大达44.86%，水分利用效率相差可达42.18%。根据系统聚类分析，把19个小麦品种分为高产高WUE型、中产高WUE型、中产中WUE型和低产低WUE型4种类型。不同类型的小麦，对灌溉制度的响应不同。高产高WUE类型在本试验年灌溉60 mm，产量可达到7415 kg/hm2，水分利用效率可达15.91 kg/(mm·hm2)。在华北平原适于种植石家庄8号等高产高WUE型小麦，其在不降低产量和水分利用效率的情况下，减少灌水60～120 mm，具有明显的节水增产效益。  相似文献   

2.
通过评价多种生态系统总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)和蒸散(evapotranspiration,ET)遥感数据产品,构建了适用于我国秦岭区域的GPP和ET组合数据集,并计算分析了秦岭区域生态系统水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)的时空变化规律。结果表明:不同产品对于不同植被类型GPP和ET的估算效果差异较大,其中VPM GPP和RF GPP这2种GPP产品,China ET和PML-V2 ET这2种ET产品的总体表现较好。秦岭区域的多年平均GPPyear为1 489.95 g C/m2,ETyear为588.49 mm,WUEyear为2.56 g C/kg H2O,多年平均WUEyear的变化率为0.156 g C/(kg H2O·10 a)。秦岭区域WUEyear总体呈现出不显著的上升趋势(p>0.05);秦岭区域不同植被覆盖下的多年平均WUEyear数值差异不大,但WUEyear的变化趋势略有不同,部分植被类型呈现上升趋势,而其他植被类型呈现下降趋势;多年平均逐月WUEmonth变化多呈现较为明显的"双峰"模式。研究结果为不同类型生态系统水碳关系研究中获取和选择数据提供了依据和途径,加深了对秦岭区域生态系统WUE时空变化规律的认识,从而为研究气候变化对秦岭地区生态系统的影响提供了数据支持和科学参考。  相似文献   

3.
以CO2浓度升高为主要特征的气候变化对作物生长发育及产量形成的影响日益受到重视。冬小麦是我国主要粮食作物之一, 主要分布在干旱及半干旱地区, 且生长期内多干旱少雨。研究不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长变化及水分利用对CO2浓度升高的响应具有重要的科学和实践意义。本研究在封顶式生长室中对2个土壤水分水平[适宜水分: 70%~80%田间持水量; 干旱胁迫: 50%~60%田间持水量]的盆栽冬小麦进行了CO2熏蒸试验[背景大气浓度: (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol-1; 升高的浓度: (760.1±36.1)μmol·mol-1]。对小麦植株生理指标、生物量、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)等的研究结果表明, 与背景大气CO2浓度相比, CO2浓度升高可促进冬小麦生长, 其地上生物量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了28.6%和18.6%; 籽粒产量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了32.6%和22.6%; CO2浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数提高籽粒产量, 穗粒数在适宜水分条件下提高24.3%, 干旱胁迫条件下提高15.5%, 对千粒重没有显著影响。CO2浓度升高使群体和产量WUE显著提高, 在适宜水分条件下提高幅度较大, 分别提高17.7%和24.8%。CO2浓度升高显著提高了叶片光合速率(Pn)、降低了气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr); 在适宜水分和干旱胁迫下Pn分别提高15.6%与12.9%, Gs分别降低22.7%与18.2%, Tr分别降低8.9%与7.5%。CO2浓度升高提高了叶片水势及叶绿素含量; 在适宜水分条件下叶片水势提高幅度较大, 为7.7%; 叶片叶绿素含量在2种水分条件分别提高7.5%与3.8%。由以上试验结果可得出: CO2浓度升高对冬小麦的生长、产量及水分利用效率均具有促进作用, 而且在土壤水分状况较好时, 这种作用效果更明显; CO2浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数来促进产量提高。  相似文献   

