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1.
显热通量（sensible heat flux，H）是反映地表湍流运动的重要参数，准确获取该参数对于区域内热量交换规律的认识和农业生产及水资源的有效管理具有重要意义。涡动相关仪（eddy covariance system，EC）和大孔径闪烁仪（large aperture scintillometer，LAS）是目前生态系统水热通量的主要测量手段，但两者观测范围的空间尺度存在差异。该研究以呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统为对象，通过对比分析两种方法观测的显热通量（HLAS和HEC）变化特征，对两者之间的差异（ΔH）及产生原因进行探究，并且定量研究了不同因子对ΔH的影响程度。结果表明，在不同时间尺度内，HLAS和HEC的变化趋势基本一致，显热通量主要受到净辐射的驱动作用，同时ΔH与净辐射存在正相关性；对应时刻HLAS和HEC之间线性回归方程斜率为1.13，拟合优度R2为0.81，说明大孔径闪烁仪在草甸草原区有着很好的适用性；EC能量平衡闭合程度会影响HLAS和HEC之间差异，剔除能量平衡闭合率（energy balance ratio，EBR）小于0.8的数据后，HLAS和HEC之间线性回归方程斜率减小至1.05，说明能量平衡闭合程度越高ΔH越小；净辐射（net radiation，Rn）、风速（wind speed，WS）、波文比（Bowen ratio，Bowen）和饱和水汽压差（saturated water vapor pressure difference，VPD）与ΔH之间相关性显著，是ΔH的主要气象环境因子；ΔH单个影响因子的解释能力从高到低依次为净辐射、风速、EC能量平衡闭合率、饱和水汽压差、波文比，任意两个不同影响因子之间均呈现双因子增强作用，解释能力较高的交互影响因子为净辐射/风速和风速/波文比。研究结果有利于准确理解LAS与EC显热通量观测过程中的空间尺度效应，同时可为区域尺度扩展和遥感地面验证过程中通量数据的质量控制提供科学参考依据。  相似文献   

2.
高压线电磁场强度对大孔径闪烁仪观测的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer, LAS)是测量水平距离上250~4 500 m 地表能量平衡和水热通量的仪器。在其红外波传输的过程中会受到环境因素以及下垫面属性的影响。鉴于外界条件的复杂性, 还会受到树木的阻挡以及高压线电磁场辐射等因素的影响。本文通过分析2009 年8 月~2010 年3 月在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站开展LAS 观测过程中的影响因素, 研究了高压输电线电磁场对LAS 观测的影响。结果表明, 当LAS 红外光路径距高压线过近时对测定的感热通量HLAS 影响较大, 导致计算结果与实际不符。通过计算提出了避免高压输电线电磁场干扰LAS 观测信号的安全安装距离应是保证高压输电线电磁场强度小于4.05 μT 的距离。结果可为开展同类观测试验提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
三江平原稻田能量通量研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
基于三江平原稻田2005~2007年5~10月涡度相关通量观测数据, 分析了该区稻田能量通量的日变化、季节变化和能量分配特征以及能量平衡状况。结果表明: 三江平原稻田净辐射和潜热通量日变化均表现为明显的单峰特征, 感热通量日变化在水稻发育进入成熟期后才较明显, 而土壤热通量在水稻整个发育期内日变化特征都不明显。稻田净辐射季节变化特征显著, 6月下旬至7月上旬达到最大值18~20 MJ·m-2·d-1。潜热通量季节变化与净辐射同步, 最大值为13~19 MJ·m-2·d-1。相比之下感热通量较小, 观测期间变化于-3.90~ 3.94 MJ·m-2·d-1, 且没有明显的季节变化。5~10月土壤热通量呈下降趋势, 变化于-2.67~3.62 MJ·m-2·d-1。三江平原地区稻田能量分配特征明显, 潜热通量占净辐射的比例(LE/Rn) 5~10月平均值为0.67, 表明净辐射大部分以潜热通量形式所消耗, 但生长旺季LE/Rn略大于生长季初期和末期。感热通量占净辐射的比例(Hs/Rn)的季节变化特征与LE/Rn比值相反, 观测期间平均值为0.10。这导致波文比在水稻生长旺季较小而在初期和末期较大。5~10月土壤热通量占净辐射的比例(G/Rn)呈逐渐下降趋势, 其月平均值由5月的0.14下降到10月的-0.08。线性回归法和能量平衡比率均表明三江平原稻田能量明显不闭合, 2005、2006年5~10月能量不闭合度分别为22%和16%, 而2007年能量“过闭合”, 能量平衡比率平均值为1.07。  相似文献   

