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1.
Maize production trials carried out in the middle of eastern Germany from 1999–2005 and were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI, the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper and less material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond almost with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60–65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2.5 and higher. Recently, the silage maize harvest depends on dry matter content of maize plants (30–35%). This can result in grain ripening rates less than 55% and low starch as well as energy contents. The dry matter content of the silage maize is at a certain ripeness of grain and/or of starch only expression of aging of the stover. When the stover has a stronger influence as the grain on the dry matter content of the whole plant maize, than the crop should be harvested before reaching the optimum of ripeness and yield maximum. Therefore only hybrids with a long harvesting time, high starch storage and displaying a high digestibility of plant cell wall with slow drying of the stover should be grown in the future. The Silage maize Ripeness Index is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of maize for the harvesting time. SRI is also suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better type-characteristic of varieties.  相似文献   

2.
Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999–2007 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness, quality and yield potential as well as choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond almost with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60 to 65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2,5 and higher. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 30 to 35% in the whole plant silage maize. In dependence on the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) parameters of silage and energy maize were created differential ripeness optimum, quality and yield potential. The aims of silage and energy maize are similar. The vitality of stover has a greater importance for energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize for the harvesting time. SRI is also suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence.  相似文献   

3.
Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999–2008 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Knowledge about difference in ripeness between grain and residual plants at the harvest were used for exactly choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of residual plants) is more suitable for the leading of plant development, the determination of harvest date and the choice of cultivar as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming with a better financially results in food-, milk- and methane production in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 64%, to the dry matter content of starch of 33% and a ripeness index from 2.55 to 2.9 for parameter of quality and quantity. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 33 to 35% in the whole plant silage maize. But under suboptimal conditions the harvest is carried out, if SRI had a maximal value. In dependence on the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) and (SRI) parameters of silage and energy maize were predicted differential development of ripeness and yield. The aims of silage and energy maize are similar. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of residual plants are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize at the harvesting time. SRI is also universal suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence.  相似文献   

4.
Maize production trials carried out in eastern middle of Germany from 1999 to 2009 were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The knowledge about difference in ripeness between grain and residual plants at the harvest were used for exactly choice of cultivar under drought conditions for silage and energy maize: The Silage maize Ripeness Index (the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of residual plants) is more suitable for the leading of plant development, the determination of harvest date and the choice of cultivar as the dry matter content of the whole plant. The analysis is cheaper as well as not so material and time-consuming with the better financially results in feed-, milk- and methane production in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Basically, the harvest of silage maize to be carried out at the maximum possible ripeness index in all years, on every site, regardless of the variety to perform their silage maize ripeness number (SRZ), the heat sum and the calendar. The requirements for the varieties in the silo and energy maize are identical. The phenological ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 63% and a ripeness index from 2.6 to 2.9 depending on quality and yield parameters. The maximum ripeness on the basis of SRI from greater than 2.9 at physiological ripeness grain to be exceeded. Only under these conditions it is possible to reach the optimal ripeness of 30–35% in the whole plant silage maize (22–24% dry matter in the stover). The wide ripeness ratio between grain and stover is multifunctional guarantor for the better plant health, for example with regard to the zearalenone and carotene content, the resource efficiency of fertilizer-N in accordance with the yield-related N denials and soil stocks in N as well as basic product safety and sustainability of the procedure of silage maize. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) is, for whole plant maize, better than the Silage maize Ripeness Number (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in relation with the dry matter of residual plants are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of silage and energy maize at the harvesting time. SRI is also universal suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better characteristic of cultivar types and environmental influence universally appropriate and multifunctional.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
The Dynamic Ripeness and Analysis (DRA)-System in maize cultivation describe with the phenological ripeness, stress and selection indicator, the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI), the differentiated ripening development in the whole maize plant in addressing the most dominant ripening, growing and environmental conditions at the time of harvest period. The SRI is the quotient of ripeness of grain and residual plant. In addition to fix the correct optimum or agro-eco-efficiently harvest time. The SRI is also capable of the location suitability of the variety to characterize the ripeness specific type of variety as well as the environmental and cultivation conditions to quantify. The consistent use of the DRA-System by the maize growers leads to the desired momentum of ripeness, harvest and choice of varieties parameter. Only few environmentally stable maize varieties with the greatest variety and resistance performance for all utilization from the supposed varieties oversupply reach a consensus economic and ecological if the genotype for sowing corresponds to the phenotype for harvest. When the reference point of ripeness (SRI 2.8), there are only minor, ripeness-specific differences between the types of use (gas, fattening, grain and milk). Associated with the ripeness difference decrease the ripeness degree, better plant health, higher palatability and structure activity in the dairy cow feeding receiving maximum amounts of absolute ground fodder (healthy residual plant), which ultimately leads to a maximum milk production at a lower metabolic load of animals.  相似文献   