4.
冬小麦不同株型品种和灌溉类型是影响产量遥感估测的重要因素, 对二者的实时监测可以提高产量的估测精度。结合遥感数据(MODIS 数据)与非遥感数据(GPS 数据和外业调查资料), 研究了不同株型品种冬小麦在水、旱地条件下归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)的动态变化特征, 分析了不同生育时期NDVI 与产量之间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦不同株型品种间NDVI 随生育时期的变化具有明显一致性, 呈“小-大-小”变化趋势; 拔节期至孕穗期不同株型品种冬小麦NDVI 差异显著, 披散型品种高于紧凑型品种, 该时期为准确识别冬小麦株型的最佳时期。水、旱地同一种株型的冬小麦品种在整个生育时期NDVI 均值差异较显著, 均表现为水地冬小麦高于旱地冬小麦, 尤以抽穗初期最为明显。水旱地冬小麦不同生育时期NDVI 与产量相关性均以抽穗初期为最高, 但用抽穗初期和灌浆期NDVI 与产量的复合回归方程进行产量预测比用抽穗初期NDVI 与产量的回归方程效果好, 旱地冬小麦尤为明显。  相似文献   

5.
土壤水变动对冬小麦生长产量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
采用盆栽和管栽试验，研究土壤水变动对冬小麦地上部生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：株高对水分胁迫的发生时期较敏感，叶面积对水分胁迫的持续时间更敏感，与其他水分胁迫处理相比，分蘖至拔节阶段水分胁迫处理的株高最小，分蘖至孕穗阶段水分胁迫处理的叶面积最小。冠重主要受胁迫持续时间的影响，分蘖至孕穗阶段水分胁迫处理的冠重最小。水分胁迫对冬小麦穗数和WUE的影响基本上表现为正效应，而对每穗粒数、千粒重及产量的影响则全部为负效应。在各水分胁迫处理中，拔节至孕穗阶段经中度水分胁迫后抽穗期复水的处理，产量最高，达到充分供水对照的62%；分蘖至拔节阶段经中度水分胁迫后孕穗期复水的处理，WUE最大。试验结果表明，冬小麦株高、叶面积及各产量要素对土壤水变动的响应存在差异。  相似文献   

6.
施肥对旱地冬小麦水分利用效率的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
据陕西省长武县旱塬冬小麦肥料实验资料,分析了冬小麦的水肥与产量关系。结果表明,作物耗水量、水分利用效率、底墒利用率与产量关系密切;施肥方式、种类和数量均直接影响水分利用效率和底墒利用率;注重肥料配合施用,适当增施有机肥、N肥和P2O5能明显改善水分利用效率和底墒利用率。N、P2O5比例对土壤水分利用表明,N肥有利于提高水分利用效率,P2O5则有利于提高底墒利用率和增加对土壤深层水的利用.  相似文献   

7.
荒漠绿洲区交替灌溉小麦/玉米间作水分利用特征研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
大田试验研究了小麦/玉米间作田小麦、玉米带交替供水对作物耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 在同等供水水平下, 交替灌溉小麦/玉米间作全生育期的棵间蒸发量比传统灌水处理减少44.0 mm, 总耗水量增加15.4 mm, 产量和WUE分别提高13.92%和9.21%, 说明交替灌溉是提高间作产量和WUE的可行措施之一。交替灌溉条件下, 小麦/玉米间作全生育期的棵间蒸发量、耗水量随供水水平的提高而增加, 但WUE随供水量的增加而降低。  相似文献   

8.
本研究采用开顶式培养室对两个水稻品种矮香糯(O.sativa var.aixiangnuo)和安农S(O.satica var. anong-S) 在模拟大气CO2浓度升高环境中叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用率的变化作了初步研究。结果表明 ，生长在650±30mg.kg-1CO2浓度下的水稻其光合速率、水分利用率提高，蒸腾速率降低 ，气孔阻力增加，且品种间差异极显著。  相似文献   

