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1.
针对传统种子玉米脱粒机作业时所引起的籽粒脱粒损失率大、破碎率高,果穗轴碎芯较多,对玉米种子发芽及后续清选作业产生严重影响的问题,研制了一种变径变间距螺旋板齿式玉米脱粒机.结合挤搓式脱粒工艺及仿生技术,对样机关键作业部件变径变间距螺旋板齿式脱粒装置及排芯口变刚度压板装置进行了设计与理论分析,并结合该脱粒机进行了相关种子玉米果穗脱粒试验.结果表明,利用该变径变间距螺旋板齿式种子玉米脱粒机进行作业,籽粒破碎率为0.45％～0.64％,脱粒损失率0.30％ ～ 0.53％,脱粒含杂率为4.13％～5.83％,能够实现种子玉米果穗高脱净、低破碎、少碎芯的脱粒作业要求. 相似文献
2.
人工接种对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了人工接种不同接种时期和方法对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响,结果表明:玉米弯孢叶斑病菌可以侵染玉米果穗籽粒,使玉米籽粒产生褐色病斑。伤口接种法能使玉米果穗100%发病;花丝通道接种也可导致果穗发病,但其发病频率很低;而花丝喷雾接种和苞叶喷雾接种病菌不能成功侵染玉米果穗籽粒;吐丝后10 d和乳熟期接种只能引起接种点籽粒发病,病菌扩展不好;但籽粒形成期接种的玉米果穗籽粒不仅接种点发病,而且其周围的籽粒也感染了病菌,病菌扩展情况较好。试验明确,玉米籽粒形成期采用伤口接种是使玉米籽粒发生弯孢叶斑病的一种较为理想的人工接种方法。 相似文献
3.
利用研华ADAM4000系列数据采集模块,在LabVIEW平台上开发出玉米果穗立式烘干仓监测系统。该系统是由主控、信号通道、文件操作、数字滤波、频谱分析、统计分析、系统监测等模块组成,当烘干过程中的种子接触的温度的数值除以10的值大于等于监测阈值4.3时,系统就实时完成报警,实现了温度、压力数据的采集、处理和监测。应用情况表明果穗接触温度在256.41 K和484.71 K之间变化,能达到玉米种子果穗烘干的安全要求,证明该监测系统有效的提高了果穗干燥的安全性。 相似文献
4.
玉米丝黑穗病俗称“乌米”，是豫东地区玉米的主要病害。是由真菌Sphacelocheca reiliana在玉米发芽期侵入的系统侵染性病害，主要受害的是玉米的雌、雄穗。典型病症是雄性花器变形，颖片增生呈叶状，不能形成雄蕊。雄花基部膨大，内为一包黑粉。雌穗受害果穗变短，基部粗大，除苞叶外，整个果穗为一包黑粉和散乱的丝状物，严重影响玉米产量。1996～1998年笔者进行了多点防治试验和大面积防治示范，取得一定防治效果。 1 选用优良抗病品种 选用抗病自交系，种植抗病杂交种。一般双亲抗病，杂种一代也抗病，双亲感病，杂种一代也感… 相似文献
5.
基于干燥指数的洮儿河中上游地区水分适宜性的时间变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据洮儿河中上游地区1961-2012年的气象水文资料,计算了其干燥指数,利用干燥指数评价其水分适宜性.结果表明:近52年以来,洮儿河中上游地区的干燥指数呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不明显,多年平均干燥指数为2.36,水分较不适宜;1961-2012年干燥指数的四季变化中冬季的干燥指数最大,为18.59,水分不适宜,夏季的干燥指数最小,为1.35,水分较适宜;洮儿河中上游地区干燥指数在1983年左右发生了一次由增大到减小的突变,在1995年左右发生了一次由减小到增大的突变,各时段的水分状况均为较不适宜;干燥指数包含了多个不同的时间尺度的周期变化和演变特征,主要有4-6年、11年和29年三种尺度的周期变化规律,在未来几年内,洮儿河中上游地区干燥指数将处于偏小期,水分适宜状况好转. 相似文献
6.
7.
真空冻干技术在除虫菊鲜花干燥中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文主要介绍了除虫菊鲜花的真空冷冻干燥技术的原理，条件和操作步骤。对气流干燥、远红外线（或烘箱)干燥、日光自然干燥及真空冷冻干燥四种干燥方法对除虫菊花的干燥条件、干花中水分含量和花中除虫菊素萃取进行了比较；还对真空冷冻干燥法工艺中影响除虫菊干燥后产品质量的温度及其升降速率、时间进行了探讨。该干燥技术具有干燥速率快、效率高、产品质量好的特点。冻干后的花中涂虫菊素萃取率达97．02％。干花中水分含量≤1．5％。 相似文献
8.