7.
The consistent appropriate selection of environment-stable varieties, the range of plant without ear up to maximal ripeness ratio of grain to residual plant are the cardinal question in maize cultivation respecting the ripeness, growing and environmental conditions. By permanent control of the ripening process in the pre-harvest period up to ripeness maximum possible ratio of grain to rest plant (real time of harvest) and its detection by the Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI) as phenological performance, selection and stress indicator the environmental performance potential of all varieties can be exploited, in all years, as well as each location and in all directions of use. The plant without ear as a concrete expression of the reduction of biomass production caused by drought stress and the careless cultivation of unstable varieties provide the base inevitably for drastic, estimated losses with regard to quality, yield, as well as extensive risks in environmental, consumer and animal welfare. Ripe different maize with green, vital and active photosynthesis residual plant with 22?% dry matter is in the field of physiological ripeness of grain by 63?% up to the agro-eco-efficient ripeness point and the interface of all use directions. Silage and energy maize with the SRI of 2.8 and still green residual plant should be continued in the interest of the effectiveness of the high-performance feeding up to the maximum possible ripeness ratio. The establishment of the plant architecture in the form of high maize high of about 225 cm is better for improve the yield potential compared to compact. Such differences were indifferent and not pronounced at the quality indicators. By phenotyping of the production levels in maize, also the risks of all kinds are estimated preventable in addition to the appraisal of quality and yield. In addition an assessment of ripeness, growing and environmental conditions of the crop year can be on the other hand same range based on the SRI retroactively. Interfaces, as the agro-eco-efficient ripeness point, for the coupling of other crop models, a selection index for breeding objectives of all use directions (performance, resistance and food value) as an environmental variable and standard for trial basis have been created with this Dynamic Ripeness and Analysissystem (DRA). The efficiency of the entire production branch is also ecologically to justify itself according to maximize success in each direction of use maize.  相似文献   

8.
Data from silage maize variety trials of the years 1999?C2010 in the Central German dry region were subjected to a secondary analysis using methods of mathematical statistics: With the phenological ripeness indicators (grain dry matter content/TM of the residual plant) the differences in the ripeness dynamics of grain to residual plant and their effects on the economy and ecology compared to the current ripeness system with use-specific ripeness numbers are documented. This dependence on all directions of use in the maize of the environments and varietal types taking into account of the different plasticity of maize varieties is been quantified. The achievement of physiological ripening of the grain is the interface of all usage directions and at the same time basis for the comparable, agro-eco-efficient level of maturity (63% TM) in conjunction with the silage ripeness index (SRI of 2.8) by eco-silage maize crops. The specific characteristics of the usage directions are low and with regard to efficiency, environmental and consumer protection discussed. With the phenological stage indicator (SRI) can both replaced the DM content of the whole plant as a parameter to the harvest date of silage and energy maize as the usage-specific ripeness numbers to the variety choice for silage and grain maize. A classification of the varieties according to ripeness groups would fully correspond to the environmental maize production. In the preparation of production (breeding, approval, testing and type of election), the SRI serves as selection and during inventory management through differential ripening control in compliance with the environmental and field production conditions as ripeness index. The wide ripeness ratio between grain and residual plant is the phenotypic expression of maize varieties as indicator for the agro-eco-efficiency and multifunctional guarantee better plant health, the resource efficiency, as well as basic product safety and sustainability of the process of maize silage. A precise fixing of harvest time point (HTP) is possible only with the SRI. The correct HTP is in principle maximum possible SRI. This HTP differently from the silage optimum can be according to the environments and the type of election. Ideally a maximum high SRI of 2.9 and over to a high basic intake of ground feed when reaching for exclusive maize silage feeding ruminant more friendly, better structural efficiency and grain hardness for the bypass of starch in the small intestine. The variety and the harvest strategy are to focus their reasons of economy and ecology on a high proportion of stocks ripeness in the field of silage optimum (SRI >?2.6) reach. Standard for maximum efficiency of production process maize and its environmental and consumer protection in the field of view of social line is the reaching of the agro eco-efficient ripeness point (SRI of 2.8 at physiological ripeness of grain by 63%).  相似文献   

