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1.
Ernest Baafi Vernon E. Gracen Joe Manu-Aduening Essie T. Blay Kwadwo Ofori Edward E. Carey 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(2):110-118
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)) is a nutritious food security crop for most tropical households, but its utilisation is very low in Ghana compared to the other root and tuber crops due to lack of end-user-preferred cultivars. Knowledge on the genetic control of important traits such as dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato storage roots in a breeding population is critical for making breeding progress in developing sweetpotato varieties preferred by farmers and consumers. This study used diallel mating design to elucidate general combining ability and specific combining ability, to determine the gene action controlling storage root dry matter, starch and sugar content in sweetpotato and the heterotic potential of the traits to facilitate the crop’s improvement for increased utilisation. A general model for estimating genetic effects, GEAN II, was used to analyse the data. Genetic variability was seen for dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato and much of this genetic variation was additive in nature. The study also revealed significant heterosis in sweetpotato which offers opportunity for breeding non-sweet, high dry matter sweetpotato varieties that are preferred by farmers and consumers in Ghana. 相似文献
2.
Hemicelluloses (A and B) were isolated from an Indo-African hybrid variety of finger millet (ragi, Eleusine coracana) by extracting the starch-free residue with 10% sodium hydroxide under a continuous stream of nitrogen, and changes in their sugar composition during malting for 96 h were studied. Hemicellulose B, obtained in higher yield from both native (N) and malted (M) flours, was found to be completely soluble in water, richer in uronic acid, and more viscogenic than hemicelullose A. Fractional precipitation of hemicellulose B by ammonium sulfate resulted in four precipitable fractions (F-60, F-70, F-80, and F-100) and a nonprecipitable (NP) fraction varying in their yield and arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucose contents. A progressive increase in the pentose-to-hexose ratio (P:H) from 0.42:1.0 in F-60 to 1.94:1.0 in NP was observed in native hemicellulose B fractions; however, in malted hemicellulose B the P:H ratio increased from 0.43:1.0 in F-60 to 1.56:1.0 in F-80 and then decreased to 1.13:1.0 in NP. The major fraction, F-70 (N, 44.5%; M, 38.5%), was separated into eight subfractions on DEAE-cellulose by successive elution with water, ammonium carbonate (AC) (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M AC), and sodium hydroxide (0.1 and 0.2 M) differing in their yield and neutral sugar composition. The purity of the major glucuronoarabinoxylan fraction (0.1 M AC eluted) was ascertained by Sepharose CL-4B, HPSEC, cellulose acetate, and capillary electrophoresis methods. A significant decrease in the molecular mass of arabinoxylan from 1200 to 1120 kDa upon malting for 96 h is an indication of cell wall degradation by the inducible cell wall degrading enzymes. 相似文献
3.
化肥和生物有机肥配施对鲜食型甘薯块根产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
4.
Ng A Parker ML Parr AJ Saunders PK Smith AC Waldron KW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(11):5612-5617
The structure and mechanical properties of onions are important factors affecting their textural quality. The onion bulb consists of several layers of pigmented, papery scales surrounding fleshy storage scales that comprise an upper epidermis, an intermediate parenchyma tissue, and a lower epidermis. The purpose of this study was to examine the chemical composition of cell walls from the papery scales and outer fleshy scales of onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Sturon) in relation to their mechanical properties. Cell-wall material (CWM) was prepared from the component tissues and analyzed for its carbohydrate and phenolic composition. The CWMs were rich in uronic acid and glucose, with smaller quantities of arabinose, galactose, and xylose. In the fleshy scales, the lower epidermis contained relatively more galactose-rich pectic polysaccharides, whereas the upper epidermis and the papery scales contained virtually no galactose. Analysis of mechanical properties showed that the order of strength of the tissues was papery scales > fleshy scales, which were in the order lower epidermis > upper epidermis > intermediate parenchyma. The upper epidermis of fleshy scales was stronger in the vertical than the horizontal direction, and both orientations showed negligible notch sensitivity. Cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diaminetetraacetate-induced vortex-induced cell separation of the intermediate layer of fleshy scales indicated that calcium cross-linking may play an important role in cell-cell adhesion. A small but significant amount of ferulic acid was found in the walls, predominantly in the thick cuticle of the lower epidermis of fleshy scales. Alkali-labile wall-bound flavonoids were also detected. 相似文献
5.