玉米圆斑病发生调查报告 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
我县早在1971年发现玉米吉63自交系的果穗上有黑腐的症状。以后病情继续发展,成为配制吉单101等杂交种的主要障碍。从1979年夏开始我们对玉米圆斑病的发生、流行和防治,进行了调查和试验研究。 病原与症状 该病原菌属半知菌类、丛梗孢目、暗梗 相似文献
9.
采用盆栽试验和小区试验,分别研究了抗旱拌种剂对玉米幼苗生长、产量及籽粒品质的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,抗旱拌种剂能够促进玉米幼苗的根系发育,增加玉米幼苗鲜重和干物质重,提高叶绿素含量以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量,且在药种比为1∶14时效果最佳。小区试验结果表明,抗旱拌种剂能够使玉米水分含量、粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量分别提高0.40%、0.84%和0.03%,粗脂肪含量和粗淀粉含量分别降低0.13%和0.88%;使玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数、百粒重和产量分别较对照组增加1 cm、0.24 cm、0.7行、3.3粒、79粒、1.89 g和14.20%,秃尖较对照组短0.38 cm。由此可见,抗旱拌种剂能够促进玉米幼苗生长,改良玉米果穗性状及籽粒营养品质,提高玉米产量。 相似文献
10.
史培军 《干旱区资源与环境》1990,(4)
本文分析了全球主要现代干燥半干燥沙区晚第四纪流沙的扩展与固定,今日沙丘活化、沙化的气候背景,人类开发沙区与沙丘活化、沙化的关系;提出沙区湿润期与干燥期的概念及沙区演变规律。 相似文献
11.
以39份玉米自交系为材料,2017—2018年在甘肃省张掖市设置田间自然抗旱鉴定试验,筛选抗旱鉴定指标,综合评价玉米自交系的抗旱性。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,39份玉米自交系的粉丝间隔时间延长了0~3 d,株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗干重、籽粒干重、出籽率及百粒重均降低,其中,穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率3个指标分别为正常灌水处理的81.5%、79%和88.5%。穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率与平均抗旱系数呈显著正相关,可作为玉米自交系抗旱鉴定的主要指标。利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价筛选出强抗旱玉米自交系10份,其中自交系E28、DH351、陇1222、浚92-8和黄早四,抗旱性达到极强。本研究所筛选到的抗旱自交系可在选育抗旱新品种中加强利用。 相似文献
12.
Reinhard Amler 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2006,58(3):152-172
Maize production trials carried out in Germany from 1999–2004 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as less material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum almost correspond to the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60–65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2.5 and higher. Recently, the silage maize harvest depends on dry matter content of maize plants. This can result in grain ripening rates less than 55 % and low starch as well as energy contents. The dry matter content of the silage maize is at a certain ripeness of grain and/or of starch only expression of aging of the stover. The stover has, together with the grain, a strong influence on the dry matter content of the whole plant maize. On these locations the crop should be harvested before reaching the optimum of ripeness and yield maximum. Therefore only hybrids with a long harvesting time, high starch storage and displaying a high digestibility of plant cell wall with slow drying of the stover, should be grown in the future. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of maize. SRI is also suitable for use in scientific trials as a standard for the harvesting time and for better “stay green” characteristic. It is a strong correlation between the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) and Silage maize Nutrient Index (SNI) or Silage maize Quality Index (SQI), respectively, as indicator for the physiological reaction of starch and metabolised energy in the rumen as well as for the choice of a hybrid. 相似文献
13.
Reinhard Amler 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2006,58(4):213-224
Maize production trials carried out in the middle of eastern Germany from 1999–2005 and were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI, the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper and less material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond almost with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60–65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2.5 and higher. Recently, the silage maize harvest depends on dry matter content of maize plants (30–35%). This can result in grain ripening rates less than 55% and low starch as well as energy contents. The dry matter content of the silage maize is at a certain ripeness of grain and/or of starch only expression of aging of the stover. When the stover has a stronger influence as the grain on the dry matter content of the whole plant maize, than the crop should be harvested before reaching the optimum of ripeness and yield maximum. Therefore only hybrids with a long harvesting time, high starch storage and displaying a high digestibility of plant cell wall with slow drying of the stover should be grown in the future. The Silage maize Ripeness Index is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of maize for the harvesting time. SRI is also suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better type-characteristic of varieties. 相似文献
14.
在枣粮间作模式下对间作作物的物质积累及产量成因进行对比分析,以玉米品种先育335、高粱品种沈杂5号为试材,分别对其在出苗后45、60、75、90 d和105 d的净光合速率、干物质积累、产量构成因素、株高和茎粗等指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明：在枣粮间作模式下,玉米和高粱分别在ZY4和ZG8模式下粮食产量最高;高粱在各生育时期内的光合速率均高于玉米,在不同生长时期内差异较小,相对玉米可适当密植;在ZY4和ZG8的模式下玉米和高粱干物质积累平均速率高,为高产量的形成奠定物质基础;穗数和粒重受密度影响较大,穗粒数影响较小,ZY4和ZG8模式下枣树、玉米、高粱三者配置模式较好。 相似文献
15.
