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1.
不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars.  相似文献   

2.
不同氮水平下粳稻的氮素累积和转运特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Developing high-yielding rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars depends on having a better understanding of nitrogen （N） accumulation and translocation to the ear during the reproductive stage. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the genetic variation for N accumulation and translocation in different Japonica rice cultivars at different N rates and to identify any relationship to grain yield in southeast China. Four Japonica cultivars with similar agronomic characteristics were grown at two experimental sites in 2004 with three N rates of 0, 60, and 180 kg N ha^-1. Dry weights and N contents of rice plants were measured at tillering, initiation, anthesis, and maturity. Grain yields exhibited significant differences （P 〈 0.05） among the cultivars and N application rates. Increasing N rates improved N uptake at anthesis and maturity in all four cultivars （P 〈 0.05）. N translocation from vegetative organs to the grains increased with enhanced N rates （P 〈 0.05）. N translocation to the grains ranged from 9 to 64 kg N ha^-1 and N-translocation efficiency from 33% to 68%. Grain yield was linear to N uptake at anthesis （r^2 = 0.78^＊＊） and N translocation （r^2 = 0.67^＊＊）. Thus, cultivars with a high N uptake at anthesis, low residual N in the straw at maturity, and appropriate low N fertilizer supply in southeast China should efficiently increase N-recovery rate while maintaining grain yield and soil fertility.  相似文献   

3.
Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variations at the seedling stage. Significant phenotypic variations with high heritability were observed among the wheat cultivars exposed to 40 μmol L-1 Cd for the studied traits, including root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root and shoot dry biomasses (RDW and SDW, respectively), root and shoot Cd concentrations (RCD and SCD, respectively), and Cd translocation factor (TF). Mean RCD, SCD, and TF ranged from 1.0 to 33.8, 0.125 to 2.022, and 0.009 to 0.321 mg g-1, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that wheat cultivars with higher RL, SL, RDW, and SDW under Cd stress were able to accumulate more Cd in root, leading to a lower Cd TF. Mixed linear model-based association analysis detected 17 novel significant marker-trait associations (MTAs), four of which were significant at a genome-wide scale. Most of the significant MTAs controlled Cd TF and explained 17.17%-26.47% of the phenotypic variations. Some of the SNP loci were physically close to a reported Cd-related quantitative trait locus or gene on wheat chromosomes. Results of this study provided a list of wheat cultivars with the potential of low Cd accumulation and enriched our knowledge on the genetic basis of Cd uptake and translocation in wheat. Pyramiding breeding of superior alleles detected in this study may additionally reduce Cd accumulation of improved wheat cultivars with excellent agronomic traits.  相似文献   

4.
To explore genetic variability for two Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) cultivars, N1 (the sixth-generation cultivated with 75% seawater irrigation for six years) and N7 (a general variety), a experiment was conducted to study the changes in physiological attributes under different concentrations (0%, 10% and 25% of seawater concentration in greenhouse and 0%, 30% and 50% of seawater concentration in the field) of seawater salinity stress. In the greenhouse experiment, decreases of dry growth rate, but increases of dry matter percentage and membrane injury occurred in both the genotypes at 10% and 25% seawater treatments, although lesser cell membrane damage was observed in N1 than N7. N1 accumulated greater contents of Na+, Cl-, soluble sugar and proline in leaves compared with N7. In the field experiment, the yields of shoot, root and tuber, and the contents of total-sugar and inulin in tubers of N1 were higher than those of N7. Lesser degree of salt injury in N1 indicated that the relatively salt-tolerant cultivar had higher K+/Na+ ratio, lower Na+/Ca2+ ratio, and the salt-induced enhancement of osmotic adjustment.  相似文献   

5.
Root box experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of N and NK levels in the root zone on shoot photosynthesis and root growth of hybrid an cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on two paddy soils (clayey and silty).The results showed that dry matter yields in the hybrid and the cultivar were considerably increased by NK supply,bu the effect was greater for the hybrid.Supply of NK in the root zone significantly increased photosynthetic rate of the lower position leaf and the active green leaf area per plant,in which the effects were much more obvious in the hybrid rice than in the cultivar.High NK supply in the root zone stimulated the root growth,and decreased pH and increased the oxidation zone in the rhizosphere in both entries,but to a greater extent in the hybrid .The results indicated that higher NK levels were needed to maintain higher root activity and shoot photosynthetic capacity in rice,particularly in hybrid rice.  相似文献   

