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1.
加工过程中冷打浆沙棘浓缩浊汁理化特性的变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究沙棘浓缩浊汁加工及其品质的变化,该文以沙棘果为原料,研究了冷打浆法生产沙棘浊汁及浓缩浊汁加工和贮藏过程中的理化变化。结果表明:冷打浆工艺制得到的沙棘浊汁品质优良,其可溶性固形物质量分数高达18.0%,总酸度达4.24%,含维生素C 729.69 mg/100 mL,总黄酮445.17 mg/100 mL,总多酚924.67 mg/100 mL,多糖25.22 mg/100 mL。在45℃,真空度为0.095~0.1 MPa的条件下对沙棘浊汁减压浓缩,随着浓缩倍数的增加,加热时间延长,沙棘浊汁营养和保健成分减少,总酸度增加,pH值减小,褐变指数增大,5-HMF含量增加;与3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁相比,2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁营养和保健成分保存率最高,褐变指数较小、5-HMF含量较低。不同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在自然室温(10~25℃)和冷藏条件(5~8℃)下放置60 d,维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚和多糖含量呈下降趋势,pH值和总酸度变化不明显,褐变指数增加,5-HMF含量增加;相同浓缩倍数的沙棘浊汁在冷藏条件下放置比在自然室温条件下放置时营养和保健成分的保存率高,冷藏条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁的营养和保健成分的保存率最高,其维生素C、总黄酮、总多酚、多糖的保存率比室温条件下2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁分别高11.46%、20.44%、18.37%、9.83%,且冷藏条件下放置的沙棘浓缩浊汁褐变指数小,5-HMF含量低,冷藏条件有利于沙棘浓缩浊汁的保存;2倍沙棘浓缩浊汁在室温条件下贮藏不稳定,在冷藏条件下其贮藏稳定性优于3倍和4倍沙棘浓缩浊汁。 相似文献
2.
响应面分析优化枸杞浑浊汁饮料稳定工艺研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《核农学报》2017,(11)
为得到以湖北杂交枸杞鲜果为原料制成的枸杞浑浊汁饮料,并探讨不同酶制剂和不同稳定剂对枸杞汁酶解稳定的作用效果,以可溶性固形物含量和感官评分为指标,确定酶制剂和稳定剂的种类及配比,并在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法研究枸杞浑浊汁酶解及稳定的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,果胶酶与纤维素酶复配比2∶3时,可溶性固形物含量较大,卡拉胶与黄原胶复配比2∶3时,枸杞汁感官评分较好。通过响应面优化的枸杞浑浊汁饮料的最佳稳定工艺为复合酶添加量0.9‰(m/m)、酶解温度43℃、酶解时间72 min、酶解pH值4.5、复合稳定剂添加量0.2%(m/m),此时枸杞浑浊汁的感官评分最大(90±1.53分),与理论预测值相比,误差为0.089%,表明得到的产品感官效果最好。本研究结果为果蔬浑浊汁饮料的生产提供了理论参考。 相似文献
3.
“中国沙棘”果实的综合利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文阐述了在我国分布最广的“中国沙棘”的工业化流水线生产工程的有关问题,介绍了生产纯沙棘原汁、纯沙棘油、浓缩沙棘汁、沙棘果汁等的主要工艺。分析结果表明,经该生产线处理:果汁无泥沙颗粒;果肉油的分离效果为83.4％～94.52％;果肉茸渣含油7.5％,可制成“沙棘果酱”和“液态超浓缩沙棘精”;Vc含量损失仅为30％左右。 相似文献
4.
