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1.
1960-2008年黑河流域地表干湿状况的时空变化分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
利用1960-2008年黑河流域16个气象站的逐日气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算最大可能蒸散量,进而计算该流域的湿润指数,对地表干湿状况的时空变化特征及其主要影响因素进行分析。结果表明：黑河流域及其上、中、下游地区的湿润指数总体呈上升趋势,地表湿润状况有所改善,且湿润指数的年际波动性较明显,变异系数分别为14.97%、13.63%、25.47%、37.72%。除下游地区外,夏季的湿润指数变化速率最快,冬季的变化速率最慢;春季,黑河流域地表以变干趋势为主,其他季节均以变湿趋势为主。影响黑河流域地表干湿状况的主要因素是降水量,其他气候因子的变化对地表干湿状况起增强或削弱作用。  相似文献   

2.
王丽娜 《干旱区研究》2014,31(1):144-148
基于六盘山东西两侧甘肃平凉市7个气象站1965-2010年逐日气象要素,采用Penman Monteith模型计算了逐日参考作物蒸散量,应用Mann Kendall非参数检验法,分析了年际变化和季节变化特征。结果表明：① 1965-2010年,平凉市参考作物蒸散量多年平均在890～1 142 mm,全市西南部蒸散量最小,东部最大,年内夏季达到最大值,春、秋季次之,冬季最小;② 近46 a来,平凉市大多数站点参考作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势;③ 影响平凉市参考作物蒸散量季节变化的主要气候因子是风速和日照,其中,风速是影响全市蒸散量呈下降趋势的主导因子。  相似文献   

3.
陇东地表湿润指数的年际变化特征   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
利用能够代表陇东气候类型的三个代表站1971~2005年月平均气温和降水资料,分析该地地表湿润指数的时空变化特征。结果表明:地表湿润指数变化多年平均,东南部的正宁最大,中部的西峰次之,北部的环县最小,呈现由东南向中部和北部逐渐干旱的空间变化特征;东南部的正宁和中部的西峰地表湿润指数以0.0028/a和0.0034/a的速率减小,地表趋于干旱化,北部的环县以0.005/a的速率增加,地表湿润程度有所增加;地表湿润指数的季节分布以春季最小,秋季次之,夏季最大,且春季和秋季有逐年减小的趋势,干旱化程度逐年加重,夏季呈增加趋势,地表湿润状况有所改善;地表湿润指数变化主要依靠降水的影响,但同时也受温度变化的影响,温度高,地表水分蒸发蒸散量大,地表易于变干,温度低,水分蒸发蒸散量小,地表不易变干。  相似文献   

4.
基于湿润指数的新疆甘家湖地表干湿状况变化趋势   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用1953—2013年甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区内精河和乌苏气象站的逐月气象资料,采用伊凡诺夫公式计算出了逐月潜在蒸散量和湿润指数,分析了地表干湿状况的年际变化、季节变化及其主要影响因素。结果表明:1冬半年、夏半年和全年的多年平均潜在蒸散量分别为298、1 107 mm和1 407 mm,潜在蒸散量在冬半年随时间呈下降趋势,在夏半年和全年潜在蒸散量呈明显上升趋势。2春、夏季湿润指数的年际变化呈减小趋势,秋、冬季和全年湿润指数的年际变化呈增加趋势。根据湿润指数相对应的气候区划标准,春季甘家湖自然保护区为半干旱地区,夏季和秋季为极干旱区-干旱区,冬季为干旱区的亚湿润区-湿润区。3湿润指数与降水量、水汽压和相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、气温和日照时数呈负相关;相对湿度变化对湿润指数变化影响最大,其次是日照时数、气温、水汽压和降水量,影响最小的是风速。  相似文献   

5.
文中利用遥感数据潜热通量LE和气象数据年均气温T计算出2006-2021连续16年间青藏高原灌丛、荒漠、草甸和沼泽四种草地植被类型实际蒸散量的变化，并利用Penman-Monteith模型、Priestley-Taylor模型、Mahringer模型、Irmak-Alle模型、Dalton模型等5种常用模型计算出4种草地植被类型参考蒸散量的变化，选出4种植被类型拟合较高的模型。结果表明：连续16年间，4种草地植被类型蒸散量均呈极显著上升趋势。且相对于其他植被类型，灌丛、沼泽和草甸蒸散量显著高于荒漠。气象因子中，相对湿度、温度、2m高风速和土壤热通量4种对蒸散量变化的贡献率最大，且分别可解释71.21%、71.29%、71.37%和71.55%的灌丛、荒漠、草甸和沼泽蒸散量的变化。模型计算结果显示Mahringer和FAO 56 Penman-Monteith两种模型与实际蒸散量之间的相关性最高。推荐适宜的蒸散量计算模型，精确模型研究，以期提供蒸散量变化研究的理论基础。  相似文献   

