共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 176 毫秒
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为了阐明局部灌水施氮下玉米根系形态变化特征及其与产量的关系。以“金西北22号”玉米为试供材料，连续2 a在大田条件下采用垄植沟灌技术。试验采用灌水方式与施氮方式2因素完全随机组合设计，灌水方式包括交替隔沟灌溉（AI）、固定隔沟灌溉（FI）、常规沟灌（CI）；施氮方式包括交替施氮（AN）、固定施氮（FN）、均匀施氮（CN）。分别在玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌浆期、成熟期监测0～100 cm土层各层（每20 cm为一层）植株的根系长度、质量和表面积，并折算对应的根密度。收获时测定籽粒产量及其构成。抽雄、灌浆和成熟期，0～100 cm土层的总根量（总根长、总根干质量、总根表面积）表现为：任一施氮方式下，AI>CI>FI；任一灌水方式下，AN与CN差异不显著，但显著大于FN。交替隔沟灌溉均匀施氮（AICN）和交替隔沟灌溉交替施氮（AIAN）的总根量最大，而固定隔沟灌溉固定施氮（FIFN）的总根量最小。玉米产量与抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期0～40 cm土层的根长密度及根干质量密度呈显著正相关，其中灌浆期的相关系数达到极显著水平。穗粒数及千粒质量与根长密度、根干质量密度和根表面积密度... 相似文献
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交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。 相似文献
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【目的】探究夏玉米根系分布、水分利用效率及产量对沟灌种植下不同秸秆覆盖方式的动态响应。【方法】在河套灌区开展不同耕作模式的小区试验,试验设常规垄覆膜沟灌(FM)、垄覆秸秆沟灌(FLJ)、沟覆秸秆沟灌(FGJ)、垄沟覆秸秆沟灌(FLGJ)4个处理。研究了夏玉米各土层的根长密度、作物耗水量、产量及其相关指标,【结果】沟灌种植模式下不同秸秆覆盖方式显著(P<0.05)影响夏玉米根系分布、产量和水分利用效率,通过沟覆秸秆沟灌可改善夏玉米根系分布,提高水分利用效率,达到高产。沟覆秸秆促进了垄上大于40 cm土层根系发育,根长密度较FM处理增加128.1%,显著提高沟里大于20 cm土层根长密度,促进对深层土壤水分养分吸收利用,提高产量。与FM处理相比,FGJ和FLGJ处理的水分利用效率显著提高了51.9%和54.3%,增产9.3%和9.0%,但FGJ处理的收获指数显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),为0.48。【结论】沟灌种植模式下沟覆秸秆FGJ处理改善深层根系分布效果较好,显著提高夏玉米水分利用效率及产量。 相似文献
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为了探究蓄水坑灌下不同灌水上限对苹果树吸水根系、产量和灌溉水利用率的影响,以12 a生矮砧红富士苹果树为研究对象,设置3个灌水处理(灌水下限均为田持的60％,蓄水坑灌处理T1、T2的灌水上限分别为田持的100％和80％,地面灌溉处理CK的灌水上限为田持的80％),对全生育期果树吸水根系根长密度、根表面积密度以及果实产量进行测定.结果表明:各处理吸水根系均随着土层深度的增加呈现先增大后减少的趋势,大小整体表现为:T1>T2>CK.CK处理吸水根系主要集中在0～60 cm土层,不同生育期根长密度和根表面积密度分别占整个吸水根系根长密度和根表面积密度的82.1％～85.3％和82.1％～86.3％;T1和T2处理主要分布在20～80 cm土层,其中不同生育期根长密度分别占整个吸水根系根长密度的66.3％～74.3％和67.3％～78.1％,根表面积密度分别占整个吸水根系根表面积密度的65.7％～73.5％和67.3％～78.4％.CK处理灌水量比T2处理多25％但减产4.55％,并且灌溉水利用率显著小于T1和T2处理.T2处理灌水量比T1处理少33.33％,但产量仅减少8.82％,且灌溉水利用率显著大于T1处理.综合对比可知,T2是本试验最优处理,蓄水坑灌法能诱导果树根系生长和深扎,降低灌水上限能够达到节水稳产的目的. 相似文献
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覆膜滴灌条件下灌水量对玉米根系分布特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根系生长决定了植物吸收养分和水分的能力,在作物生长中扮演了重要的角色。为了探讨水分差异对玉米根系分布规律的影响,在民勤试验站进行了不同灌水量对覆膜滴灌玉米0~100cm土层根系质量、根径及根长的影响研究,结果表明,灌水量对膜下滴灌玉米根系特征产生了重要影响:灌水量越大,其根系所占百分比和根径越大;同一生育时期,各处理不同土层根重变化较大,但其变化规律基本一致,均随着土层深度的增加,根重逐渐减小,0~40cm土层所占的重量百分比较大,同时0~40cm土层平均根径及根长也较大。试验为探索覆膜滴灌条件下玉米根系分布特征提供一定的参考,为完善覆膜滴灌灌溉制度提供一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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为探究夏玉米根系分布及产量对优化井渠轮灌模式下秸秆覆盖的动态响应，设置“渠井渠”灌溉模式下常规覆膜（FM）、秸秆表覆（BF）和秸秆深埋（SM），全渠水灌溉的常规覆膜为对照（CK）4种处理，于2018年和2019年在河套灌区开展了不同耕作模式田间试验。结果表明，CK处理夏玉米根系分布呈浅宽型，根长密度随土层加深而降低，根长密度集中点在表层0~20cm；优化井渠轮灌模式下，常规覆膜（FM）根长密度集中点在10~30cm，提高深层根长密度不显著；秸秆覆盖显著提高根长密度（P<0.05），BF处理根系呈宽浅型分布，根长密度集中点在0~20cm，较CK处理的0~20cm土层根长密度提高19.6%（P<0.05）；SM处理根系呈深扎型分布，根长密度集中点下移至20~40cm，显著提高大于40cm土层根长密度，较CK提高91.7%（P<0.05）；各处理水平方向根长密度近似呈以植株为中心的标准正态分布，分布半径约15cm；优化井渠轮灌模式显著降低夏玉米生育期耗水和提高水分利用效率（P<0.05），但FM和BF较CK平均减产10.1%和1.3%；SM综合效果较佳，较CK平均增产8.9%，水分利用效率平均提高41.4%。该研究可为河套灌区合理安全利用地下微咸水资源、丰富井渠轮灌理论体系及节水增产提供借鉴。 相似文献