土壤可溶性氮组分是氮循环中最活跃的一环，是联系"植物—土壤氮组分—土壤养分"的关键纽带。为探讨植被类型对黄土丘陵区土壤氮素累计及其有效性的影响，以黄土丘陵区4种典型植被（荒草地、沙棘林地、文冠果林地、云杉林地）为研究对象，分析0—10，10—20，20—40 cm土层可溶性有机氮（SON）、铵态氮（NH4+—N）、硝态氮（NO3-—N）含量，密度及其所占TN比例在不同植被间的差异。结果表明：与荒草地相比，0—40 cm土层中SON含量整体表现为云杉林地最高（19.0%），文冠果林地和沙棘林地分别减少7.0%，13.2%，NO3-—N含量为沙棘林地最高（20.9%），文冠果林地和云杉林地分别减少5.0%，48.0%，3种植被与荒草地相比NH4+—N含量减少19.0%~29.1%；同样，云杉林地SON密度增加31.17%，沙棘林地与文冠果林地分别减少12.8%，4.3%，沙棘林地NO3-—N密度增加21.4%，文冠果林地、云杉林地分别减少3.5%，42.6%，其余植被NH4+—N密度减少16.4%~32.8%；可溶性氮组分占TN比例中，仅沙棘林地NO3-—N占TN比例最高，相比于荒草地增加1.2倍。相关分析表明，可溶性氮组分受TN与MBN的影响大于SOC和MBC。综上，不同植被类型对可溶性氮组分含量、密度及占全氮比例有较大影响，并增加氮素的有效性，以云杉、沙棘的提升效果最好。 相似文献
5.
为了防止核桃油的氧化，扩大核桃油的用途，用分子络合、乳化包埋、复凝聚等方法对超临界CO2流体萃取的核桃油进行了微胶囊化研究，以确定产品的最佳生产工艺条件。试验结果表明：采用喷雾干燥法，以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精、β-环状糊精和阿拉伯胶、明胶和阿拉伯胶为壁材，均可制得高质量高包埋率的核桃油微胶囊产品；喷雾干燥法制备核桃油微胶囊适宜的工艺参数为：进料浓度20%～30%，进料温度50～60℃，进风温度160～180℃，出风温度70～80℃。 相似文献
6.
7.
速溶豆粉生产中真空浓缩的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
生产速溶豆粉、浓缩可除去６０％～７０％的水分，因而大大提高了喷雾干燥设备的效率，同时亦可使速溶豆粉的颗粒增大，色泽改善，减少损失，提高其速溶度，但豆浆浓缩是速溶豆粉生产中加工难度较大的工艺之一。试验表明豆浆的浓度超过２５％时，其相对粘度急剧上升，从而影响浓缩加工的正常进行；浓缩产品的粘度过大也会给喷雾干燥增加困难，本文采用试验研究和理论分析相结合的方法、利用正交的回归旋转组合设计方法安排试验，探讨真空浓缩过程中可操作因素对浓缩豆浆粘度的影响，应用约束坐标轮换法优化程序找出影响因素的最佳组合；为真空浓缩生产提供理论依据。 相似文献
8.
为了克服鱼油有效组分超临界CO2间歇萃取方法的缺点，设计建造了超临界CO2在内径14 mm、填料高1.8 m的填料塔中连续萃取浓缩鱼油有效组分的流程。根据单因素试验的结果，对工艺参数进行优化。设计了4因素3水平并考虑部分交互作用的正交试验方案，以综合指标进行评价，得到了优化工艺参数为：填料塔压为12.5 MPa；CO2流量为5L/min；鱼油进料流量为0.8 mL/min；塔的温度分布为40～85℃。经方差分析得知，温度分布的影响对综合指标高度显著，鱼油进料流量对综合指标的影响显著，试验范围内的压力、CO2流量、压力和温度分布交互作用、温度分布和CO2流量交互作用以及压力和CO2流量交互作用对综合指标没有显著影响。 相似文献
9.
10.
杏仁油微胶囊制备工艺的优化 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
杏仁油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,为防止杏仁油的氧化,扩大杏仁油的用途,以麦芽糊精和牛乳分离蛋白为壁材,大豆卵磷脂为乳化剂,采用喷雾干燥法对超临界CO<,2>萃取的杏仁油进行了微胶囊化研究,采用响应面分析法研究了微胶囊的最佳配方,正交法确定了喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数.结果表明:杏仁油微胶囊包埋最佳配方为杏仁油质量分数25%、牛乳分离蛋白质量分数25%、大豆卵磷脂质量分数2%和麦芽糊精质量分数48%,在20 MPa压力下均质处理;喷雾干燥适宜的工艺参数为进风温度180℃,出风温度80℃,进料温度50℃.在上述优化条件下可制得高质量高包埋率的杏仁油微胶囊产品,包埋率达94.7%. 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献