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1.
安徽省农业旱灾规律及其对粮食安全的影响   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  
利用1949年以来59 a农业自然灾害和粮食生产数据,分析安徽省农业旱灾变化规律和粮食安全态势,探讨农业旱灾对粮食安全的影响.结果表明:农业干旱灾害呈现明显周期性波动,干旱轻重灾情交替出现,其波动周期大致为5～10 a.近30 a来干旱灾害对该省粮食生产的致灾强度越来越大,即其危害日趋严重.粮食总产量、粮食单产和粮食播种面积的年变化率均与干旱受灾率、成灾率、灾害强度指数、受灾率异常指数和成灾率异常指数等指标显著负相关.其中以灾害强度指数、受灾率异常指数和成灾率异常指数对粮食生产的影响更为显著,且受灾率异常指数的影响最为显著.该研究结果可为安徽省农业防灾减灾体系建设和粮食安全提供参考和借鉴.  相似文献   

2.
1368-1949年西海固干旱灾害研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
通过对历史文献资料的收集、整理统计和分析,对1368-1949年西海固地区干旱灾害的等级序列、时间序列变化、平均发生时间间隔和干旱变化趋势拟合进行了研究。结果表明:1368-1949年西海固共发生干旱灾害132次,平均每4.41年发生一次;其中以1800-1849年和1900-1949年这两个50年段的干旱灾害最为频繁。1368-1949年西海固干旱灾害以中度旱灾和轻旱涝灾为主,发生频次分别为58次、52次,占干旱灾害发生年总数的43.94%、39.39%。大面积的干旱灾害(三、四级)平均每26.5年出现一次,占干旱灾害发生总年数的16.67%。受季节性气候影响,西海固干旱灾害呈现出明显的季节性差异。夏季是干旱灾害最为频繁,春、秋两季次之,冬季最少。伏旱造成的危害相对比较严重。1368-1949年西海固干旱灾害发生频次的距平百分比曲线呈明显的波浪线型增长;以1700年为界,西海固干旱灾害频次呈明显的增加趋势,后期250年的干旱灾害发生频率是前期330年的2.62倍。西海固干旱灾害频发主要是由气候的异常波动、降水的年际、年内分布不均以及特殊的地理位置这些自然因素造成的;人类对自然环境的不合理改造和不科学的利用方式也加剧了干旱灾害的发生及成灾程度。  相似文献   

3.
在阐述干旱灾害风险基本概念的基础上,分析了农业干旱灾害风险动态评估的难点。通过作物生长模型——DNDC模型模拟作物逐日生长,得到最终的粮食产量。采用情景分析方法,对不同气象条件下的作物产量进行估计,进而计算作物粮食因旱损失,实现农业干旱灾害风险动态分析。研究选择辽宁省为研究区,以玉米作物为代表,空间分析单元为县级行政区,利用15年的序列数据进行粮食因旱损失评估,模型模拟辽宁省的总误差控制在15%左右。风险分析结果表明,辽宁省西北部地区干旱灾害风险高于其他地区,这也与辽宁省干旱实际情况相吻合。  相似文献   

4.
干旱气候对陇东南主要农作物产量影响的评估   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文
以天水市境内7个气象站1961～2005年(代表站1936～2005年)的逐月、逐年降水资料及干旱灾害发生的次数、造成粮食减产等数据为基本资料,运用数理统计方法分析干旱灾害的时间分布特征及造成的损失程度.得出1961～2005年干旱发生的频率呈上升趋势,一年之内干旱发生的频率以伏旱最高,春旱最低.提出了干旱灾害对主要粮食作物产量的影响系数,建立了定量评估模式,并对粮食作物的种植风险程度进行了评述.  相似文献   

5.
影响区域粮食生产的主要相关因素分析--以包头市为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用统计资料,结合实地调查,在分析1949-2003年包头粮食生产变化轨迹的基础上,探讨近年来粮食总产量下降的原因。结果表明,20世纪80年代以来,包头市粮食生产经历了两起两落。不同时段影响粮食生产的主要因素不同,近年来导致粮食减产的主要因素是耕地面积的减少和粮食作物种植比例的降低。在建立并模拟分析包头粮食生产不同模型的基础上,利用效果最佳的模型对包头2010年粮食生产进行预测。结果表明,如果包头耕地面积和粮食作物种植比例按照目前的态势继续减少,到2010年粮食总产量将是5.33～10^5t,人均粮食约240.30kg,仅达规划目标（360kg／人）的66.75％。  相似文献   

