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1.
With global warming, rice plants may be subjected to heat stress more regularly during the heatsensitive flowering stage, causing spikelet sterility and grain yield loss.Stigma exsertion is considered to increase pollen reception and promote female reproductive success.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of stigma exsertion on spikelet fertility at high temperatures.Five rice cultivars(Liangyoupeijiu, Shanyou 63, Huanghuazhan, Nagina 22, and IR64) with differing degrees of stigma exsertion were cultivated and exposed to high temperature at anthesis.Heat-tolerant cultivars did not always show a high percentage of spikelets with exserted stigmas, and vice versa.Irrespective of the presence of more pollen grains on exserted stigmas, spikelets with exserted stigmas did not show greater spikelet fertility than spikelets with fewer exserted stigmas or hidden stigmas under heat stress.GA3 application augmented the percentage of spikelets with exserted stigmas;however, it did not increase spikelet fertility under heat stress.Spikelet fertility of whole panicles was negatively correlated with the percentage of spikelets with exserted stigmas, but positively with that with hidden stigmas.Viability of the hidden stigmas was less reduced than that of exserted stigmas under heat stress, suggesting that hidden stigmas have an advantage in maintaining viability.Heat stress delayed anther dehiscence and reduced the viabilities of both exserted stigmas and pollens, thereby causing low spikelet fertility.Together, these results suggest that high spikelet fertility does not depend on stigma exsertion and that enclosed stigma generally contributes to higher spikelet fertility and heat tolerance under high-temperature conditions during flowering in rice.  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between the number of pollen grains per anther and spikelet fertility under low temperature conditions in the rice cultivars and lines including lines with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cold tolerance, adapted to the Tohoku region of northern Japan. Cold-water treatment decreased anther length, the number of pollen grains per anther, and spikelet fertility in all cultivars and lines. The number of pollen grains was proportional to anther length in all cultivars and lines and under all temperatures. Spikelet fertility decreased with decreasing the number of pollen grains in cold-water treatments at 18.5 and 19.3?°C. ‘Ouu 415’, with the qLTB3 QTL for cold tolerance, had 28% more pollen grains and 9% higher spikelet fertility than the recurrent parent, ‘Hitomebore’, in the 18.5?°C cold-water treatment, suggesting that qLTB3 increased both parameters. Lines with the qCTB8 QTL for cold tolerance had significantly more pollen grains in two of the three years and significantly higher spikelet fertility in all three years in the 19.3?°C cold-water treatment, suggesting that qCTB8 reinforced cold tolerance. Ctb1, a proposed cold-tolerance QTL, had no effect on the number of pollen grains or spikelet fertility. In conclusion, the cultivars and lines with more pollen grains had a higher cold tolerance. Some of QTLs were inferred to increase the number of pollen grains and reinforce cold tolerance.  相似文献   

3.
Rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD), caused by Fusarium proliferatum, is an emerging disease. So far, the effects of diseased rice floral organs as well as the primary infection sites and stages of this pathogen are not determined. We investigated changes in the floral organs, along with the infection processes of the pathogen in plants inoculated with F. proliferatum and labelled with a green fluorescent protein during different growth stages of rice. The results showed that RSRD is not a systemic infectious disease, which has negative effects on the fertility of the infected rice. F. proliferatum caused brown colored anthers, crinkled pistils and ovaries, pollen grain deformities and anther indehiscence. The number of pollen grains on the stigmas decreased significantly in the infected spikelets, and the anther dehiscence and seed-setting rate successively declined by 69% and 73%, respectively, as a result of the infection. The initial infection stage occurred at the pollen cell maturity stage, and the primary invasion sites were determined to be the anthers of rice. It was noted that the pathogen mainly damaged the pollen cells, and with the exception of the filaments, proceeded to colonize the pistils and endosperm.  相似文献   

4.
水稻籼粳亚种间杂种小穗不孕的细胞学研究   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18  
 利用携有广亲和基因的杂种和普通籼粳杂种为材料以揭示籼粳杂种配子体发育特征及其影响小穗不孕的主要因素。结果显示：杂种雌雄配子体均出现不同程度的败育，并均与大小孢子第一次有丝分裂异常有关；杂种的小穗育性主要受胚囊育性、花粉育性及花药开裂特性所控制，后两者通过影响柱头上花粉的萌发量而决定小穗的受精。  相似文献   