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间接地下滴灌灌溉深度对枣树根系和水分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探讨间接地下滴灌及导水装置埋深(灌溉深度)对南疆极端干旱区矮化密植红枣根系生长分布特征及产量、水分利用率的影响,试验设间接地下滴灌(ISDI)3个导水装置埋深水平,分别为20、27、35 cm,以地表滴灌(DI)为对照,共4个处理,经过2~4 a的田间试验后,采用环状壕沟分层挖掘法对以枣树树干为中心,半径为1 m的90°扇形区域内0~100 cm土层进行根系取样。结果表明,相对于DI,ISDI下各根系分布较均匀,生长方向基本向下延伸;ISDI显著增加了根径小于5 mm根系根长密度,细根(根径小于2 mm)是DI的3倍,但减少了根径大于5 mm根系根长密度,相对增加了20~40 cm土层根系根长占总根长的比率;垂直方向上随着灌溉深度的增加表层根系根长密度相对减少,深层相对增加;水平方向上各处理根系根长密度基本呈现随着与树干水平距离的增加而减小的趋势,但在0~20 cm土层减小的幅度较大,在20~40 cm土层其减小的幅度较小;随着灌溉技术由DI到ISDI及灌溉深度的增加,细根分布基本呈现出由"宽浅型"向"深根型"发展的趋势。相对DI,ISDI具有较好的节水增产效果,提高产量及灌溉水生产率最大达20%。建议幼龄期南疆密植枣树的导水装置埋深为27~35 cm。研究为极端干旱区枣树适宜灌溉技术的选择及其技术要素的制定提供依据。 相似文献
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针对菜田灌溉水肥渗漏问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合,研究不同灌溉方式下日光温室番茄不同生育期根系垂直分布特征,在此基础上,进一步研究了膜下沟灌方式下不同灌水量番茄田土体水分的垂直分布特征及灌水量与土壤水在根层外渗漏的关系。结果表明,日光温室番茄主要根系层为0～40 cm,最深根层为60 cm。在灌水量7.5～ 22.5 mm范围,灌溉后番茄田不同土层水分增加量呈垂直递减;在灌水量7.5～45 mm范围,灌溉水根层外的渗漏率与灌水量呈线性相关;该文以满足根层水分有效供给和控制根层外渗漏为目标,确定日光温室番茄花果期和采收期适宜每次灌水量为15～22.5 mm。研究结果可为确定浅根性蔬菜根-水同位管理灌溉指标提供依据。 相似文献
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在干旱区大田条件下,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,采用交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水和交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮二因素三水平的完全组合方案,在拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期对0~100 cm土层分层监测植株正下方、植株正南侧和植株正北侧的土壤NO_3~--N含量。结果表明:监测时期内,植株南、北两侧较植株下和0~40 cm土层较40~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布受灌水施氮方式影响更大。固定灌水固定施氮下,水氮同区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧下移,而水氮异区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧累积。灌浆期,40~80 cm土层的植株下,与均匀灌水相比,交替灌水下不同施氮方式的土壤NO_3~--N含量减少9.9%~14.4%。交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使得土壤NO_3~--N在较长时间内维持在0~40 cm土层周围,成熟期二者0~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N残留量相近,但较其他处理减少11.7%~27.3%。综上,交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使玉米生育期土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布比较合理,成熟期土壤NO_3~--N残留量较低。 相似文献
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Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested
with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997
and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation
(FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated
during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional
method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments
using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents
in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously
irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between
AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen
uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CUs) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation
water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total
root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly
reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI
treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount,
while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for
irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas
where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation.