6.
增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.  相似文献   

7.
In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0-60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μ g N m 2 h 1 ; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO3-N and NH+4 -N contents at depths of 0-20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0-10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.  相似文献   

8.
中国西北旱作农田土壤剖面硝态氮累积   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  
A long-term fertilizer experiment on dry land of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, has been conducted since 1984 to study the distribution and accumulation of NO3-N down to a depth of 400 cm in the profile of a coarse-textured dark loessial soil after continuous winter wheat cropping. Thirteen fertilizer treatments consisted of four levels of N and P applied alone or in combination. Annual N and P (P205) rates were 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha^-1. After 15 successive cropping cycles, the soll samples were taken from each treatment for analysis of NO3-N concentration. The results showed that NO3-N distribution in the soil profile was quite different among the treatments. The application of fertilizer N alone resulted in higher NO3-N concentration in the soil profile than the combined application of N and P, showing that application of P could greatly reduce the NO3-N accumulation. With an annual application of 180 kg N ha^-1 alone, a peakin NO3-N accumulation occurred at 140 cm soil depth, and the maximum NO3-N concentration in the soils was 67.92 mg kg^-1. The amount of NO3-N accumulated in the soil profile decreased as the cumulative N uptake by the winter wheat increased. Application of a large amount of N resulted in lower N recoveries in winter wheat and greater NO3-N accumulation in soil profile. NO3-N did not enter underground water in the study region; therefore, there is no danger of underground water pollution. Amount of NO3-N accumulation can be predicted by an equation according to annual N and P rates based on the results of this experiment.  相似文献   

9.
施用控释肥提高直播水稻氮的利用率   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Field trials on a silt-loamy paddy soil derived from shallow-sea deposit in direct seeding rice fields were conducted in Zhejing ,China,in 1996 to compare N efficiency of controlled release fertilizers (LP fertilizers) with the conventional urea.Six treatments including CK (no N fertilizer),conventional urea and different types of LP fertilizers at different rates were designed for two succeeding crops of early and late rice.A blend of different types of LP fertilizers as a single preplant “co-situs“ application released n in a rate and amount synchronizing with uptake pattern of direct seeding rice.A single preplant application of the LP fertilizers could meet the N requirement of rice for the whole growth period without need of topdressing,Using LP fertilizer blends ,equivalent grain yields could be maintained even if the N fertilization rates were reduced by 25%-50% compared with the conventional urea .Agronomi efficiency of the LP fertilizers was 13.6%-86.4% higher than that of the conventional urea in early rice and 100%-164.1% in late rice,depending on the amounts of the LP fertilizers applied.N fertilizer recovery rate incereased from 27.4% for the conventional application of urea to 41.7%-54.1%,for the single preplant “co-situs“ application of the LP fertilizers,Use of the LP fertilizers was promising if the increse in production costs due to the hihg LP fertilizer prices could be compensated by increase in yield and N efficiency,reduction in labor costs and improvement in environment.  相似文献   

10.
A experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of Al on growth, accumulations of free proline and amino acid in 2 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Yangmai No.5 and Jian 864, differing in Al sensitivity. Plants grew initially in a nutrient solution without Al for 13 days before the addition of Al and finally in a nutrient solution containing 0.5mmol Al (L-1) for 19 days. The results showed that there were marked decreases in dry weight, relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of Al-treated seedlings compared with control plants. The Al effects were more evident in Yangmai No.5 than Jian 864. Leaf area ratio(LAR) was little affected by Al. RGR was highly correlated with NAR rather than LAR. Aluminum increased the concentrations of free proline and total free amino acid in shoots of both the cultivars. The increases were greater in Yangmai No.5 than in Jian 864. The percentage of free proline in total amino acid in shoots was not affected by Al treatment. It was possible that accumulation of proline was merely a symptom of Al injury. The concentrations of total nitrogen in Al-treated plants did not significantly differ from those of control plants. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaves was severely decreased by Al, and a greater decrease was noted in Yangmai No.5 than in Jian 864, but NRA in roots of both the cultivars was not affected. The decreases in NRA might be an indirect (accumulation of amino acid) rather than a direct result of Al toxicity.  相似文献   