以夏玉米(zea may L. cv.)为试验材料,采用防雨棚下桶栽土培方法,进行调亏灌溉(Regulated deficit irrigation,RDI)对根、冠生长的影响研究,旨在寻求适宜的水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度,为建立节水高产、优质高效作物RDI模式提供技术参数。试验采用二因素随机区组设计,设置4个水分调亏阶段:三叶～拔节(Ⅰ),拔节～抽穗(Ⅱ),抽穗～灌浆(Ⅲ),灌浆～成熟(Ⅳ);每个调亏阶段设置3个水分调亏度:轻度调亏(L)、中度调亏(M)和重度调亏(S),土壤相对含水率分别为60%～65%FC(Field capacity)、50%～55%FC和40%～45%FC;设全生育期保持适宜土壤水分(75%～80%FC)作为对照(CK)。分别在水分调亏期间和复水后测定各处理根系参数和地上干物质质量。结果表明,玉米生长中、后期水分调亏具有促进根系发育和减缓根系衰亡的"双重效应",反映出玉米根系在生育后期比生育前期对水分适应能力强的特性。玉米根冠比(R/S)受水分影响最大的阶段是三叶-拔节期,受水分影响最小的阶段是灌浆期;拔节-抽穗期水分调亏期间能显著增大R/S,复水后分配到冠层与根系的物质比较平衡,维持较为适宜的R/S,表明此阶段为通过RDI调控玉米R/S的适宜阶段。玉米三叶-拔节期水分调亏改善了穗部性状,表明在作物营养生长阶段的适度水分调亏有利于作物生殖生长。RDI可以有效调控根/冠生长关系,提高经济产量。 相似文献
16.
Plant competition is thought to be driven by limiting resources. We propose that plant competition is triggered initially by the red to far-red light ratio (R:FR) originating from neighbouring plants, followed by a series of complex physiological processes, which exclude direct resource competition. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in which maize ( Zea mays ) was grown hydroponically. The effect of R:FR signal being reflected from the leaf surface of Amaranthus retroflexus was isolated by avoiding direct competition for light, water and nutrients. Results showed that the low R:FR reflected from the leaf surface of A. retroflexus did alter the carbon allocation pattern of maize when compared with maize growing free of weeds. Prior to silking, maize grown under low R:FR experienced temporal changes in plant height, persistent changes throughout the sampling period in root and shoot dry weights and rate of leaf appearance, but no changes in leaf area. At silking, low R:FR reduced ear and total plant dry weight. These results support the hypothesis that changes in R:FR acts as an early signal of pending competition by initiating a shade avoidance response. Data from this experiment suggest that once a plant is physiologically triggered into a shade avoidance response, these plants do so at a physiological cost, which may constrain plant development and possibly reduce reproductive fitness. 相似文献
17.
沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤水分和玉米根系分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保沟覆盖材料,探究垄沟集雨种植增产机理,在半干旱黄土高原区通过大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖)对土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积的影响。结果表明:垄沟集雨种植沟中的土壤含水量、玉米根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积明显大于垄中;与平作相比,无覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖耕层沟中作物生育期平均土壤含水量分别增加6.9%、10.6%和9.3%,垄中平均土壤含水量分别降低13.8%、10.9%和5.6%;玉米总根干重(沟中+垄中)分别降低15.9%、6.1%和16.8%,总根长分别增加37.6%、43.7%和34.8%,总根表面积分别增加10.5%、33.6%和15.0%。无覆盖和秸秆覆盖玉米总根体积分别降低34.5%和16.3%,生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米总根体积增加13.2%。与传统平作相比,垄沟集雨种植增加土壤水分、玉米根长和根表面积,降低玉米根干重。在不同沟覆盖方式中,生物可降解地膜覆盖具有较高土壤含水量、根长、根表面积和根体积。 相似文献
18.