4.
基于静止气象卫星的河北平原实际蒸散量遥感估算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文提出利用中国第1 颗可操作性静止气象卫星风云2 号C 星(FY-2C)数据结合中等分辨率航天成像光谱仪MODIS 产品估算河北灌溉农田实际蒸散量(ET)的方法, 其中FY-2C 的第1、2 波段用于反演区域地表温度, 再结合16 d MODIS 合成的植被指数产品(MOD13), 得到地表温度与植被指数的三角空间分布图(Ts-NDVI)。通过Ts-NDVI 空间分布的关系, 利用改良三角算法得到区域的蒸发比(EF)。最后结合MODIS 地表反射率产品MCD43 估算得到的日净辐射量, 根据能量平衡计算得到该地区的日实际蒸散量。模型结果与地表Lysimeter 观测数据比较, 显示该模型估算得到的蒸发比和日蒸散量结果较为合理, 误差在可接受范围。此外, FY-2C 用于估算地表ET, 其时间分辨率具有较强的优势, 从而为获得多幅无云蒸散图提供了有利条件。  相似文献   

5.
植被指数—地表温度特征空间已被应用于多方面的研究。该文从区域旱情监测的角度分析了该特征空间的生态学内涵，指出地表温度是地表蒸散的函数，推导出了温度蒸散旱情指数(TEDI)的计算方法。利用NOAA数据，以河北省南部平原为研究区域，分别计算出了温度植被旱情指数(TVDI)与温度蒸散旱情指数(TEDI)，通过地面实测土壤相对湿度指数(SHI)验证，结果表明温度蒸散旱情指数(TEDI)可以更准确地反映下垫面的土壤墒情状况。  相似文献   

6.
若尔盖高原高寒草甸生态系统是青藏高原能量和水分循环的重要组成部分,但该地区地面水热通量观测数据非常缺乏。本研究基于涡动相关法,于2013年11月1日−2014年10月31日,利用三维超声风温仪和红外开路二氧化碳/水汽分析仪在若尔盖高原一典型高寒草甸开展周年通量观测,以揭示其地表能量交换和蒸散特征及影响因素。结果表明：高寒草甸地表能量通量各组分呈显著的日变化和季节变化特征,净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量的年均值分别为94.5、21.0、51.8和1.2Wm−2。非生长季感热稍占优势,生长季潜热占绝对主导地位,波文比全年平均值为0.70,能量平衡闭合率年平均值为0.77。辐射是感热通量的主要气象影响因子,潜热通量则受温度、辐射和饱和水汽压差共同影响。日蒸散量变化范围为0.12～5.09mmd−1,全年平均值为1.82mmd−1。非生长季蒸散主要受土壤表面导度因子控制,生长季则由辐射主导,土壤和植被表面导度因子为次要影响因素。在季节尺度上,蒸散的变化取决于降水分布,全年降水和蒸散量分别为682.7mm和673.6mm,其中生长季分别占全年总量的84%和82%。6−7月降水匮乏抑制了蒸散,此时土壤储水成为蒸散的主要水源,从全年看,降水基本都以蒸散的方式返回大气。与青藏高原上同类观测研究相比,地表能量通量和蒸散都有相似的季节变化趋势,但观测到的年平均波文比和年蒸散量最大,气温、降水、地表植被等因素的共同作用导致这一结果。研究数据可作为地面验证资料,用于若尔盖地区陆面模式参数化方案的优化和卫星遥感反演资料的校验。  相似文献   

7.
半干旱风沙草原区草地潜热通量的特征   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  
半干旱风沙草原区是北方的主要生态系统类型,对调节局地和全球气候具有重要意义.蒸散作为热量和水量平衡的重要分量,是该生态系统水分损失的主要途径,在水分平衡中占有重要地位.本文利用开路涡度相关系统和常规气象梯度观测系统对科尔沁半干旱风沙草原2007年9月1日-26日的蒸散量和微气象条件进行了观测,根据观测得到数据分析了观测系统的能量平衡闭合状况,探讨了潜热通量与气象因子之间的关系.结果表明,观测系统的能量平衡闭合度为82.7%,处于国内外同类观测闭合度范围的中上水平.30min的潜热通量与净辐射数据之间呈线性相关关系,潜热通量日变化特点是白天高于夜间,中午时刻最高,净辐射与潜热通量每日峰值同时出现,温度、饱和差的峰值比潜热通量峰值滞后2～3h,潜热通量峰值时刻的空气相对湿度处于一日内最低,此季潜热通量平均日总量为5.44MJ*m-2,相当于2.21mm蒸散量,潜热日总量与净辐射日总量呈指数关系.  相似文献   