不同生态环境对甘薯主要品质性状的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为研究甘薯鲜薯总胡萝卜素、淀粉、蛋白质、还原性糖和可溶性糖等主要块根品质特性在不同地区的生态变异,选用"徐薯25"与"徐22-5"杂交所获得的不同甘薯基因型,在4个生态点进行栽插试验,系统分析不同生态环境下甘薯块根主要品质性状的变异规律。结果表明:生态点、年份、基因型、地点×基因型互作、年份×基因型互作对甘薯鲜薯总胡萝卜素、淀粉、蛋白质、还原性糖和可溶性糖的影响均达到显著水平。胡萝卜素表现为基因型×环境互作效应大于基因型效应和环境效应,而其他品质性状均表现为环境效应远大于基因型效应和基因型×环境互作效应;可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的年际效应明显大于基因型主效应或基因型×年份互作效应,而其余3个品质性状的基因型×年份互作效应大于基因型主效应或年份主效应。在4个生态点中,徐州点的胡萝卜素、还原性糖和可溶性糖含量最高,但淀粉含量最低;烟台点的蛋白质含量最高,胡萝卜素含量最低;南昌点的蛋白质含量最低,胡萝卜素含量最高;万州点的还原性糖和可溶性糖含量最低,上述品质性状随纬度变化的规律不明显。值得关注的是,不同环境下,蛋白质含量为烟台点>徐州点>万州点>南昌点,表现出随纬度升高而增大的趋势。不同年份处理间,2008年的胡萝卜素、还原性糖及可溶性糖含量高于2009年,而2008年的淀粉和蛋白质含量低于2009年。淀粉、可溶性糖含量变幅范围在2年间差别不大,而其他3个性状变幅范围在2年间差别较大。各甘薯基因型在不同地点、不同年份间品质性状的变异中,以胡萝卜素变异系数为最大,淀粉变异为最小。 相似文献
6.
二种含腐植酸钾肥的制备方法及对甘薯、生姜的增产效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
腐植酸是一种有良好生物活性的有机高分子物质,风化煤中含有丰富的腐植酸.根据薯芋作物需钾较多的营养特性,应用风化煤、氢氧化钾、硫酸钾等制备了2种含腐植酸钾肥;通过田间试验,就2种肥料对甘薯、生姜的增产效果进行了研究.试验结果表明:与施用硫酸钾比较,甘薯施用含普通腐植酸钾肥,结薯数相似,平均薯块重显著增加,块根产量提高8.12%;施用含活性腐植酸钾肥,结薯数显著增多,平均薯块重相似,块根产量提高9.52%.生姜施用含普通腐植酸钾肥和含活性腐植酸钾肥,根茎产量分别提高5.28%和12.05%,含活性腐植酸钾肥的增产效果优于含普通腐植酸钾肥.因此,在利用风化煤生产含腐植酸钾肥时,应根据作物类型选择工艺路线. 相似文献
7.
Caffeoylsophorose in a red vinegar produced through fermentation with purple sweetpotato 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Terahara N Matsui T Fukui K Matsugano K Sugita K Matsumoto K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(9):2539-2543
Recently, a new red vinegar has been developed via fermentation with the storage root of purple-fleshed sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. cv. Ayamurasaki. The red vinegar had a higher antioxidative activity than white or black vinegars. The red vinegar contained some new components possibly derived from the original purple sweetpotato. A major component was isolated using preparative HPLC, and the chemical structure was determined to be 6-O-(E)-caffeoyl-(2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-d-glucopyranose (caffeoylsophorose) by MS and NMR. Because the caffeoylsophorose showed a high antioxidative activity, it plays an important functional role in red vinegar as do anthocyanins and other components. Examination of the mechanism of formation is now in progress. 相似文献
8.
Bhaskar JJ S M Chilkunda ND Salimath PV 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(1):427-432
Banana flower (BF) and pseudostem (PS) are byproducts of banana cultivation and are known to have health beneficial effects. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary fiber composition and antioxidant effect of BF and PS. In the present study, BF and PS were found to be rich in dietary fiber (65.6 ± 1.32 and 28.8 ± 0.98%, respectively). Dietary fiber fractions were extracted and characterized in terms of sugar profile, and antioxidant activities were determined. BF and PS fractions were rich in sugars and showed wide diversity with respect to the nature of the sugars. Hemicellulose A fraction of BF showed high amounts of total polyphenols and total antioxidants, which were 121.8 ± 1.9 and 39.03 ± 0.118 μg/mg extract, respectively. HPLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic acids in hemicellulose A and B fractions of BF. These results indicate that BF and PS are rich sources of dietary fiber associated with polyphenols, which could promote health beneficial effects. 相似文献
9.