以玉米为试材,于2017—2018年在天津市滨海盐碱土进行了膜下滴灌试验, 分析了覆膜和灌溉对玉米盐分离子质量分布特征、玉米干物质的变化规律和产量的影响。结果表明：（1）覆膜和灌溉对玉米离子分布的影响显著,显著减小了根部Na+吸收质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10小56%,从而减少了盐分对叶片的伤害;显著增大了茎部K+的积累质量,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高24%,提高了植物的耐盐性;显著增加了叶部Ca2+质量,苗期FI20处理比LI10高96%,促进作物幼根的生长和根毛的形成,改善了玉米体内的离子平衡,减轻了盐胁迫作用;显著增加了叶部Mg2+质量,拔节期FI20处理比LI10高136%,增强了植株叶片的光合作用,提高了植株的耐盐性。（2）玉米地上部和根系干物质重均随着生育期进程而增加,覆膜和灌溉改变了植物体内盐分离子质量,对玉米生物量的积累影响较大,成熟期FI20处理比LI10高1%~46%;对玉米根冠比（R/S）有显著影响,使生物量分配比例显著改变,成熟期根冠比（R/S）FI20处理比LI10小48%~52%。（3）利用2017年玉米试验数据采用Logistic曲线建立了干物质生长模拟方程,引入了盐分离子修正系数,拟合方程显著。利用2018年玉米试验数据对建立的玉米干物质盐离子模型进行了验证,各个处理的拟合曲线与其实测值都较接近;建立的干物质生长模型能够较好地模拟盐碱地玉米干物质的累积过程。综上,覆膜和灌水定额为20 mm的FI20处理对植株的盐离子调节作用最显著,提高了玉米的耐盐性,改变了生物量的分配比例,获得了适当的干物质累积量,产量最高。 相似文献
19.
串珠镰刀菌引起玉米穗粒腐病防御酶变化及其电镜观察 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)侵染引起玉米穗粒腐病的防御酶活性变化和病原菌侵染过程进行研究。采用人工接菌的方法,分别对抗(Bt鄄1)、感(掖478)玉米材料进行接种,取抗、感材料间隔24 h 的6 个时间段接菌部位的苞叶组织,分析玉米植株感病后部分防御酶、同工酶谱的动态变化,并用扫描电镜对病原菌入侵植株过程进行组织病理学观察。扫描电镜观察发现,菌丝首先要经过1 ~ 3 d 生长后,大约在72 h 左右开始侵入气孔,并且随着时间的推移,侵入气孔的菌丝量逐渐增多。这说明病原菌是直接通过气孔侵入寄主苞叶组织。同时,玉米受串珠镰刀菌侵染后,苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性都是先上升后下降,在感病材料Ye478 中PAL 的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中增加的更快、更高;同样对于POD 来说,在感病材料Ye478 中的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中的高,但变化趋势在2 个材料中相似;而丙二醛(MDA)的含量则相反,在感病材料Ye478 中的活性要比抗病材料Bt鄄1 中的低;对POD 同工酶酶谱分析,2 个材料都增加了3 ~ 4 个条带,没有明显的区别,这说明玉米感病后会通过增加POD 的活性来抵御外源病菌的侵入。总体而言PAL和POD 活性水平与材料抗性呈负相关;MDA 与材料抗性呈正相关关系。对玉米植株感病后防御酶活性变化的分析和病原菌入侵寄主的电镜观察结果,可为深入研究玉米穗粒腐病抗病机制和抗病育种提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Reinhard Amler 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2014,66(2):41-51
The consistent appropriate selection of environment-stable varieties, the range of plant without ear up to maximal ripeness ratio of grain to residual plant are the cardinal question in maize cultivation respecting the ripeness, growing and environmental conditions. By permanent control of the ripening process in the pre-harvest period up to ripeness maximum possible ratio of grain to rest plant (real time of harvest) and its detection by the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) as phenological performance, selection and stress indicator the environmental performance potential of all varieties can be exploited, in all years, as well as each location and in all directions of use. The plant without ear as a concrete expression of the reduction of biomass production caused by drought stress and the careless cultivation of unstable varieties provide the base inevitably for drastic, estimated losses with regard to quality, yield, as well as extensive risks in environmental, consumer and animal welfare. Ripe different maize with green, vital and active photosynthesis residual plant with 22?% dry matter is in the field of physiological ripeness of grain by 63?% up to the agro-eco-efficient ripeness point and the interface of all use directions. Silage and energy maize with the SRI of 2.8 and still green residual plant should be continued in the interest of the effectiveness of the high-performance feeding up to the maximum possible ripeness ratio. The establishment of the plant architecture in the form of high maize high of about 225 cm is better for improve the yield potential compared to compact. Such differences were indifferent and not pronounced at the quality indicators. By phenotyping of the production levels in maize, also the risks of all kinds are estimated preventable in addition to the appraisal of quality and yield. In addition an assessment of ripeness, growing and environmental conditions of the crop year can be on the other hand same range based on the SRI retroactively. Interfaces, as the agro-eco-efficient ripeness point, for the coupling of other crop models, a selection index for breeding objectives of all use directions (performance, resistance and food value) as an environmental variable and standard for trial basis have been created with this Dynamic Ripeness and Analysissystem (DRA). The efficiency of the entire production branch is also ecologically to justify itself according to maximize success in each direction of use maize. 相似文献