8.
二价锰离子对柠檬酸还原六价铬的催化作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The catalysis of manganese(Ⅱ) (Mn2+) on chromium(Ⅵ) (Cr6+) reduction by citrate was studied through batch experiments with the concentration of citrate greatly in excess of Cr6+ at 25℃ and in pH ranges of 4.0 to 5.0. Results showed that at pH 4.5 within 22 h direct reduction of Cr6+ by citrate was not observed, but for the same time when Mn2+ (50 to 200μmol L-1) was added, nearly all Cr6+ was reduced, with the higher initial Mn2+ concentration having faster Cr6+ reduction. In the initial stage of the reaction, the Cr6+ reduction could be described with a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. In the later stage of the reaction, plots of lnc(Cr6+) versus t, where c(Cr6+) is the Cr6+ concentration in the reaction and t is the reaction time, deviated from the initial linear trend. The deviations suggested that the pseudo-first-order kinetics did not apply to the whole experimental period and that some reaction intermediates could have greatly accelerated Cr6+ reduction by citrate. The catalysis of the intermediates increased with the reaction time and gradually reached stability. Then, the plot of lnc(Cr6+) versus t in the presence of Mn2+ was linear again, with the rate constant increasing by 102 times compared with the absence of Mn2+. Complexation between Mn2+ and citrate was likely a prerequisite for the catalysis of Mn2+ on the reaction. Additional experiments showed that introducing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) into the reaction system strongly suppressed the catalysis of Mn2+.  相似文献   

9.
气候变化和全球变暖使陆地生态的源/汇问题成为当前全球生态学研究的热点问题之一.植被和大气之间CO2通量的长期观测有助于理解陆地生态系统的碳循环_及其控制机理,评价生态系统碳循环及其对未来气候变化的响应.目前涡度相关技术已经成为这一领域的主要研究手段,对涡度相关系统观测的高频率数据进行谱分析可以确定仪器对于高频湍流信号的响应能力,以湖南岳阳杨树人工林生态系统为研究对象,其功率谱和协谱分析表明,开路涡度相关系统对高频湍流信号的响应能力可以满足该生态系统实际观测要求,涡度相关技术可以应用于杨树人工林生态系统碳通量的观测中.  相似文献   

10.
以北京市西部山区典型流域——清水河上游流域为例,采用地理信息系统(GIS)和SCS(Soil Conservation Service)相结合的方法,估算了该流域不同土地利用类型在不同水文年6-8月可收集雨水资源量;并选取2008-2009年6-8月10场降雨的实测径流量数据,与SCS-CN模型计算的径流量进行误差分析,用来检验SCS-CN模型的精确度。结果表明:(1)研究区枯水年(p=75%),平水年(p=50%),丰水年(p=25%)6-8月可收集雨水资源量分别为7.16×107,1.04×108,5.71×107 m3,占全年的平均百分比为82.43%;(2)不同土地利用类型在平水年6-8月可收集雨水资源量占总量百分比分别为:草地和林地占86.13%,耕地和园地占4.87%,工矿仓储用地、住宅等其他土地利用类型占9%;(3)利用SCS-CN模型计算径流值与实测值相比,合格率达到90%。  相似文献   

11.
In this study, four different methods for reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) were calibrated and validated for estimation of daily to mean monthly ET0 by weighing lysimeter data during 2005–2006 and 2004–2005, respectively, in a semi-arid region. The value of the constant in the Hargreaves–Samani method changed from 0.0023 to 0.0026 for daily to mean monthly ET0, and can be used in stations with only air temperature data. The constant of the aerodynamic resistance equation in the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method (208.0) changed to 85.0. The value of coefficient a in the FAO-24-Radiation method was between ?0.5 and ?0.67. Further, the empirical equations were modified to estimate the value of b in the FAO-24-Radiation method and C in the FAO-24 corrected Penman method. The results showed that the modified FAO-56, corrected Penman–Monteith and FAO-24-Radiation methods are the most appropriate for estimating daily to mean monthly ET0. Furthermore, the modified FAO-24 corrected Penman method was ranked in fourth place and its accuracy was lower than that of the other methods. However, it is appropriate for estimating mean monthly ET0. Smoothing the daily data decreased the fluctuation in measured daily weather data and ET0 measured by lysimeter, and consequently resulted in a higher accuracy in the estimation of daily ET0.  相似文献   

