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1.
不同类型毛竹林土壤渗透性研究 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15
以福建省永安市天宝岩自然保护区典型的毛竹纯林(Ⅰ)、竹阔混交林(Ⅱ)和竹针混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,对其土壤渗透性能及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,在0-40 cm土层中,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量的排列顺序为:Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ;在40-60 cm土层中,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量的排列顺序为:Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ,即不同层次毛竹纯林的土壤渗透性能最好,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量平均分别为10.73,7.68,8.94 mm/min和354.23 ml/cm2。土壤物理、化学、土壤酶活性对土壤渗透性有重要影响,土壤渗透性指标与土壤容重、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、排水能力、全氮、水解氮、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶极显著相关,与毛管孔隙度、全磷、速效钾显著相关。对影响土壤渗透性的指标进行因子分析表明,三个主分量的方差累积贡献率为86.952%,基本解释了总方差,信息损失量较少。 相似文献
2.
广州市白云山五种森林类型的土壤渗透性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对广州白云山五种典型森林林地的土壤渗透性能进行测定分析,结果表明,广州白云山林地0-60cm土层的初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率的变化范围分别为:2.26～3.91,1.31～2.09,1.51～2.46mm/min。其土壤入渗速率与入渗时间表现为幂函数关系。土壤渗透率的空间分布在0-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm三个不同土层间以及在不同森林类型间均无显著性差异。在森林类型间的大小顺序为:天然次生阔叶纯林>人工阔叶林>人工针叶林>天然次生阔叶混交林>人工灌丛草地。土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率和平均渗透速率的大小受其它物理性状的影响,分别与土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、石砾含量呈极显著正相关关系,与容重呈显著负相关。其中非毛管孔隙度和石砾含量是主导因子。该研究可为城市森林区的水土保持功能评价和水源涵养功能测算提供参考依据。 相似文献
3.
不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
土壤入渗性能是土壤侵蚀研究的热点内容,其值受土壤理化性质的影响较大。为了准确测得紫色土区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能,采用一种新方法——点源入渗法对其进行测定,并对不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能与其理化性质进行了相关性分析。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用类型土壤理化性质差异性较大,土壤初始含水率、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、0.25mm团聚体含量和有机质含量基本上是表层土大于下层土;(2)不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能差异较大,初渗速率和平均入渗率大小基本表现为林地坡耕地草地,稳渗速率则为坡耕地林地草地,达到稳渗时间为坡耕地林地草地;(3)初渗速率与湿筛MWD值和结构破坏率呈显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关;(4)稳渗速率与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关;(5)平均入渗率与非毛管孔隙度和结构破坏率呈正相关,其相关系数较大,与土壤容重和毛管孔隙度呈负相关,其相关系数绝对值较大。本研究可为紫色土区土壤入渗的研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
对南京市紫金山典型黄棕壤区麻栎纯林、麻栎马尾松混交林及灌木三种植被结构下土壤进行环刀法分层(0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm、60~80 cm、80~100 cm)取样,采用传统土壤物理性质测定方法,研究了林分尺度下部分土壤物理性质的空间变异性及其与渗透规律的相互关系。结果表明:三种植被林下土壤在垂直方向上入渗速率由表及里均逐步递减,土壤初渗速率与土壤粉粒含量、土壤毛管孔隙度及土壤总孔隙度极显著相关,而土壤稳渗速率与土壤非毛管孔隙度极显著相关。同时,麻栎纯林的土壤渗透速率在三种植被类型中为最大;结合各植被结构下土壤持水能力分析,故而推断研究区麻栎纯林的土壤水文效应最为理想,可为该地区的人工造林植被结构搭配提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
三峡库区不同退耕还林模式林地水文效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在三峡库区兰陵溪小流域内选定3种典型退耕还林模式,基于2007—2009年连续3a的观测,对退耕还林林地水文效应进行了定量研究。结果表明:(1)与坡耕地比较,退耕还林地土壤总孔隙度增加4.2%～11.5%,非毛管孔隙度增加了69.1%～162.6%,平均可增加饱和蓄水量42.5%,非毛管蓄水量221.4%;(2)各退耕还林模式A层土壤的初渗速率和稳渗速率分别在2.73～4.74mm/min和1.30～2.96mm/min,与对照相比A层土壤渗透性能差异不大,B层土壤初渗及稳渗速率分别较对照提高0.85～5.21倍和3.33～6.83倍,在0.14～0.87mm/min和0.06～0.47mm/min间变动;(3)各退耕还林模式年均径流深为13.21～22.38mm,较农耕地减少74.7%～57.3%,各退耕模式土壤侵蚀模数在137.1～331.1t/(km2.a),较对照减少92.4%～81.6%。 相似文献
6.
