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玉米大斑病暴发流行对玉米产量和性状表征的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
2012年8月中旬~9月中旬,对吉林省大斑病危害玉米性状表征和产量损失情况进行调查,并对发生严重的梨树、双辽、长岭、农安4个县市5个乡镇的玉米田进行产量损失研究。结果表明,2012年大斑病发生级别较往年同期提高了3～5级,大斑病暴发流行对玉米性状表征和产量造成较大的影响,受害玉米子粒不饱满,果穗短而细,秃尖程度严重。调查田块大斑病发生严重的地块产量损失率24.19%～46.15%,因此,建立品种、机械化、药剂和宣传为一体的防治体系是做好大斑病防治工作的关键。 相似文献
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2012年勃利县水稻遭受当地历史上罕见的三代粘虫危害,发生面积大、虫口密度高、危害严重。笔者分析了勃利县水稻三代粘虫发生的虫源因素及发生特点,从千粒重方面调查统计了虫害对水稻产量的影响,同时对防治工作中存在的问题进行了总结,提出了相关的对策建议。 相似文献
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东北地区亚洲玉米螟危害损失测定模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究并建立玉米螟产量损失与不同代数(一代、二代及一二代混合发生)幼虫数量及产量损失与产量构成因子、相关生育指标间的关系,便于制定更加准确且适应种群发生规律变化的防治指标。结果表明,不同生育期的玉米螟卵量与产量损失之间呈显著相关和回归关系,仅一代幼虫和仅二代幼虫的危害具有独立性,且第二代幼虫是造成玉米产量损失的主要世代。在此基础上,分别建立仅一代、仅二代玉米螟幼虫数量与产量损失的数学模型,并根据模型特性以叠加的方式得到一二代混合发生的玉米螟幼虫数量与产量损失之间的数学模型。 相似文献
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玉米禾螟(Chilo partellus)在玉米上造成明显的产量损失,尤其在亚洲、非洲的炎热、潮湿地区更为严重。其危害形式主要是引起叶损伤、枯心、矮化、茎穿孔和茎破裂。在玉米作物种植较少或没有害虫防治措施的耕作条件下,由于这种害虫的危害造成低产。虽然在某些国家如肯尼亚常常通过施用杀虫剂来保护作物免遭害虫危害。但是如果不及时得以保护,一些感虫品种和杂交种会受到严重危害。此时抗性品种和杂交种在防虫上显示出较大的 相似文献
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为探究土壤添加生物质炭对植食性咀嚼式口器害虫的影响,选用黏虫为研究对象,设0、15、30和50g·kg~(-1)四个土壤添加生物质炭处理,对盆栽种植的麦苗接初孵黏虫幼虫,观察和分析幼虫生长发育和成虫生殖力的变化。结果表明,随生物质炭施用量的增大,黏虫幼虫发育历期呈线性缩短趋势,50g·kg~(-1)生物质炭处理下幼虫发育历期为19.0d,较不添加生物质炭处理下降6.5%。黏虫蛹鲜重随生物质炭添加量增大呈线性减小趋势,其中50g·kg~(-1)生物质炭处理下雌虫蛹鲜重为0.28g,较不添加生物质炭处理下降12.5%。施加生物质炭对黏虫的化蛹率(平均69.89%)和羽化率(92.08%)无显著影响。但随生物质炭施用量的增大,黏虫产卵量呈线性增大的趋势,50g·kg~(-1)生物质炭处理产卵量为605粒,较不添加生物质炭处理下增加近3.3倍。以上结果说明,施用生物质炭有提高黏虫生殖潜力的作用。 相似文献
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Factors reducing yield of organic white clover seed production were investigated in Denmark. In thirty‐six fields from different regions, density of flower heads, and weevils of the genera Apion and Hypera, hatching from flower heads, were assessed. In fifteen of these fields, additional measurements were made in order to calculate potential yield and yield‐reducing factors. Flower heads had a mean of ninety‐two florets per head, of which proportionately 0·59 were intact, 0·08 were not pollinated and 0·34 damaged by weevils; 0·16 of the florets contained larvae of Apion species. In intact florets the mean number of seeds was 3·6. Density and size of flower heads were correlated with low density of flower heads leading to significantly more florets per head. The number of seeds per intact floret was correlated with the proportion of unpollinated florets. The number of insect‐damaged florets was influenced by both larvae of Apion in and the numbers of Hypera nigrirostris (Fabr.) hatched from flower heads. One larva of H. nigrirostris caused approximately ten times the damage of a larva of Apion. Densities of Apion and Hypera were influenced by location, with fields with adjacent weevil sources being most at risk. An estimate of potential seed yield showed that, even under good harvest conditions, only a small part of potential seed yield is realized and that under suboptimal harvest conditions seed loss is high. The main factors responsible for low yields in Danish organic white clover seed production were identified as unfavourable harvest conditions and weevil damage. 相似文献
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The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one of the most serious pests of cereals in Asia and Australasia. The structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of M. separata were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that antennae of both female and male M. separata are filiform in shape. Three groups and seven morphological sensillum types were recorded in both sexes, including uniporous sensilla (sensilla chaetica), multiporous sensilla (sensilla trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, and styloconica), and aporous sensilla (sensilla squamiformia and Böhm bristles). S. trichodea, which were the most abundant sensilla, was made of three subtypes (ST I, ST II, and ST III) according to external features and two subtypes of s. basiconica (SB I and SB II) and s. coeloconica (SCo I and SCo II) were identified, respectively. Sexual dimorphisms in sensilla of M. separata were mainly perceived as the variations in the numbers of several sensilla subtypes. Also, the possible functions of the antennal sensilla were discussed. These results contribute to our understanding of the function of antennae in the behavior of M. separata. 相似文献