9.
调亏灌溉对冬小麦生理机制及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：36，自引：5，他引：36  
在人工控制试验条件下，采用子母盆栽土培法，以冬小麦为试验材料进行了调亏灌溉试验研究。结果表明，适时适度的水分调亏显著抑制蒸腾速率，而光合速率下降不明显，复水后光合速率又具有超补偿效应，光合产物具有超补偿积累，且有利于向籽粒运转与分配；抑制营养生长，促进生殖生长。冬小麦调亏灌溉的适宜时段为三叶—返青，调亏度为40%～60%田间持水率(θF)，历时约55 d；平均比对照增产0.88%～8.25%，节水12.80～18.55%，水分利用效率提高15.96%～32.98%。  相似文献   

10.
旱作作物不同尺度瞬态气体交换和水分利用效率同步观测的研究，对于节水高效农业理论研究和生产实践均具有及其重要的意义。该文采用涡度相关技术和LI-COR6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定旱作春玉米灌浆期冠层、叶片瞬时CO2和H2O汽交换速率，并分析其瞬态水分利用效率日变化特征。结果表明，旱作春玉米灌浆期0～100 cm根层土壤相对湿度为40%时，日变化过程中晴日中上部位叶片的光合速率高峰值为1.3 mg·m-2·s-1(29.82 μmol·m-2·s-1)，与同纬度地区灌溉玉米的光合速率高峰值相近；而群体下光合速率高峰值为0.9 mg·m-2·s-1(20.65 μmol·m-2·s-1)，只及同纬度地区灌溉玉米灌浆期光合速率高峰值的54.5%；群体和叶片水分利用效率高峰值分别为0.16 g(CO2)/g(H2O)和0.06 g(CO2)/g(H2O)，正午前后分别维持在0.0055～0.0123 g(CO2)/g(H2O)和0.0113～0.0197 g(CO2)/g(H2O)，叶片尺度的光合速率和水分利用效率在10∶00以后的时段内明显高于群体水平。  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance characteristics of dryland wheat genotypes based on leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency in order to identify promising genotypes for drought tolerance breeding. Physiological responses of ten genetically diverse wheat genotypes were studied under non-stressed (NS) and water stressed (WS) conditions using a 2?×?10 factorial experiment replicated 3 times. A highly significant water condition?×?genotype interaction (P?<?0.001) was observed for photosynthetic rate (A), ratio of photosynthetic rate and internal CO2 concentration (A/Ci), ratio of internal and atmospheric CO2 (Ci/Ca), intrinsic (WUEi) and instantaneous (WUEinst) water-use efficiencies suggesting genotypic variability among wheat genotypes under both test conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal components (PC’s) under both test conditions accounting for 84% and 89% of total variation, respectively. Bi-plot analysis identified G339 and G344 as drought tolerant genotypes with higher values of A, T, gs, A/Ci, WUEi and WUEinst under WS condition. The current study detected significant genetic variation for drought tolerance among the tested wheat genotypes using physiological parameters. Genotypes G339 and G344 were identified to be drought tolerant with efficient A, T, gs, A/Ci and water-use under water stressed condition.  相似文献   

12.
Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been proposed as physiological criterion to select C3 crops for yield and water use efficiency. The relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), water use efficiency for grain and biomass production (WUEG and WUEB, respectively) and plant and leaf traits were examined in 20 Iranian wheat genotypes including einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) accessions, durum wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) landraces and bread wheat (T. aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) landraces and improved cultivars, grown in pots under well-watered conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination was higher in diploid than in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats and was negatively associated with grain yield across species as well as within bread wheat. It was also positively correlated to stomatal frequency. The highest WUEG and grain yield were noted in bread wheat and the lowest in einkorn wheat. Einkorn and bread wheat had higher WUEB and biomass than durum wheat. WUEG and WUEB were significantly negatively associated to Δ across species as well as within bread and durum wheat. The variation for WUEG was mainly driven by the variation for harvest index across species and by the variation for Δ within species. The quantity of water extracted by the crop, that was closely correlated to root mass, poorly influenced WUEG. Environmental conditions and genetic variation for water use efficiency related traits appear to highly determine the relationships between WUEG and its different components (water consumed, transpiration efficiency and carbon partitioning).  相似文献   