5.
 以籼型两用不育系水稻培矮64S和常规稻粳籼89为材料，采用PAGE分析同工酶的方法，比较水稻幼穗发育过程中花粉母细胞形成期、减数分裂期和花粉完熟期NAD+-MDH和AP同工酶的变化，以期了解不育系的育性转换与表达机理。结果表明，在1993年2月25日、3月10日和3月30日三期播种的水稻培矮64S均表现不育，花粉不育度在99.7%以上，结实率在0.3%以下，1994年8月1日播种的培矮64S表现可育，结实率在19%以上，而同期播种的常规稻粳籼89均能得到正常结实，结实率在68%以上。同时发现1993年培矮64S的不育性在花粉完熟期与颖花及花药的NAD+-MDH活性的显著降低关系较大。在花粉母细胞形成期—减数分裂期与颖花AP的活性及同工酶组成的变化关系较密切。1994年表现可育的培矮64S与粳籼89相比不存在这种差异。由此可认为培矮64S育性表达可能与花粉发育前期的脂肪代谢以及花粉发育后期的呼吸代谢有关。  相似文献   

6.
选用硅酸钠(Na2SiO3·9H2O)为硅源,于大田条件下对耐热性不同的2个杂交水稻组合在拔节期连续3次喷施4个浓度水平(T-CK,0mmol/L;T-1.25,1.25mmol/L;T-2.50,2.50mmol/L;T-3.75,3.75mmol/L)的外源硅,研究施硅对花期自然高温和自然常温下杂交水稻柱头授粉性能、花药开裂性能和受精率的影响,并筛选适宜浓度的硅酸钠施用方案。结果表明,在田间高温条件下,与T-CK相比,施硅处理(T-1.25、T-2.50和T-3.75)使热敏感组合金优63和耐热组合汕优63的颖花受精率分别提高10.6和4.7百分点(绝对值);花药基部开裂宽度分别增加19.0%和10.3%(相对值);每柱头花粉萌发数增加16.9%和39.6%;授粉总数分别增加3.4%和30.5%;花粉萌发率上升11.3和7.0百分点;花粉萌发数大于10粒的小花的占比上升9.3和27.6百分点;花粉总数小于20粒的小花占比下降18.8和8.1百分点(相对值)。经对两个组合在常温和高温下施硅的花药发育及授粉特性的解析,初步认为外源硅对水稻授粉性能有综合提高作用,但比较而言,其作用可能主要与提高花粉发育质量有关,而提高授粉总数和改善花药裂药性能也有一定的辅助作用。此外,外源硅施用对高温敏感组合效果更佳,其适宜的喷施浓度为2.50mmol/L。  相似文献   

7.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):196-199
Abstract

The changes in pollen grain diameter were examined in relation to the floret opening and anther dehiscence in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the first experiment, the florets were artificially opened by excising the top of the glumes at various times before the expected natural flowering time. Pollen diameter increased rapidly in the artificially opened florets, but slowly in the controls in which the glumes were left intact. The time of anther dehiscence coincided well with the time when pollen grains reached their maximum diameter. In addition, the pollen grain diameter was significantly correlated with the percentage of dehisced anthers in the florets artificially opened at various times. These results indicate that floret opening induces the swelling of pollen grains and that the swelling is an important event for anther dehiscence. In the second experiment, anther segments with pollen left remaining intact and those with pollen removed were immersed in water. The septa in the anther segments without pollen failed to rupture in water, whereas 70% of the septa in the anther segments with pollen left remaining ruptured, indicating that the septa can be ruptured by the swelling pressure of pollen grains resulting in unfolding of anther locules. From these findings, we infer that the rapid swelling of pollen grains in response to floret opening is a driving force to rupture the septum and unfold the locules.  相似文献   

8.
在山西运城市7～8月份气温偏高的特殊气候环境下,对120份玉米自交系材料进行了雄花育性鉴定,并对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,高温条件下,材料间的雄花育性存在着明显的差异。不育性表现方式有:无花粉粒、花药吐不出、花药不散粉。模拟玉米螟危害雄花节打孔试验表明,即使玉米植株能得到充足的水分供应,雄花内部的水分胁迫是影响花粉正常散出的主要因素之一。  相似文献   