11.
不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮素积累转运特征   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,通过15N标记的氮肥盆栽试验精确定量不同氮效率的水稻齐穗后氮素积累和转运量。结果表明,无论在何种施氮水平下,氮高效水稻(南光和武运粳)的籽粒产量均显著高于氮低效水稻Elio;不同氮效率水稻在齐穗期和齐穗后15天时干物质积累量差异不显著,但在成熟期时氮高效水稻的干物质积累量显著高于氮低效水稻,增幅约为16·4%;与干物质积累相对应的是,不同氮效率水稻的氮素积累量在齐穗期和齐穗后15天也没有差异,但在成熟期时氮高效基因型水稻武运粳和南光的氮素积累量较氮低效基因型水稻Elio高约31%和21%,差异显著。15N标记试验结果可以看出,氮低效水稻Elio齐穗时吸收的一部分15N移出了植株体,其占15N转运量的11%。从齐穗至成熟,氮低效水稻Elio从茎叶转移出的15N量(2·75mg穴-1)远远低于氮高效水稻武运粳(3·54mg穴-1)和南光(3·22mg穴-1),差异显著。氮高效水稻武运粳和南光从茎叶转移出的15N量约占籽粒所需N量的91%和85%,而从土壤中吸收的15N量约占9%和15%。综上所述,氮高效、低效水稻氮素积累和转运特征的差异主要表现在齐穗期以后,氮高效水稻具有强的氮素吸收或者转运能力,以满足籽粒形成期植株对氮素的利用。  相似文献   

12.
不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。  相似文献   

13.
不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮代谢酶活性的变化特征   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,研究了两个供氮水平下水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白浓度和氮转运量以及氮代谢关键酶的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,施氮处理能显著增加不同氮效率水稻功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白的浓度和氮转运量。在不同的施氮水平下,水稻从齐穗至成熟顶三叶的氮浓度降低了60%～67%;而茎秆氮在生育后期对籽粒氮的贡献取决于环境供氮水平,与对照相比施氮处理水稻从茎秆转运出的氮大幅提高,在不同的供氮水平下南光的叶片和茎秆氮转运量显著高于Elio。与对照相比,施氮处理增加齐穗期时硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性。随生育期的推进,四种氮代谢酶活性随之降低。南光的NR和GS酶活性显著高于Elio,但NR活性受水稻生育期和环境供氮水平的影响较大;南光的GOGAT和GDH的活性显著低于Elio。相关分析表明,NR和GS活性与功能叶和茎秆的氮转运量呈显著正相关。这就意味着水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的NR和GS活性高,尤其是GS活性高是筛选水稻氮高效的重要指标。  相似文献   

14.
李素梅  施卫明 《土壤》2007,39(4):589-593
为了探索不同铵硝配比对水稻根系形态和地上部N累积量的影响及其与根系吸N量的关系,以苗期N高效品种桂单4号和N低效品种南光为材料,设置1.0mmol/L NO3--N、0.5mmol/L NH4NO3、1.0mmol/L NH4 -N 3个N处理开展了研究.结果表明:含有NO3--N的处理总根长、总根数和总根表面积均明显高于NH4 -N的处理,且桂单4号和南光两种基因型水稻之间存在差异.两品种均在0.5 mmol/L NH4NO3处理中根系吸N量最高,其次是1.0 mmol/L NH4 -N处理,1.0 mmol/L NO3--N的处理根系吸N量最少.  相似文献   

15.
不同水稻品种获取氮能力的差异   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用溶液培养方法研究了不同水稻品种获取氮能力的差异及其原因。结果表明,在不同供氮水平下,不同水稻品种吸氮能力差异显著。随着供氮水平的提高,南光、豫粳7号、黔育421和武运粳7号的氮积累总量增加显著,说明这4个水稻品种对氮的响应度高;而桂单4号、ELIO、云粳38和4007的氮积累总量增加不显著,说明它们对氮的响应度低。对氮响应度高的4个水稻品种的平均吸氮速率随着供氮水平的增加其增幅显著,而其总根长的变化幅度则较小。水稻氮积累总量与总根长和平均吸氮速率的相关关系的分析结果表明,平均吸氮速率对水稻苗期获取氮能力的贡献率大于其总根长的贡献率。  相似文献   