三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤渗透性能研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
对三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型114块临时样地土壤渗透指标及物理性质进行测定和比较。结果表明:(1)各森林植被类型林地A层土壤渗透速率和孔隙度均高于B层,土壤渗透速率与土壤孔隙度之间存在显著相关关系。(2)不同森林植被类型林地各层次土壤稳渗速率存在差异。常绿阔叶林地各层土壤的稳渗速率最高,A、B层分别达到8.72 mm/min,8.52 mm/min,其后依次为杉木林、针叶混交林等,马尾松林最低,A、B层分别仅为2.22 mm/min和1.13 mm/min。(3)不同土壤种类的相同层次土壤稳渗速率存在显著差异,紫色土稳渗速率最高,A,B层分别为6.48 mm/min,3.25 mm/min,其后为山地棕壤、山地黄棕壤,最低为山地黄壤,其A、B层稳渗速率分别为1.98 mm/min,1.65 mm/min。(4)砂土A、B层均具有最高的非毛管孔隙,分别达到10.54%,8.28%,其稳渗速率均为最高,A、B层稳渗速率分别为7.16 mm/min,5.66 mm/min,显著高于其他质地土壤。(5)森林土壤的渗透特性和孔隙度受植被、土壤种类及质地等多种因素的影响,建立了利用多指标进行林地土壤渗透速度和孔隙度预测的多元线性模型。研究结果可为探讨森林对流域水文过程的调节机制及科学评价三峡库区森林植被水源涵养功能奠定基础。 相似文献
7.
兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林土壤的渗透特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的] 探讨不同树种组成的人工纯林和混交林在生长过程中对土壤渗透特性的改良程度,为该区域人工林营建过程中树种选择及现有林分的抚育管理提供科学依据。[方法] 采用双环渗透法对甘肃省兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林分类型（侧柏林、新疆杨林、刺槐林、侧柏+刺槐混交林和新疆杨+刺槐混交林）的土壤渗透特性（土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量）进行了研究。[结果] 随土层深度（0—80 cm）的增加,土壤渗透性逐渐降低。不同林分类型土壤渗透性均表现为：新疆杨+刺槐混交林 > 侧柏+刺槐混交林 > 刺槐林 > 侧柏林 > 新疆杨林,混交林大于纯林;通用经验方程对各林分土壤渗透性的拟合效果最好,比较适合于描述研究区5种人工林土壤水分入渗过程,Horton方程次之,Kostiakov方程最差。土壤渗透性与土壤初始含水率、总孔隙度、有机质含量、全氮、无机氮呈极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。[结论] 在今后兰州市南北两山植被重建过程中,应营造不同树种所组成的混交林人工植被,不宜大面积营造人工纯林植被类型。 相似文献
8.
闽西北不同经营时间毛竹林土壤渗透性研究 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
以福建省永安市不同经营时间的劈草、施肥、灌水毛竹林为研究对象,对不同经营时间土壤渗透性能进行了研究。结果表明,不同劈草、施肥和灌溉时间的毛竹林土壤渗透性变化规律不同。劈草和灌水毛竹林,随着经营时间的延长,土壤渗透性能呈明显的下降趋势。其中,劈草30年的毛竹林土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量与未劈草毛竹林相比,下降了71.43%,69.55%,70.43%和89.80%;灌水10年毛竹林土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量与未灌水毛竹林相比下降了53.36%,53.99%,53.92%和60.03%。在施肥毛竹林地中随着施肥时间的延长,毛竹林土壤渗透性能有升高的趋势,施肥13年毛竹林土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量比未施肥毛竹林上升了29.75%,5.45%,20.99%和10.50%。相关性分析表明,土壤渗透性的改变主要与土壤非毛管孔隙度、有机质、水解氮和速效磷的变化密切相关。通过逐步回归分析,得到初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量的多元回归模型,经检验模型达到显著水平,土壤渗透性指标的变化幅度可以通过非毛管空隙度、土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷的变化来反映。在回归分析过程中,均为非毛管空隙度首先进入,反映了土壤渗透能的改变主要是由非毛管空隙度的变化决定的。 相似文献
9.