9.
Data from the Central German variety trials was evaluated, to with the Silage maize Ripeness-Index (SRI) the off-ripe-specific type in its significance and impact on selected parameters of the quality, the yield of silage and energy maize, as well as the appropriate feeding of ruminants with rations of higher maize proportions. The characterization of the ripe type on the basis of SRI is closely associated with statements to maize ripening, reproducibility of variety performance, site suitability and environmental conditions of production in the context of the Dynamic Ripening and Analysis system (DRA). The environmental stability of maize varieties characterizes the type of variety that exerts a dominant role over the ripeness level on the production of silage maize. The difference between type and productivity as well as feed value was demonstrated. For a location and physiological ruminant feeding of maize in relation to the type are been conclusions in the field of plant health, ground feeding uptake, structure impact and physiological grain hardness. As a result of this evaluation a comprehensive advantage of the environment stable variety type with slow ripening maize (residual) plant is to determine which cannot be evidenced and used with the present system of ripeness of use-specific classification.  相似文献   

10.
In order to evaluate the effect of excess iron on the growth of sisal (Furcraea hexapetala) plants, an experiment was carried out in Tunja, Colombia, under greenhouse conditions. The plants were grown in a substrate in which 100, 150, 200 and 300?ppm of Fe were added. Control plants were provided without the addition of iron. The Chlorophyll Content Index, dry matter, and root to shoot ratio were gradually reduced as the Fe content in the substrate increased. Leaf area, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were significantly reduced with the higher doses of Fe. In addition, dry matter partitioning was altered in relation to the control plants and a lower allocation of dry matter in the roots of plants exposed to the higher Fe content was observed. Sisal plants are moderately tolerant to the excess Fe, however when exposed to 300?ppm of the metal, growth is drastically reduced.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT Sphinganine analog mycotoxins (SAMs) are reported in maize and maize based feeds. Our objectives were to detect and quantify fumonisins B(1) and B(2) and Alternaria toxins (AAL toxins) AAL-TA and AAL-TB and determine how agronomic practices, weather conditions, and ensiling affected the occurrence and levels in maize silage. Silage was collected at harvest and after ensiling in 2001 and 2002 from 30 to 40 dairies, representing four regions in Pennsylvania. SAMs were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry HPLC-MS. The average concentrations and ranges were as follows: fumonisin B(1) 2.02 mug/g (0.20 to 10.10), fumonisin B(2) 0.98 mug/g (0.20 to 20.30), AAL-TA 0.17 mug/g (0.20 to 2.01), and AAL-TB 0.05 mug/g (0.03 to 0.90). Fumonisin B(1) was the most frequently detected toxin (92%) in all samples, followed by fumonisin B(2) (55%), AAL-TA (23%), and -TB (13%). Temperature during maize development was positively correlated with fumonisin occurrence and levels and negatively with AAL-TA, while moisture events were negatively correlated with fumonisins and positively with AAL-TA. Fumonisin levels were higher in silage harvested at later developmental stages (dough through physiological maturity). Ensiling did not affect toxin concentration nor did agronomic practices (tillage system, inoculant use, or silo type) or silage characteristics (dry matter, pH, or organic acid concentration). This is the first report of AAL-TB in silage and on factors that affect SAM frequency and levels in maize silage.  相似文献   