9.
A total of 334 introgression lines (INLs: BC3-derived lines) derived from crosses between a recurrent parent of Indica rice cultivar IR64 and 10 donor parents, including new plant type (NPT) lines IR65600-87-2-2-3, IR65598-112-2, IR65564-2-2-3, IR69093-41-2-3-2, IR69125-25-3-1-1, Hoshiaoba, IR66215-44-2-3, IR68522-10-2-2, IR71195-AC1, and IR66750-6-2-1, have been developed. These INLs with IR64 genetic background were characterized for eight agronomic traits: days to heading, culm length, leaf width, leaf length, panicle length, panicle number, 100-grain weight, and total spikelet number per panicle at the International Rice Research Institute from 2005 to 2007. To identify introgressed segments from the donor parents, genotypes of the 334 INLs were detected using more than 200 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. These segments detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 were commonly introgressed across the INLs from more than four donor varieties. Based on the data of phenotype and genotype for the 334 INLs, associations between agronomic traits and introgressed chromosomal segments in the 334 INLs were investigated. A total of 54 regions for the eight traits were detected: seven regions for days to heading, eight regions for culm length, eight regions for leaf width, four regions for leaf length, six regions for panicle length, three regions for panicle number per plant, seven regions for 100-grain weight, and 11 regions for total spikelet number per panicle. Among them, the region on the long arm of chromosome 4 was associated with characteristics of the NPT such as long leaf, broad leaf, and high spikelet number. The developed 334 INLs with the IR64 genetic background will be useful materials for genetic analysis of agronomic traits.  相似文献   

10.
Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 °C to 38 °C with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.  相似文献   

11.
水稻强弱势籽粒核酸和蛋白质代谢差异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以两系杂交稻两优培九和培两优500为试验材料,对强弱势粒核酸和蛋白质含量进行了测定。水稻抽穗当天,强势粒单位质量子房中总RNA、mRNA含量都高于弱势粒,蛋白质含量却低于弱势粒。抽穗后第5天,强势粒单位质量子房中总RNA含量仍然高于弱势粒,mRNA含量两者差异不大,蛋白质含量依然低于弱势粒。不论是强势粒还是弱势粒,从抽穗到开花后第5天,其总RNA、mRNA和蛋白质单粒含量都有显著的增加,且各时期强势粒都高于弱势粒。抽穗当天强势粒有两条特异蛋白质带出现,而弱势粒没有,抽穗后第5天弱势粒才出现其中的一条。这说明强势粒与籽粒灌浆有关的基因表达比弱势粒早,强度高。  相似文献   

12.
Drought is a major constraint for rice production and yield stability in rainfed ecosystems, especially when it occurs during the reproductive stage. Combined genetic and physiological analysis of reproductive-growth traits and their effects on yield and yield components under drought stress is important for dissecting the biological bases of drought resistance and for rice yield improvement in water-limited environments. A subset of a doubled haploid (DH) line population of CT9993-5-10-1-M/IR62266-42-6-2 was evaluated for variation in plant water status, phenology, reproductive-growth traits, yield and yield components under reproductive-stage drought stress and irrigated (non-stress) conditions in the field. Since this DH line population was previously used in extensive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping of various drought resistance component traits, we aimed at identifying QTLs for specific reproductive-growth and yield traits and also to validate the consensus QTLs identified earlier in these DH lines using meta-analysis. DH lines showed significant variation for plant water status, reproductive-growth traits, yield and yield components under drought stress. Total dry matter, number of panicles per plant, harvest index, panicle harvest index, panicle fertility, pollen fertility, spikelet fertility and hundred grain weight had significant positive correlations with grain yield under drought stress. A total of 46 QTLs were identified for the various traits under stress and non-stress conditions with phenotypic effect ranging from 9.5 to 35.6% in this study. QTLs for panicle exsertion, peduncle length and pollen fertility, identified for the first time in this study, could be useful in marker-assisted breeding (MAB) for drought resistance in rice. A total of 97 QTLs linked to plant growth, phenology, reproductive-growth traits, yield and its components under non-stress and drought stress, identified in this study as well as from earlier published information, were subjected to meta-analysis. Meta-analysis identified 23 MQTLs linked to plant phenology and production traits under stress conditions. Among them, four MQTLs viz., 1.3 for plant height, 3.1 for days to flowering, 8.1 for days to flowering or delay in flowering and 9.1 for days to flowering are true QTLs. Consensus QTLs for reproductive-growth traits and grain yield under drought stress have been identified on chromosomes 1 and 9 using meta-QTL analysis in these DH lines. These MQTLs associated with reproductive-growth, grain yield and its component traits under drought stress could be useful targets for drought resistance improvement in rice through MAB and/or map-based positional analysis of candidate genes.  相似文献   