13.
The present experiment comprised seven wheat cultivars, two drought levels (0 and 17% PEG-8000) and four replicates. The seeds of six wheat cultivars (Al-lugaimi, Bonus, Kronos, Yecora-rojo, Irena and Sama) were supplied by the King Saud University, Riyaz, Saudi Arabia, whereas S-24 was obtained from the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The seeds were allowed to germinate and grow for 20 days in medium having full-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution or Hoagland's solution with 17% PEG-8000. For the appraisal of drought tolerance, various physiological traits such as gas-exchange attributes (A, E, Ci, gs , and A/E), leaf water relations (ψw, ψs and ψp) and the activities of key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were determined. On the basis of biomass and gas-exchange attributes (A, E, and gs ), cultivars Al-lugaimi and Sama were found to be drought tolerant, cultivars Yecora-rojo and Irena moderately drought tolerant, and cultivars S-24, Bonus and Kronos drought sensitive. However, plant osmotic adjustment and the activities of potential antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were not found to be associated with drought tolerance of the different wheat cultivars.  相似文献   

14.
This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased Ci especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and CE under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.  相似文献   

15.
石羊河流域节水高产高效轮作模式研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为解决石羊河流域不合理种植模式和灌溉方法引起的水资源短缺问题, 采用轮作和调亏灌溉相结合的节水技术, 在石羊河流域设置了5 种轮作模式, 从等价产量、耗水量、等价水分利用率、经济水分利用率和经济效益等方面进行不同灌溉条件下不同轮作模式的对比分析研究。结果表明: 就单个轮作模式而言, 不同灌溉条件下作物的等价产量、耗水量和经济效益表现为: 充分灌溉>轻度调亏>重度调亏, 等价水分利用率和经济水分利用率表现为: 轻度调亏>充分灌溉>重度调亏; 对不同轮作模式而言, 在不同调亏灌溉条件下制种油葵-小麦/黄豆和小麦/黄豆-小麦2 种模式具有增产、节水、提高水分利用率和增加经济收入的潜力, 与常规小麦-玉米轮作模式相比, 等价产量分别提高14.1%~29.5%和-0.4%~28.7%, 分别节水42.5~96.5 mm 和47.9~58.7 mm,等价水分利用率分别提高24.8%~37.3%和8.2%~36.0%, 经济水分利用率分别提高119.8%~149.2%和-0.1%~26.1%, 经济收入分别增加25 785~29 656 Yuan·hm-2 和-614~5 501 Yuan·hm-2。因此, 制种油葵-小麦/黄豆和小麦/黄豆-小麦2 种轮作模式为比较理想的模式, 对其进行轻度调亏时, 可在少量减产的情况下起到节约灌水、提高水分利用率和水分经济利用率的效果, 替代常规小麦-玉米轮作模式, 实现石羊河流域农业可持续发展。  相似文献   

16.
A pot experiment investigated the effects of root diseases (Pythium and Rhizoctonia) under drought conditions at either tillering or anthesis stages on the water-use efficiency (WUE), water relations, and yield components of wheat cultivars Janz and Mulgara. The pathogens reduced transpiration in Janz during drought at tillering and in both cultivars during the period of recovery after drought at anthesis. However, the pathogens did not affect WUE. WUE did not differ between well-watered plants and those droughted at tillering but it was reduced by 80% by drought at anthesis. Un-infected plants of cultivar Janz subjected to drought at tillering had a higher total water potential (Ψw) and osmotic potential (Ψs) than diseased plants. However, Ψs of un-inoculated plants that were droughted at anthesis was lower than diseased plants in the period following anthesis. Yield components were significantly higher in well-watered than droughted plants and higher in cv. Mulgara than cv. Janz. The pathogens affected transpiration during tillering, but not at later stages, when roots developed beyond the inoculation point. Although the pathogens caused damage to the roots, the effects on water relations parameters were minor. This suggests that wheat can tolerate moderate levels of these root diseases under drought.  相似文献   