12.
Accurate daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) forecast is essential for real-time irrigation scheduling. An attempt was made to forecast ETo using the Blaney–Criddle (BC) model and temperature forecasts in this study. Daily meteorological data for the period 2000–2014 at five stations in East China were collected to calibrate and validate the BC model against the FAO56 Penman–Monteith (FAO56-PM) model. Temperature forecasts up to 7 days’ lead time for 2012–2014 were input to the calibrated BC model to forecast ETo. It is found that the performance of the BC model for ETo forecast is further improved at all stations after monthly calibration. Average accuracy of forecasted ETo (error within 1.5 mm d?1) ranged from 82.7% to 89.3%, average values of mean absolute error (MAE) varied between 0.73 and 0.82 mm d?1, average values of root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 0.95 to 1.08 mm d?1, and average values of the correlation coefficient (R) and concordance index (d) were more than 0.75 and 0.89, respectively. Furthermore, the error in ETo forecast caused by error in temperature forecast is acceptable. The encouraging results indicate that the proposed method can be an alternative and effective solution for forecasting daily ETo in East China.  相似文献   

13.
Prediction of daily reference evapotranspiration (ET 0) is the basis of real-time irrigation scheduling. A multiple regression method for ET 0 prediction based on its seasonal variation pattern and public weather forecast data was presented for application in East China. The forecasted maximum temperature (T max), minimum temperature (T min) and weather condition index (WCI) were adopted to calculate the correction coefficient by multilinear regression under five time-division regimes (10 days, monthly, seasonal, semi-annual and annual). The multiple regression method was tested for its feasibility for ET 0 prediction using forecasted weather data as the input, and the monthly regime was selected as the most suitable. Average absolute error (AAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.395 and 0.522 mm d?1, respectively. ET 0 prediction errors increased linearly with the increase in temperature prediction error. A temperature error within 3 K is likely to result in acceptable ET 0 predictions, with AAE and average absolute relative error (AARE) <0.142 mm d?1 and 5.8%, respectively. However, one rank error in WCI results in a much larger error in ET 0 prediction due to the high sensitivity of the correction coefficient to WCI and the large relative error in WCI caused by one rank deviation. Improving the accuracy of weather forecasts, especially for WCI prediction, is helpful in obtaining better estimations of ET 0 based on public weather data.  相似文献   

14.
纵向岭谷区参考作物腾发量变化的特点和趋势   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
以Penman Montieth方程分析了西南纵向岭谷区大理、元江、保山、昆明、景洪站46～48年的逐日ET0及其余25个站1961～2000年逐月ET0系列。研究结果表明：日最高温度是年内ET0变化主导因素，年际变化主要受日照时数影响，个别站为最高气温或风速，短期ET0变化与雾无直接关系。利用Mann-Kendall法对各站年际、年内分季节ET0趋势检验，56.7%站点的年ET0呈显著增加趋势，分布于澜沧江耿马-思茅-勐海一带以及横断山区维西、福贡等地。分季节逐日ET0变化趋势为，昆明夏秋季显著下降，景洪冬春季显著增加，元江、保山、大理有增有减。降水量增加、气温升高，蒸发和日照时数减少，导致80%的站ET0呈下降趋势，湿润指数普遍增加。  相似文献   

15.
Closure of the surface energy balance provides an objective criterion for evaluating eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurements. This study analyses 5 years of EC carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sensible heat flux measurements from three mature boreal forest stands in central Saskatchewan, Canada. The EC sensible and latent heat fluxes, H and λE, underestimated the surface available energy by 11% (aspen), 15% (black spruce), and 14% (jack pine). At all sites, the energy-closure fraction CF responded similarly to the friction velocity u*, atmospheric stability, and time of day. At night, CF increased from 0.3 at very low-u* to an asymptotic maximum of 0.9 at u* above 0.35 m s−1. During unstable-daytime periods, CF varied linearly from 0.7 at low-u* to 1.0 at high-u*. The energy imbalance pattern was similar among sites and may be characteristic of the continental, boreal forest.EC measurements of net ecosystem exchange FNEE have no objective, diagnostic parameter that is equivalent to CF. We therefore derived an analogous FNEE “closure fraction” CFNEE by normalizing measured FNEE against estimates from an empirical model that was tuned to the high-u* data. CF and CFNEE responded similarly to u*, atmospheric stability, and time of day. We discuss two implications for EC flux data post-processing. The results uphold the common practice of rejecting EC measurements during low-u* periods. They also lend support to the application of energy-closure adjustments to H, λE, and FNEE.  相似文献   