13.
《Field Crops Research》2006,95(2-3):398-411
Spikelet fertility (seed-set) is an important component of yield that is sensitive to high temperature. The objectives of this research were (a) to quantify the effects of high temperature on spikelet fertility and harvest index of rice; (b) to determine if there were species, ecotype, and/or cultivar differences in response to high temperature; and (c) to understand the reasons for lower and/or differential spikelet fertility and harvest index of rice cultivars at high temperatures. Fourteen rice cultivars of different species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima), ecotypes (indica and japonica) and origin (temperate and tropical) were exposed to ambient and high temperature (ambient + 5 °C) at Gainesville, Florida. High temperature significantly decreased spikelet fertility across all cultivars, but effects varied among cultivars. Based on decreases in spikelet fertility at high temperature, cultivar N-22 was most tolerant, while cultivars L-204, M-202, Labelle, Italica Livorna, WAB-12, CG-14 and CG-17 were highly susceptible and cultivars M-103, S-102, Koshihikari, IR-8 and IR-72 were moderately susceptible to high temperature. There were no clear species or ecotype differences, as some cultivars in each species or within ecotypes of tropical and temperature origin were equally susceptible to high temperature (for example M-202 temperate japonica, Labelle tropical japonica, CG-14 O. glaberrima, and WAB-12 interspecific). Decreased spikelet fertility and cultivar difference at high temperature were due mainly to decreased pollen production and pollen reception (pollen numbers on stigma). Lower spikelet fertility at elevated temperature resulted in fewer filled grains, lower grain weight per panicle, and decreased harvest index. There is a potential for genetic improvement for heat tolerance, thus it is important to screen and identify heat-tolerant cultivars. Spikelet fertility at high temperature can be used as a screening tool for heat tolerance during the reproductive phase.  相似文献   

14.
Thirteen anther-derived doubled monoploids and their heterozygous diploid anther donor were evaluated in the greenhouse for flowering, fruit set, seed set and pollen fertility. Doubled monoploids varied for number of days to flower, duration of flowering, abundance of flowers and general flower quality. Fruit set on the doubled monoploids in controlled crosses with diploid male-fertile clones varied from 0 to 73% with a mean of 33% compared to the anther donor with 58%. Seed set varied from 9 to 210 seeds per fruit and was significantly lower than the anther donor (377 seeds/fruit). Five doubled monoploids that shed low quantities of pollen exhibited significantly less pollen stainability (10-30%) than the anther donor (88%). However, pollen of doubled monoploids did not germinatein vitro. 2n pollen frequencies of 20–55% were observed for the doubled monoploids compared with 22% for the anther donor. It was concluded that doubled monoploids had lower female fertility compared to the anther donor but that they produced sufficient seed to facilitate utilization in a breeding program as female parents. However, they were considered to be male-sterile for practical purposes.  相似文献   

15.
从6月11日至7月2日连续观察早红突A花粉育性的变化动态，不同时期镜检结果表明，染色花粉频率呈现较大变（27．1％－92．3％），染色花粉数与颖花着生的部位有密切关系。其中，第4枝梗染色花粉频率相对较高，第6枝梗单位颖花内染色花粉数最多；染色花粉频率和所含染色花粉数随着枝梗位置上升有逐步递增的趋势，相关分别达显著（0．852 6^*）和极显著水平（0．911 9^**）；每一枝梗基部1－4朵颖花（第1镜检单位）含染色花粉数和染色花粉频率一般高于同枝梗其它颖花，并从枝梗基部往上逐步递减。染色花粉数的增加与镜检前10d日平均气温和最低气温分别呈显著和极显著正相关，表明它对高温有较强的敏感性。讨论了单株选择对花粉育性的影响。  相似文献   