16.
利用控制条件下的溶液培养方法,研究了增硝营养(NH4+∶NO3-比例为100∶0和50∶50)对两种不同的基因型水稻南光和云粳苗期生长和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及基因表达量的影响。结果表明,不同基因型水稻在增NO3-营养下生物量、氮素含量、氮积累量的增幅南光大于云粳。NO3-的存在增强了水稻硝酸还原酶的活力和NR基因OsNia1、OsNia2的表达。不同基因在水稻幼苗中,两个品种OsNia2的相对表达量均高于OsNia1。就品种而言,无论叶片还是根系,增硝后南光OsNia2mRNA表达量都高于云粳;南光叶片OsNia1mRNA表达量也较云粳叶片高。增硝营养提高了水稻NR基因的表达,增加了NR活性,促进了水稻NO3-的同化利用,从而增加了氮素在植株地上部的积累同化。南光和云粳相比,前者对NO3-的响应更为强烈。  相似文献   

17.
利用控制条件下的水培试验方法,研究了两种铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-为100/0和75/25)营养条件对4种不同硝响应型水稻品种苗期根系生长的影响。结果表明,在增硝营养(NH4+/NO3-为75/25)条件下,不同水稻品种NO3-的反应差异明显。与全NH4+营养条件相比,增硝营养条件下对NO3-强响应的水稻品种南光的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达50%和79%;同时南光的根系总根长、总不定根长和总侧根长增幅均达到显著水平;不定根数、新根数和侧根数亦显著增加;平均不定根长和平均侧根长差异不显著;对硝弱响应型的水稻品种上海97、辽粳和Elio在增硝营养培养下的根系不定根、新根和侧根的长度和数量差异均不显著。这表明增NO3-营养仅仅促进了对NO3-强响应型水稻南光根系的不定根和侧根的发生,进而促进根系对氮素的吸收,并没有促进不定根和侧根的伸长。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻根系对硝态氮的响应度强弱可能是水稻品种氮素效率差异性的因子之一。  相似文献   

18.
硅、磷配施对玉米苗期生长及氮磷钾积累的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
以‘正红2号’和‘正红115’玉米为材料,采用砂培方式,设置3个纯磷水平[1.0 mmol·L~(-1)(正常磷水平,P_(1.0))、0.1 mmol·L~(-1)(中度缺磷,P_(0.1))和0.01 mmol·L~(-1)(重度缺磷,P_(0.01))]和3个纯硅水平[1.5 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(1.5))、0.75mmol·L~(-1)(Si_(0.75))和0 mmol·L~(-1)(Si_0)],通过对玉米苗期干物质、叶面积、根系形态和氮磷钾含量的测定分析,研究硅、磷配施对玉米苗期根系生长、各器官干物质及氮、磷和钾养分积累与利用的影响,为磷、硅肥合理配施提供理论依据。结果表明:缺磷抑制玉米苗期生长,降低根长、根体积、根表面积和叶面积,减少磷和氮、钾的吸收以及干物质积累量,这种效应随磷浓度的降低而增强;玉米通过提高根冠比,增加磷、氮在根系中的分配率,提高氮、磷、钾的干物质生产效率来适应低磷环境;低磷胁迫对‘正红115’根系生长和磷吸收积累量的影响大于‘正红2号’,但‘正红115’在低磷条件下大幅度提高磷在根系中的分配率。在正常磷(P_(1.0))条件下加硅可促进玉米根系生长,增加磷和氮、钾积累量,提高其在地上部分配率,增加叶面积和干物质积累量;在中度缺磷(P_(0.1))条件下加硅也可增加玉米的磷和氮、钾积累量,促进根系和地上部生长,缓解低磷胁迫;在重度缺磷(P_(0.01))条件下,增施硅对玉米根系生长和干物质积累无显著的改善作用,但会增加根系中磷、钾素积累量。由此表明,硅和磷存在显著的协同作用和配合效应,生产上硅和磷应配施。  相似文献   

19.
通过湖南双季稻区温室气体排放差异的水稻品种田间试验,研究了不同品种温室气体排放与根系特征的相关性。结果表明,早稻分蘖盛期CH4排放通量与根干重、伤流量均呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;晚稻CH4排放通量与根伤流量呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;早稻N2O排放通量在分蘖盛期与根伤流量相关性极显著（P〈0.01）,在齐穗期与根体积、干重、根伤流量均呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;晚稻分蘖盛期,根系干重与体积均与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;齐穗期,根系体积与N2O排放通量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;早稻分蘖盛期CO2排放通量与根系干重和根伤流量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0.05）,晚稻齐穗期根系伤流量与CO2排放通量负相关性达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）。因此,根系特性是影响水稻温室气体排放的重要因素。  相似文献   

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