10.
Konczak-Islam I Yoshimoto M Hou DX Terahara N Yamakawa O 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(20):5916-5922
Anthocyanin-rich aqueous extracts from cell suspension cultures of a high anthocyanin-producing sweetpotato PL (purple line) cell line grown under two different media conditions, MM (multiplication medium) and APM (high anthocyanin-producing medium) and from the cell line's donor tissue, field-grown storage root (SR) of sweetpotato, cv. Ayamurasaki, were evaluated for antioxidative (DPPH test), antimutagenic (Salmonella/reversion assay; mutagen, Trp-P-1), and antiproliferative (human promyelocytic leukaemia cells HL-60) activities. Both cell line extracts MM and APM exhibited higher radical scavenging activities (RSA), 3.8- and 1.4-fold, respectively, than the SR extract. The antimutagenic activity of all extracts was found to be dose-dependent. At a dose of 1 mg/plate, the highest activity exhibited APM (73% inhibition of Trp-P-1-induced reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium TA98), followed by MM (54% inhibition) and SR (36% inhibition). The MM extract was the strongest inhibitor of the proliferation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. At a concentration of 1.6 mg/mL medium during 24 h, it suppressed the growth of 47% of HL-60 cells. A significantly lower growth suppression effect displayed APM and SR extracts (21 and 25%, respectively). Total anthocyanin levels and anthocyanin composition in evaluated samples seem to be related to their activities. The MM extract, which exhibited the highest RSA and antiproliferation activities, contained the highest level of anthocyanins. Among them, nonacylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside dominated. It is speculated that the presence of this anthocyanin contributed toward enhanced activities of MM extract. 相似文献
11.
Huang YH Picha DH Kilili AW Johnson CE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(12):4927-4931
Cured sweetpotato roots were stored at different temperatures (4.5, 15.6, and 24 degrees C) for 7 weeks and assayed for invertase activities and reducing sugar levels during two separate years. Invertase activities and reducing sugar concentration significantly increased in the roots kept at low temperature. Of the three types of invertases assayed, acid invertase specific activity was the highest. Acid invertase was the most influential in determining reducing sugar levels in stored sweetpotato. Cultivar differences were found in invertase specific activities and reducing sugar concentration. Reducing sugar content was highly correlated to acid and total invertase activity, regardless of cultivar. 相似文献
12.
Cevallos-Casals BA Cisneros-Zevallos L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3313-3319
Stoichiometric and kinetic values of phenolics against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) were determined for Andean purple corn (Zea mays L.) and red sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). Both crops had higher antioxidant capacity and antiradical kinetics than blueberries and higher or similar anthocyanin and phenolic contents. The second-order rate constant (k(2)) was 1.56, 1.12, 0.57, and 0.26 (mg antiradical/mL)(-1) s(-1) for red sweetpotato, Trolox, purple corn, and blueberry, respectively. On the molar basis of active hydroxyl groups, k(2)' showed the same order as for k(2). Corn cob and sweetpotato endodermis contributed the most in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Both crops studied can be considered as excellent novel sources of natural antioxidants for the functional food and dietary supplement markets. 相似文献
13.
R Rodríguez A Jiménez R Guillén A Heredia J Fernández-Bola?os 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(9):3551-3557
The postharvest changes of the white asparagus cell wall have been studied in relation to the toughening process along the length of a spear that was divided into three sections: apical, middle, and basal. Polysaccharides underwent significant turnover during storage. Uronic acid concentration decreased in all sections and in almost all polysaccharide fractions, while neutral sugars increased very slightly in the apical section, decreased in the middle, and increased in the basal one. Xylose, glucose, and galactose are the main neutral sugars implicated in the turnover; xylose accumulated in the hemicellulose fractions of the middle and basal sections, glucose decreased in the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of the middle section and increased in the cellulose fraction of the basal one, and galactose disappeared mostly from the cellulose fractions of the three sections. Lignin increased most in the middle section and least in the basal one. No increase was detected in the apical one. No important increases of wall phenolics were detected in any part of the spear. The hardening process was limited only to the basal section. 相似文献
14.