6.
基于EMD的我国受旱面积波动的多时间尺度的分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
我国是一个干旱及旱灾频繁发生的国家,近年来干旱已成为影响我国社会经济可持续发展的重要制约因素。文中应用经验模态分解(EMD)方法分析了1950-2006年全国干旱灾害受灾面积波动情况。结果表明:(1)干旱灾害受灾面积存在准3年、准8.5年、准14年左右特征时间尺度的周期性波动;(2)各时间尺度的周期性振荡的贡献率中以准3年时间尺度的受灾面积振荡的贡献最大,说明干旱灾害受灾面积波动以准3年时间尺度为主;(3)从各时间尺度的振荡来看,大致分三个阶段,80年代中期以前,干旱灾害受灾面积的波动频率较慢,周期长,振幅大;80年代中期以后,波动频率变快,周期缩短,振幅减小;而90年代中期之后,振幅又有所增加。从各时间尺度振荡的趋势看,干旱灾害受灾面积仍处在增加阶段;而且近年来干旱灾害受灾面积振荡的幅度增大,说明干旱灾害强度加剧,频度增加。因此,应认识和了解旱灾发生和发展规律,并进行有效的防治,尽可能减小旱灾对社会经济发展造成的损失。  相似文献   

7.
辽宁主要农业灾害时空分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用辽宁1996—2005年14个地区的成灾面积资料,分析辽宁各地主要农业灾害（干旱灾害、洪涝灾害、风雹灾害、霜冻灾害和病虫害）的时空间分布特征及发展趋势。结果表明：干旱灾害对辽宁农业生产的影响最大,2000年发生最重,成灾面积为1.4×105 hm2;风雹灾害1997年发生最重,成灾面积为4.4×104　hm2;洪涝灾害1998年发生最重,成灾面积为2.3×104　hm2;病虫害1996年和1997年发生较重,成灾面积为1.3×104 hm2;霜冻灾害1999年发生较重,成灾面积为1.7×103 hm2。从空间分布特征来看,辽宁农业灾害影响最大的地区是辽西地区。按辽宁农业灾害成灾面积大小划分,依次为：辽西地区,辽中地区,辽北地区,辽南地区和辽东地区。农业灾害中以干旱灾害和风雹灾害对农业生产影响最为严重,是影响农业生产的主要因素。  相似文献   

8.
明代河南地区干旱灾害的时空特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过对明代(1368年-1644年)277年河南地区干旱灾害史料的整理、分类与统计分析,从频次和强度两个方面探究河南地区干旱灾害的时空分布特征.结果表明:河南地区在明代共发生干旱灾害88次,其中1级旱灾35次,2级大旱灾48次,3级特大旱灾5次.在时间分布上,明代河南地区干旱灾害发生频次尽管有阶段性起伏,但总体来看,呈现出前期少,中后期多的特点,其中后期尤为突出;在发生季节上,干旱灾害多集中于春、夏季,秋季次之,冬季最少.在空间分布上,明代河南地区干旱灾害频次的区域分布与干旱灾害强度的区域分布也存在着一定程度的一致性,豫北地区既是干旱灾害易发区,也是干旱灾害最严重的地区;豫西地区干旱灾害发生频次偏低,但干旱灾害强度偏大;地处西南的南阳府(范围大体同于现在的唐白丹区)干旱灾害发生最少且强度最低.  相似文献   

9.
近200年来关中地区干旱灾害时空变化研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  
通过对历史文献资料的收集、统计和分析,对1800-2000年关中地区干旱灾害的等级序列、时间变化、空间变化和干旱变化趋势拟合进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区近200年共发生干旱灾害94次,平均2.14年发生一次;干旱灾害的等级序列可分为四级,其中发生轻旱灾24次,占旱灾总数的26.6%;中等旱灾47次,占旱灾总数的48.9%;大旱灾19次,占旱灾总数的20.2%;特大旱灾4次,占旱灾总数的4.3%;从1900年代开始,干旱灾害发生频率有明显的增加;旱灾以夏旱和春旱最多,占发生次数的32%和28.1%;关中地区中部和东部为旱灾的高发区,其中渭南地区干旱的发生次数远远高于其他地区;从19世纪至20世纪40年代,拟合曲线有增加趋势;40年代至今旱灾略有下降。  相似文献   

10.
1644-1911年宁夏西海固干旱灾害时空变化及驱动力分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
通过对历史文献资料的收集、统计和分析,对1644-1911年西海固地区干旱灾害的时间变化、空间变化、等级序列以及驱动力因子进行了研究。结果表明:1644-1911年西海固地区有记载的干旱灾害82次,平均3.27年发生一次;旱灾以春旱和夏旱最多,占发生次数的38.5%和25.3%;西海固地区的干旱灾害划分出四个等级序列,共发生轻度旱灾24次,占旱灾总数的29.3%;发生中度旱灾50次,占旱灾总数的60.97%;发生大旱灾和特大旱灾共8次,占旱灾总数的9.73%;西海固发生干旱灾害可分为5个阶段:旱灾的多发期包括:1710-1770年代、1800-1860年代(1820年代除外)。少旱灾期包括:1640年代-1700年代、1780-1790年代、1870-1910年代(1890年代除外);这一时期的中期西海固发生干旱灾害发生频率较高;旱灾高发区主要集中在西海固与陕西交接的南部,其中固原发生干旱的频次远远高于其他地区;影响干旱灾害时空变化的驱动力因子包括气候、生态和人口因子,其中气候因子起到了决定的作用。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

15.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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