祁连山西水林区亚高山灌丛土壤入渗性能研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用双环法对祁连山西水林区的亚高山灌丛植被类型(吉拉柳、箭叶锦鸡儿、金露梅、鲜黄小檗、甘青锦鸡儿)进行了土壤入渗性能试验,分析不同灌丛植被对土壤入渗性能的影响。结果表明,不同灌木林土壤蓄水能力和入渗性能存在较大差异,吉拉柳的蓄水能力和入渗性能均好于其它灌丛类型,甘青锦鸡儿最小;不同灌木林土壤的初渗率在3.80~53.93mm/min,稳渗率在0.95~24.12mm/min,总体上是吉拉柳箭叶锦鸡儿金露梅鲜黄小檗甘青锦鸡儿;Kostiakov公式和Horton公式对土壤入渗过程的拟合精度均高于Philip公式;土壤初渗速率和稳渗速率与土壤有机质含量、自然含水量和孔隙度尤其是非毛管孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与土壤密度呈极显著负相关。 相似文献
10.
对三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型114块临时样地土壤渗透指标及物理性质进行测定和比较。结果表明：（1）各森林植被类型林地A层土壤渗透速率和孔隙度均高于B层,土壤渗透速率与土壤孔隙度之间存在显著相关关系。（2）不同森林植被类型林地各层次土壤稳渗速率存在差异。常绿阔叶林地各层土壤的稳渗速率最高,A、B层分别达到8.72 mm/min,8.52 mm/min,其后依次为杉木林、针叶混交林等,马尾松林最低,A、B层分别仅为2.22 mm/min和1.13 mm/min。（3）不同土壤种类的相同层次土壤稳渗速率存在显著差异,紫色土稳渗速率最高,A,B层分别为6.48 mm/min,3.25 mm/min,其后为山地棕壤、山地黄棕壤,最低为山地黄壤,其A、B层稳渗速率分别为1.98 mm/min,1.65 mm/min。（4）砂土A、B层均具有最高的非毛管孔隙,分别达到10.54%,8.28%,其稳渗速率均为最高,A、B层稳渗速率分别为7.16 mm/min,5.66 mm/min,显著高于其他质地土壤。（5）森林土壤的渗透特性和孔隙度受植被、土壤种类及质地等多种因素的影响,建立了利用多指标进行林地土壤渗透速度和孔隙度预测的多元线性模型。研究结果可为探讨森林对流域水文过程的调节机制及科学评价三峡库区森林植被水源涵养功能奠定基础。 相似文献
11.
Leila Shekari Maryam Mozafariyan Mirza Hasanuzzaman Farshad Sadeghi 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(6):761-772
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl2)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions. 相似文献
12.
M. Kaplan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):237-244
Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used. 相似文献
13.
Sandro Froehner Karina Scurupa Machado Elisa Stefen Marcelo Nolasco 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):591-599
The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO2 and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic. 相似文献
14.
红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。 相似文献
15.
自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1948-1959
Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management. 相似文献
17.
Ohnishi H Iwanaga S Kawazoe K Ishizawa K Orino S Tomita S Tsuchiya K Kanematsu Y Harada N Mori K Tsuchihashi T Ishikawa Y Tamaki T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10092-10098
This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions. 相似文献
18.
19.
Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance. 相似文献
20.
Vélez G Fernández MA Muñoz J Williams PA English RJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(1):265-269
The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration. 相似文献