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通过对不同种植密度玉米田内玉米螟、赤眼蜂调查,初步认为,在低种植密度下一、二代玉米螟百株落卵块数、落卵粒数较高,种植密度为45 000株/hm2玉米田的一代玉米螟危害较重。相关分析表明,一、二代百株玉米的落卵块数、落卵粒数、蛀孔数、隧道长度、活虫数及一代卵块寄生率等与种植密度呈负相关;健株数与种植密度呈正相关;穗上折率、穗柄折率、雄穗折率随种植密度增加折率略有增加。玉米不同种植密度对赤眼蜂的自然寄生率影响较小,30 000株/hm2种植密度一代玉米螟的卵块寄生率和卵粒寄生率略高,为44.24%和39.00%;二代玉米螟的卵块寄生率和卵粒寄生率均较高,平均为84.59%和80.84%。 相似文献
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SW12-859为吉林省农业科学院农业生物技术研究所培育的转基因玉米杂交组合,全株表达Cry1F基因杀虫蛋白。本研究以其为材料,与其遗传背景相似的郑单958为非转基因对照,在玉米心叶期(6~8叶期)和穗期(13~16叶期)进行田间人工接玉米螟初孵幼虫,调查其抗螟性、农艺性状及对产量损失的影响。结果表明,在玉米心叶期和穗期,转基因玉米SW12-859对一、二代玉米螟表现为高抗,郑单958表现为感,二者受玉米螟危害程度(抗螟性)差异显著。转基因玉米SW12-859和郑单958的株高、穗位高等农艺性状相近,在接虫条件下,转基因玉米产量显著高于非转基因玉米。 相似文献
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Feeding by corn earworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae lowers the quality of food maize by causing damage to kernels that results in discoloration of food maize products during cooking. This damage includes kernel cracking or nipping of kernels by larvae. Larval infestations were highest from first silk to early dough growth stages. Infestations during the silk and blister-dough stages caused the least amount of kernel damage on an ear. The area on an ear exposed to corn earworm damage during the blister, dough, or dent to harvest treatments was similar. Kernels were most susceptible to quality loss when they were hardening. Yield was not affected by corn earworm feeding, but the highest quality loss occurred on ears exposed to earworms during the dent-harvest period and throughout the season. Consequently, late season control actions (during the dough stage) would be more effective for reducing quality loss from corn earworm feeding on food maize, than is the present practice of spraying during the green silk stage. 相似文献
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北方春玉米密植条件下玉米螟危害规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2012～2013年于沈阳开展田间试验,对不同密度种植玉米田的玉米螟危害及玉米产量差异进行比较,研究玉米密植对亚洲玉米螟危害规律的影响。结果表明,一代玉米螟危害在2012年75 000株/hm2小区花叶率、虫孔数和幼虫数显著高于常规田,2013年90 000株/hm2小区花叶率、幼虫数、虫孔数高于常规田,花叶率和虫孔数差异显著;二代玉米螟危害在2012年75 000株/hm2雌穗被害率、虫孔数、幼虫数和被害率显著高于常规田,2013年90 000株/hm2小区雌穗被害率、虫孔数和幼虫数显著高于常规田。2012年种植密度与产量呈抛物线关系,2013年90 000株/hm2小区产量显著高于常规田,常规田百粒重和单穗重显著高于密植田。随玉米种植密度提高,玉米螟危害有加重趋势。 相似文献
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Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn
《Field Crops Research》2004,89(1):1-16
A field study was carried out from 1995 to 1997 in order to determine the effect of irrigation and water stress imposed at different development stages on vegetative growth, grain yield and other yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, with Pioneer 3377 corn hybrid. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Four known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 16 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on plant height, leaf area index, grain yield per hectare, as well number of ears per plant, grain yield per cob and 1000 kernels weight, were evaluated. Results of this 3-year study show that all vegetative and yield parameters were significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive tasselling and cob formation stages. Water stress occurring during vegetative and tasselling stages reduced plant height, as well as leaf area development. Short-duration water deficits during the rapid vegetative growth period caused 28–32% loss of final dry matter weight. Highest yields were observed in the fully irrigated control (VTCM) and the treatment which allowed water stress during the vegetative growth stage (TCM). Even a single irrigation omission during one of the sensitive growth stages, caused up to 40% grain yield losses during dry years such as 1996. Much greater losses of 66–93% could be expected as a result of prolonged water stress during tasselling and ear formation stages. Seasonal irrigation water amounts required for non-stressed production varied by year from 390 to 575 mm. Yield response factor (ky) values (unitless parameter) relating yield loss to water deficits) obtained for the first, second and third experimental years were determined to be 1.22, 1.36 and 0.81, respectively. 相似文献