17.
Enhancing crop water‐use efficiency (WUE) is a major research objective in water‐scarce agroecosystems. Potassium (K) enhances WUE and plays a crucial role in mitigating plant stress. Here, effects of K supply and PEG‐induced water deficit on WUE of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Sonett), grown in nutrient solution, were studied. Plants were treated with three levels of K supply (0.1, 1, 4 mM K+) and two levels of PEG (0, 25%). WUE was determined at leaf level (WUEL), at whole‐plant level (WUEP), and via carbon isotope ratio (δ13C). Effects of assimilation and stomatal conductance on WUEL were evaluated and compared with effects of biomass production and whole‐plant transpiration (EP) on WUEP. Adequate K supply enhanced WUEP up to 30% and by additional 20% under PEG stress, but had no effect on WUEL. EP was lower with adequate K supply, but this effect may be attributed to canopy microclimate. Shoot δ13C responded linearly to time‐integrated WUEL in adequately supplied plants, but not in K‐deficient plants, indicating negative effects of K deficiency on mesophyll CO2 diffusion. It is concluded that leaf‐scale evaluations of WUE are not reliable in predicting whole‐plant WUE of crops such as spring wheat suffering K deficiency.  相似文献   

18.
Drought is an important limiting factor which can cause major loss in barley productivity. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on assimilate remobilization and photosynthetic characteristics of five barley cultivars in 2012 and 2013. There were four levels of irrigation including well-watered [soil moisture content in root depth kept at 100% field capacity (FC)], mild drought (75% FC), severe drought (50% FC), and very severe drought (25% FC). Results showed that Karoon and Valfajr cultivars had the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn) ranged from 16.3 to 19.3 µmol CO2 m?2 s?1 under very severe drought. Stomatal conductance (gs) was affected by drought so that Karoon and Valfajr had the lowest gs under severe and very severe drought. By improving the drought, remobilization efficiency in Karoon and Valfajr increased from 18.3% in well-watered to 54.1% under severe drought. In both years under severe and very severe drought, maximum 1000-grain weight and grain yield was obtained in Valfajr and Karoon. Overall, in arid areas, applying suitable irrigation regimes such as mild or severe drought can control soil drying, so that suitable cultivars such as Karoon and Valfajr can rehydrate overnight, and yield might not be inhibited severely.  相似文献   

19.
The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P2O5/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differential yield responses to fertility levels occurred under the dryland and limited irrigation regimes one year. Grain protein content was increased by nitrogen fertilization under all regimes both years and was decreased only by phosphorus fertilization under dryland conditions one year. Cultivar X nitrogen interactions for grain protein occurred under all irrigation regimes. We concluded that nutrient requirements do not differ between tall and semi dwarf wheat culti‐vars under any irrigation regime. Raising the recommended level of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, should be considered for all cultivars, both tall and semidwarf.  相似文献   

20.
水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19  
通过田间和桶栽试验研究了水、氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响。田间试验结果显示,土壤水分条件对冬小麦根冠生长影响显著。当冬小麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分维持在田间持水量的60%以上时,根冠比维持稳定状态,不随灌溉次数的增加而变化;当冬小T麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分低于田间持水量的60%时,土壤越干旱,根冠比越大。桶栽试验结果显示,氮素水平对冬小麦根冠比影响显著,而水氮互作效应对根冠比影响不显著。在所有水分处理条件下,随着施氮量增加,冬小麦根量减少。施氮对冬小麦地上部分和地下部分的影响不同。在水分亏缺条件下,随着氮用量增加,冬小麦经济产量呈增加趋势,水分利用效率与施氮量存在明显正相关关系;而在充分灌溉条件下,产量随着施氮量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,存在一个氮肥用量阈值。因此,水氮通过调控地上地下干物质分配而影响作物产量和水分利用效率,在水分供应受限制条件下,增施氮肥会降低根冠比,更利于地上干物质的积累和经济产量形成。田间试验和桶栽试验均表明,冬小麦根冠比与水分利用效率呈负相关,根冠比大不利于地上部分干物质的积累和作物产量的形成,导致水分利用效率降低。  相似文献   

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