16.
A dual-beam surface layer scintillometer (SLS), for the estimation of sensible heat flux density H for a path length of 101 m, was used in a mixed grassland community in the eastern seaboard of South Africa for 30 months. Measurements also included Bowen ratio (BR) and eddy covariance (EC) estimates of H. Acceptable SLS data between 0600 h and 1800 h, judged by the percent of error-free 1 kHz data exceeding 25% and an inner scale of turbulence exceeding 2 mm, showed little seasonal variation and was consistently high—between 86.7% and 94.8%. An analysis of the various Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) empirical dimensionless stability functions used for estimating H from the SLS measurements showed percent differences in H that varied from ?30% to 28% for neutral to unstable conditions, respectively and for stable continuous conditions the differences in H were within 60 W m?2 with much larger differences for stable sporadic conditions. The good agreement in measurements of H over an extended period for the SLS, BR and EC methods demonstrates the applicability and robustness of the SLS method and the associated MOST empirical functions used for estimating H for a range of canopy heights, stability conditions and diurnal and seasonal weather conditions. Furthermore, there was no evidence for an underestimation in EC sensible heat compared to SLS and BR measurements, which implies that any lack of energy balance closure points to possible latent energy EC underestimation or due to energy fluxes not included in the shortened energy balance if the net irradiance and soil heat flux components are correct. A sensitivity analysis was used to determine the relative importance of the SLS data inputs of air temperature, atmospheric pressure, beam path length and beam height on H estimates. Worst-case errors in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, beam path length and beam height resulted in errors in H within 1.0%, 1.3%, 3.0% and 4.0%, respectively. Overall, the worst-case total percent error in SLS-estimated H is within 5.3% and the typical percent error is within 3.9%. Accounting for the error in net irradiance and soil heat flux measurements, the seasonal variation in the error in daily evaporation estimated as a residual of the energy balance is generally less than 0.2 mm (0.49 MJ m?2) in winter when the daily evaporation was about 1 mm (2.45 MJ m?2) and typically less than 0.4 mm (0.98 MJ m?2) when the evaporation exceeded 4 mm (9.8 MJ m?2). Soil heat flux density measurements can contribute significantly to the overall error.  相似文献   

17.
利用1989~1996年阿克苏水平衡试验站的气象资料,对Penman-Monteith公式和Penman修正式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量进行了比较。Penman修正式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量年值略大于Penman-Monteith公式计算的年值,绝对偏差为42~128 mm,相对偏差为3.3~9.8%,且年际间变化不大。各月的参考作物潜在腾发量变化较大,绝对偏差可正可负,1、2、12月小于0,3~10月大于0,相对误差1、12月较大,2、11月较小,其它月份变化不大。导致计算偏差的原因在于两种公式采用了不同的辐射项和空气动力项计算公式和参数。两种公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量具有显著的线性相关性。  相似文献   

18.
The integration of remotely sensed data into models of evapotranspiration (ET) facilitates the estimation of water consumption across agricultural regions. To estimate regional ET, two basic types of remote sensing approaches have been successfully applied. The first approach computes a surface energy balance using the radiometric surface temperature for estimating the sensible heat flux (H), and obtaining ET as a residual of the energy balance. This paper compares the performance of three different surface energy balance algorithms: an empirical one-source energy balance model; a one-source model calibrated using inverse modeling of ET extremes (namely ET = 0 and ET at potential) which are assumed to exist within the satellite scene; and a two-source (soil + vegetation) energy balance model. The second approach uses vegetation indices derived from canopy reflectance data to estimate basal crop coefficients that can be used to convert reference ET to actual crop ET. This approach requires local meteorological and soil data to maintain a water balance in the root zone of the crop. Output from these models was compared to sensible and latent heat fluxes measured during the soil moisture–atmosphere coupling experiment (SMACEX) conducted over rain-fed corn and soybean crops in central Iowa. The root mean square differences (RMSD) of the estimation of instantaneous latent and heat fluxes were less than 50 W m−2 for the three energy balance models. The two-source energy balance model gave the lowest RMSD (30 W m−2) and highest r2 values in comparison with measured fluxes. In addition, three schemes were applied for upscaling instantaneous flux estimates from the energy balance models (at the time of satellite overpass) to daily integrated ET, including conservation of evaporative fraction and fraction of reference ET. For all energy balance models, an adjusted evaporative fraction approach produced the lowest RMSDs in daily ET of 0.4–0.6 mm d−1. The reflectance-based crop coefficient model yielded RMSD values of 0.4 mm d−1, but tended to significantly overestimate ET from corn during a prolonged drydown period. Crop stress can be directly detected using radiometric surface temperature, but ET modeling approaches-based solely on vegetation indices will not be sensitive to stress until there is actual reduction in biomass or changes in canopy geometry.  相似文献   

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