16.
DNA markers enabled to determine the chromosomal locations of the two Rf genes(Rf3 and Rf4) in the wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility(WA-CMS) system. Four simple sequence repeats(SSRs) RM171, RM258, RM315 and RM443 were used to detect the allelic status with respect to the fertility restoration genes(Rf3 and Rf4) in 300 rice cultivars or breeding lines. The results revealed that out of 300 lines, 90 lines screened had Rf3, 65 lines had Rf4, and 45 lines had Rf3 and Rf4 alleles. Furthermore, 45 lines selected using SSR markers were mated with a CMS line(IR58025A) to analyze their restoring ability. Offspring of all the test lines except HHZ8-SAL9DT1-Y1, HHZ5-SAL9-Y3-1 and IDSA77 exhibited higher pollen and spikelet fertility( 80%), thus confirming they bear the Rf alleles. The hybrid offspring of ARH12-6-1-1-B-3-1, IR32307-10-3-2-1 and Sahel 329 had the highest pollen fertility(97.39%, 98.30% and 97.10%, respectively) and spikelet fertility(95.10%, 97.07% and 96.10%, respectively).  相似文献   

17.
曙暮光在光敏感核不育水稻两个光周期反应中的作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 本文论证了曙暮光在光敏感核不育水稻两个光周期反应中均有明显的作用,初步探明农垦58S 在武汉地区(30°27′N)育性转换期(7—8月)曙暮光的变化规律,提出采用“光照长度”以代替“日照长度”来划分光周期的昼与夜更为准确的见解,据此讨论了曙暮光的作用对光敏感核不育水稻在不同地理条件下的生态适应性的重要影响。  相似文献   

18.
水稻耐热性的QTL定位及耐热性与光合速率的相关性   总被引：22，自引：1，他引：21  
应用典型的籼粳交组合IR64×Azucena花药培养的DH群体及其已构建的分子连锁图谱,在田间及温室高温条件下对该DH群体的结实性状进行考查,采用QTLmapper 1.0软件检测控制结实率的加性和上位性效应的QTL。在第1、3、4、8和11等5条染色体上,共检测到6个具有加性效应的QTL,其中位于第1、3染色体的2个加性效应QTL来自父本Azucena的等位基因,它们是耐热的QTL,能分别提高结实率9.50和6.46个百分点,其贡献率分别为19.15%和2.86%;位于其余3条染色体的4个加性效应的QTL来自母本IR64的等位基因,它能提高结实率4.33~10.37个百分点,在第1、2、3、4、5、7、8、11等8条染色体之间还检测到8对加性×加性上位性效应,其贡献率为2.27%~8.13%。同时还对水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗期进行了光合速率的测定,发现抽穗期剑叶光合速率与耐热性呈显著的正相关。  相似文献   

19.
【目的】鉴定和克隆花器官发育相关基因,为进一步研究水稻花发育的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】在大田常规种植条件下比较了突变体dps2 (Defective pistil and stamens 2)和野生型春江06的主要农艺性状及花器官形态特征差异;扫描电镜及石蜡切片观察花药结构并用染色法观察花粉和胚囊的育性;利用图位克隆方法进行基因精细定位;qRT-PCR分析了花发育相关基因在野生型和突变体中的表达水平。【结果】dps2突变体抽穗期变长,不能正常扬花,雄蕊和雌蕊皱缩且花药和柱头数目增多;进一步研究发现,dps2突变体花药腔室塌陷,内无可见小孢子,即使部分花药形成腔室,花粉粒也无淀粉积累呈干瘪状。此外,突变体胚囊育性也受到影响;遗传分析表明该突变性状受一对隐性核基因控制,该基因位于第4染色体短臂上91.2 kb的区间内,区间内未见花器官发育相关基因的报道。qRT-PCR检测发现,水稻ABCDE模型中的B类、C类和E类基因的表达在突变体中显著升高。【结论】dps2突变体的雄蕊及雌蕊均发育异常,最终导致完全不育,推测DPS2可能在水稻第3轮雄蕊发育和第4轮雌蕊发育调控中发挥重要作用。  相似文献   

20.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):203-210
Summary

Generally F1 hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F1 hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F1 hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F1 hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F1 hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F1 hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F1 hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F1 hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F1 hybrids.  相似文献   

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