12.
Soil contains water and nutrients necessary for the development of cultivated plants and serves as a substrate and support in terrestrial ecosystems. For reasons inherent to the nature of soil, salt content can considerably limit the growth of plants. With the implementation of salinity-tolerant crops, saline soils can be transformed into productive and sustainable areas. In Tunja, Colombia, a trial was developed to quantify the changes in growth, water intake, fiber, nitrogen and chlorophyll content in Furcraea hexapetala plants exposed to NaCl saline conditions. Plantlets obtained from bulbs were grown in an aerated nutrient solution under greenhouse conditions. Measurements of 30, 60 or 90?mmol NaCl was added to the nutrient solution and control plants were left without addition of salt. As a consequence of salinity, leaf area, leaf area ratio, water uptake, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, fiber content, dry matter, chlorophyll and nitrogen content in leaves were reduced. The accumulation of dry matter in leaves, stem and roots was especially affected when the plants were exposed to 90?mmol of NaCl. Accumulated dry matter increased in the stems, but reduced in the leaves. These results suggest that plants of Furcraea hexapetala can tolerate up to 60?mmol of NaCl (4.9?dS?m?1) without substantially affecting the parameters that determine the growth or the fiber content in the leaves.  相似文献   

13.
黄土区不同熟制玉米延收增产技术研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
研究了延迟收获对不同熟制玉米株粒重、千粒重及植株器官千物质运移的影响.结果表明,玉米适时延收具有明显的增产效果.延收15 d,春、夏玉米植株器官干物质向籽粒中运移量分别达28.89 g·株-1和23.81g·株-1,叶和茎秆的干物质对籽粒的贡献率高达80％左右；春玉米单株粒重增加29.2 g,单株粒重日增1.95 g,千粒重增加53.8 g,平均日增3.58 g,增产1 336.5 kg·hm-2,增产16.6％；夏玉米单株粒重增加31 g,平均日增重2.1g,千粒重增加81.7 g,平均千粒重日增5.5g,产量增加1488.0 kg·hm-2,增产18.9％,增产效益显著.  相似文献   

14.
土壤底墒与苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育的影响   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  
采用二次回归正交设计方法,进行了土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量对玉米出苗和苗期生长发育影响的盆栽试验研究,分别建立了苗期株高、总干重与土壤底墒、灌溉量关系回归模型。研究结果表明,土壤底墒显著影响玉米出苗率,玉米出苗率最高时的壤土和沙土底墒分别为20.6%和13.6%;土壤底墒和苗期灌溉量的交互作用对株高和单株干物质重量具有相互协同效应和替代效应;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的壤土底墒均为15.1%,最佳灌溉量分别为86.7 mm和91.7 mm;玉米苗期株高和总干重最大时的沙土底墒分别为12%和13%,最佳灌溉量均为76 mm。  相似文献   

15.
在枣粮间作模式下对间作作物的物质积累及产量成因进行对比分析,以玉米品种先育335、高粱品种沈杂5号为试材,分别对其在出苗后45、60、75、90 d和105 d的净光合速率、干物质积累、产量构成因素、株高和茎粗等指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明：在枣粮间作模式下,玉米和高粱分别在ZY4和ZG8模式下粮食产量最高;高粱在各生育时期内的光合速率均高于玉米,在不同生长时期内差异较小,相对玉米可适当密植;在ZY4和ZG8的模式下玉米和高粱干物质积累平均速率高,为高产量的形成奠定物质基础;穗数和粒重受密度影响较大,穗粒数影响较小,ZY4和ZG8模式下枣树、玉米、高粱三者配置模式较好。  相似文献   

16.
Synthetic herbicides are posing problems owing to the development of weed resistance and emerging debate on their associated health hazards and ecological threats. Allelopathic manipulations are evolving as applicable substitutes for weed management in agroecosystems. In order to assess the efficacy of potential allelopathic water extracts from different plant species, field experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011. Sorghum bicolor L., Helianthus annuus L., Brassica napus L., Oryza sativa L., Zea mays L. and Morus alba L. aqueous extracts in different combinations alone or along with a reduced dose of herbicide were evaluated for weed suppression in a maize crop. A weedy check and two herbicidal treatments, S‐metolachlor + atrazine (pre‐emergence) and atrazine alone (early postemergence), were included for comparison. Sorghum, brassica or sunflower tank‐mixed with 25% of the recommended dose of atrazine significantly suppressed the total weed density and dry biomass, along with a concomitant decrease in the crop resistance indices and treatment efficacy indices over the control. The weed density and dry biomass that were recorded at 60 days after sowing showed a strong negative correlation, while the leaf area index, crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation and net assimilation rate predicted a strong positive correlation, with the stover and grain yield of maize.  相似文献   