Received: 16 October 1999 相似文献
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The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking
the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste
water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m−1) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture
and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically
with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased
leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and
yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However,
furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h
after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with
blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil
moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum
in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth.
Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days
after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity
at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper
layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer.
The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of
irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation
as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation. 相似文献
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Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Root distribution 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seyed Hamid Ahmadi Finn PlauborgMathias N. Andersen Ali Reza SepaskhahChristian R. Jensen Søren Hansen 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(8):1280-1290
Root distribution of field grown potatoes (cv. Folva) was studied in 4.32 m2 lysimeters and subjected to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. Drip irrigation was applied for all irrigations. Irrigations were run in three different soils: coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam. Irrigation treatments started after tuber bulking and lasted until final harvest with PRD and DI receiving 65% of FI. Potatoes irrigated with water-saving irrigation techniques (PRD and DI) did not show statistically different dry root mass and root length density (RLD, cm root per cm3 soil) compared with root development in fully irrigated (FI) potatoes. Highest RLD existed in the top 30-40 cm of the ridge below which it decreased sharply. The RLD was distributed homogenously along the ridge and furrow but heterogeneously across the ridge and furrow with highest root density in the furrow. Most roots accumulated in the surface layers of coarse sand as compared to the other soil types. In the deep soil profile (30-70 cm) a higher root density was found in loamy sand compared with the sandy loam and coarse sand. Approximately twice the amounts of roots were found below the furrows compared with the corresponding layers below the ridges. The RLD values in the soil profile of the ridges and the furrows followed the Gerwitz and Page model: RLD = α × exp(−β × z). The highest value of surface root density (α) and rate of change in density (β) was found in coarse sand while the lowest values of α and β were found in the sandy loam and loamy sand. The model estimated the effective rooting depth in coarse sand and sandy loam quite well but did slightly overestimate it in the loamy sand. Statistical analysis showed that one α and β value can be used for each soil irrespective of the irrigation treatment. Thus, the effective rooting depths corresponding to root length densities of 0.1 and 0.25 cm cm−3 for sandy loam, loamy sand, and coarse sand soils were 99, 141, and 94 cm, and 80, 115, and 78 cm, respectively, calculated from top of the ridge. The findings of this study can be used in practice for efficient use of water and nutrients in the field. 相似文献
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咸淡水交替灌溉对土壤盐分分布及夏玉米生长的影响 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为了研究不同咸淡交替灌溉制度对各层土壤盐分含量、夏玉米生长的影响,采用3种矿化度(1、3、5 g/L)微咸水和3种不同生育期(壮苗期、拔节期、灌浆期)咸淡交替灌溉方式("咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸")开展避雨盆栽试验研究。结果表明,全生育期灌溉淡水处理(CK)各层土壤盐分含量最低,随着灌溉微咸水矿化度增加,各层土壤盐分含量增大,相同矿化度下,同一深度土壤盐分含量由大到小依次为"淡淡咸"、"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"。3 g/L和5 g/L"淡淡咸"处理的土壤含盐量由大到小依次为下层、上层、中层,其他处理由大到小依次为下层、中层、上层。不同生育期灌溉微咸水对夏玉米的株高、叶面积及产量的抑制程度由大到小依次为拔节期、壮苗期、灌浆期,即"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"、"淡淡咸",抑制作用随灌溉微咸水矿化度增加而增大,5 g/L"淡咸淡"处理与CK相比减产最多,减产率为34.85%。在滨海地区进行夏玉米种植,应考虑在生育后期灌溉微咸水,同时利用非生育期淡水灌溉降低土壤次生盐碱化的风险。 相似文献