6.
采用1959～2010年23个气象站的逐日气象资料,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出渭河流域各气象站的潜在蒸散量,由此计算出各站的湿润指数。采用样条曲线插值法(Spline)、气候倾向率、标准化指数、相关分析等方法对流域湿润指数的时空变化特征以及影响其变化的气象要素进行了分析。结果表明:近52a渭河流域地表湿润指数整体下降,由南向北干旱程度逐渐增加。北部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区最干,南部秦岭山地和关中地区最湿。湿润指数年际间波动较大,与潜在蒸散量的变化趋势呈反相位关系,泾河和北洛河流域干湿分布规律与渭河流域整体类似。干旱化速率较大的为华山和宝鸡,关中部分地区微弱变湿。流域整体在春季和秋季变干,夏季除关中和陇东部分地区外也逐渐变干,冬季呈变湿趋势。影响湿润指数的因素主要为降水(正相关)和温度(负相关),风速的增加也会加剧干旱化的趋势。  相似文献   

7.
为深入认识西藏参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征,采用联合国粮农组织1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算西藏37个气象站点32 a(1981—2012年)的逐日ET_0,通过联合国防治荒漠化公约提出的全球干旱指数(UNEP)进行气候评价,利用空间插值及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对西藏及各气候区ET_0时空变化特征进行分析,并通过偏相关分析法对其主要影响因素进行探讨,结果表明:西藏共分为特干旱、干旱、半干旱、干旱半湿润、湿润半湿润和湿润气候区,主要为半干旱气候区。近32 a参考作物蒸散量整体呈减小趋势,变化趋势为-1.508 mm·a~(-1),可将32 a分为3个时段,1981—1989年处于高蒸散阶段,1989年后处于低蒸散阶段,2005年起又持续回升。西藏西部到东部,年际ET_0呈减小趋势。各气候区气象因子的影响基本符合平均气温日照时数平均风速相对湿度,且平均气温、日照时数及平均风速在干旱区的影响较湿润区更为显著。  相似文献   

8.
根据树种的分布资料和气象资料,采用桑斯威特(Thornthwaite)方法计算东北地区50种主要树种的潜在可能蒸散(PE)和湿润指数(IM),利用半峰宽法计算热量指数PE的最适范围,并构建Thornthwaite气候指标与树种分布的地理三维要素(纬度、经度和海拔高度)的回归模型,分析东北地区主要树种水热分布规律。综合潜在可能蒸散(PE)和湿润指数(IM)两个气候指标,将东北地区主要树种划分为寒温湿润型,寒温潮湿型,中温耐旱型,中温湿润型,中温潮湿型,暖温耐旱型、暖温湿润型和暖温潮湿型等8个水热指标类群,并论述了东北地区主要树种的水热分布格局。  相似文献   

9.
1961-2017年柴达木盆地干湿状况及其影响因子   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张旺雄  刘普幸 《干旱区研究》2019,36(6):1391-1400
根据1961—2017年柴达木盆地8个气象站数据资料,采用联合国粮农组织FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散量,继而算得湿润指数,辅以气候倾向率、M-K检验、Morlet小波周期和主成分分析等方法,探究柴达木盆地干湿变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:1961—2017年,柴达木盆地整体具有变湿趋势,变化倾向率为0.007·(10a)~(-1)(α≥0.001),且湿润指数年际变化波动较大,变异系数为30.73%,春、夏、秋、冬四季湿润指数均呈上升趋势,倾向率分别为0.003·(10a)~(-1)、0.009·(10a)~(-1)、0.004·(10a)~(-1)、0.003·(10a)~(-1);空间变化差异显著,盆地东部地区变湿趋势大于西部,德令哈和都兰变湿趋势最为显著;湿润指数在1981年和1986年发生突变,且存在2.8 a和3.6 a(α≥0.05)的变化周期,与大气环流2～4 a周期较吻合;主成分分析表明,降水量和平均气温是柴达木盆地湿润指数的主要影响因子。此外,湿润指数与北半球极涡面积和强度及亚洲区极涡面积和强度关系密切,相关系数分别为-0.46、-0.36、-0.49、-0.47,均通过99%的显著性检验。  相似文献   

10.
参考作物蒸散量计算方法在极端干旱区的适用性   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性鲜有研究。依据塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地收集的2005-2010年的气象资料,以Penman Monteith为标准,运用8种参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法,探讨在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性及计算结果的差异性。结果表明：在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、Priestley Taylar计算结果偏小,而FAO Penman修正法计算结果偏大,仅Kimberley Penman和Hargreave与Penman Monteith的计算结果没有显著差异。 以2004年3-12月气象资料检验Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、FAO Penman修正法和Priestley Tayla修正公式,计算结果与Penman Monteith月偏差仍然较大。偏差较大的原因是3种Penman计算方法均采用了不同的风速修正方法,由风速引起的空气动力项所占的参考作物蒸散量月贡献率不同,而Irmark Allen、Priestley Taylar和Makkink 3种方法仅考虑了辐射项,忽略了空气动力项。因此,这6种计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠不适用,仅有Kimberley Penman和Hargreave可以适用。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

15.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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