17.
Effect of plant density (37,037, 44,444 and 55,555 plants/ha) on the increase of northern leaf blight in time and space on two maize cultivars planted at spacings of 90, 75 and 60 between rows and 30 cm within rows was investigated.Exserohilum turcicum infested maize residue was used as an inoculum source. Maize density did not significantly affect the disease indices, but significantly influenced the grain yield of the two cultivars. In contrast, the two cultivars differed significantly (P0.01) in disease severity, but not grain yield. Higher disease severities and grain yields were associated with higher plant densities, whereas the apparent infection rate was lower in higher plant density. Distance from the maize residue (inoculum source) significantly influenced disease severity. The percentage leaf area blighted, area under disease progress curve and disease progress curve intercept decreased with distance from the maize residue area, but the apparent infection rate on EV8429-SR appeared to increase with distance. Disease gradients (b) were higher in closely planted maize and flattened with time in one location only.  相似文献   

18.
The present investigation deals with finding natural alternatives to methyl bromide in order to reduce its environmental damage in greenhouse grown head lettuce plants (lactuca sativa L.) seedlings (cv. ‘Big Bell’). Five treatments were evaluated to find a better natural methyl bromide (MBr) alternative which are, cultivation in local materials using rice straw bales as a cultivation medium, using of hot water injection into soil to control soil pathogens, using a mix of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis as a biological control treatment, in comparison with chemical control with one of MBr chemical alternatives (Basamid®) and Control (farmer treatment). Cultivation in rice straw was superior in head diameter, head length, head fresh weight and head dry weight than all the other treatments. While chemical alternative was advanced in only head total soluble solids content (TSS) and chlorophyll content. Both chemical alternative (Basamid) and cultivation in rice straw had the highest values of plant survival rate, head potassium content, and both total and marketable yield (Kg/m2) followed by the other natural MBr alternatives which also had a significant positive effect on plant vegetative growth in comparison with control treatment (farmer treatment). Also, there was no detected significant effect of the studied treatments on stem diameter, L?ascorbic acid (vitamin C), nitrogen and phosphorus content  相似文献   

19.
Cavero  Zaragoza  Suso  & Pardo 《Weed Research》1999,39(3):225-240
Crop growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) and Datura stramonium L. in monoculture and competition was studied over 4 years in a flood irrigated field in Zaragoza (Spain). Plant density was 8.33 m–2 for maize and 16.66 m–2 (1994 and 1995) and 8.33 m–2 (1996 and 1997) for D. stramonium . Maize yield was decreased by 14–63% when competing with the weed. Yield reduction increased as the time between crop and weed emergence decreased. The development of leaf area per plant during the exponential growth phase was faster in maize primarily because the leaf area of maize seedlings at emergence time was greater than that of the weed. The faster growth of maize in leaf area and height reduced the photosynthetically active radiation received by the weed. Datura stramonium had a lower radiation use efficiency (RUE) than maize. Competition from the weed slightly decreased the maximum leaf area index (LAI) of the crop, and leaf senescence of maize was accelerated. The weed competed with the crop late in the season reducing crop growth rate, grain number per ear and grain weight. Competitive ability of D. stramonium for light was mainly due to its growth habit, with the leaves concentrated in the upper part of the canopy (more than 75% of LAI in the upper 25% of its height), its higher light extinction coefficient (0.89) and its indeterminate growth habit. The N plant content of maize was not influenced by the presence of the weed. The weed had a higher N plant content than the crop throughout the season and took up more N in monoculture.  相似文献   

20.
模拟犁底层对春玉米物质积累及转运与分配的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用PVC管栽的方法,研究了模拟犁底层和深松处理对春玉米物质积累、转运与分配的影响。结果表明:采用Richards方程可较好地模拟(拟合度r=0.9987~0.9991)玉米出苗后不同天数干物质积累量动态,犁底层处理下玉米最大生长速率以及活跃生长持续期均低于深松处理,表明犁底层限制了玉米的发育进程,同时,也影响了地上干物质积累及其在器官中的分配。犁底层处理成熟期干物质在各器官的分配量显著低于深松处理,但茎的物质分配比例显著高于深松,说明犁底层的存在降低了茎器官向籽粒的转移量和转移率,并最终导致玉米的单株籽粒产量下降。因此,采取深松处理,打破犁底层是当前条件下东北春玉米实现再高产的重要措施。  相似文献   

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