Although limited information is available on tillage practices for root crops, published results show that tillage methods vary widely depending upon the specific root crop, the soil type, the previous vegetation, as well as the socio-economic conditions of farmers. These aspects are discussed in this review.
In general terms, it has been found that root and tuber crops are sensitive to soil compaction, inadequate aeration or poor drainage and therefore respond favorably to intensive tillage, followed by ridging or mounding. However, large differences exist between crops, with potato, sweet potato and yam requiring more intensive cultivation than cassava and taro. On light-textured soils, cassava can be grown without or with minimum tillage as long as weeds are controlled; in heavy or compacted soil cassava responds favorably to tillage and yields tend to increase when grown on ridges. In order to reduce erosion as well as production costs, cassava should be grown with as little tillage as possible as long as high yield can be maintained. Contour ridging and mulching are other practices that not only tend to increase yields but also reduce erosion losses.
Organized data for use in a classification of the tillage requirements of different soils for the various root crops is lacking. We suggest that research efforts should be directed towards the characterization of the physico-chemical and biological factors which determine the tillage requirements of a given soil for a given root crop. 相似文献
15.
Chatakanonda P Dickinson LC Chinachoti P 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(25):7445-7449
Mobility and distribution of water in cassava (rainy and drought crops) and potato starches were studied by solid state and NMR relaxometry as a function of H(2)O and D(2)O contents ranging from 0 to 44% (dry basis). Measurements of relative mobility derived from (2)H solid state NMR were based on relative area and line shape analysis. The narrow peak (mobile component) started to show at 5% and increased with increasing D(2)O content. This increase in mobile fraction was accompanied by a line narrowing. The mobile fractions of deuterons reached a >98% level above 15% D(2)O, which is well below the water holding capacity of starch ( approximately 27%) and the previously assigned "glassy-rubbery transition point" (24.3%; Jouppila, K.; Roos, Y. H. The physical state of amorphous corn starch and its impact on crystallization. Carbohydr. Polym. 1997, 32, 95-104). This reconfirms the liquidlike nature of water in the so-called glassy state of starch granules. The plasticization effect of water on starch chains was observed at 14-17% for cassava and potato starches as indicated by the T(1) minimum. This, however, did not seem to relate to the difference observed in swelling among the starches studied. 相似文献
16.
Ho Ando Ken-ichi Kakuda Hiroshi Fujii Katsuya Suzuki Tatsuya Ajiki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):429-432
Abstract The ontogenetic changes of N, P, and K contents in leaves of rice, maize, soybean, adzuki bean, potato, and sugar beet were studied as the following results were obtained. 1. N content of rice and maize drastically changed at the primordia formation stage, while that of other crops did not show clear changes depending on the stage of growth. 2. P content of rice and maize was higher in upper leaves than lower leaves, but did not change appreciably in other crops. 3. K content of potato and sugar beet remained constant for a long period of time compared to other crops. 4. P-N relationship in rice and maize distinctly differed between upper and lower leaves; ratio of P content to N content of upper leaves was higher than that of lower leaves. 5. K-N relationship in potato and sugar beet was very different from that in other crops; K content remained constant regardless of the decrease in N content except for the lower leaves. Thus, as the P-N balance of rice and maize (Gramineae crops) and K-N balance of potato and sugar beet (root crops) showed distinctive characteristics compared to other crops, the physiological significance of the mineral balance must be further investigated. 相似文献
17.
Damien Shumbusha Hussein Shimelis Mark Laing Theodore Asiimwe 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(4):340-351
The genetic diversity available in sweetpotato has not been explored to develop dual-purpose sweetpotato varieties (DPSVs). The objectives of this study were to assess the level of phenotypic diversity present among sweetpotato varieties grown in Rwanda, and to select suitable parents for breeding DPSVs. Fifty-one diverse sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated in field trials conducted at the Rubona and Karama experimental stations of the Rwanda Agriculture Board using a 6?×?9 unbalanced alpha lattice design with three replications. Genotypes and sites showed significant interaction (P??1) and RW11-2419 (20.18?t?ha?1). RW11-4923 and Wagabolige were the best performers for vine yield, producing 23.67 and 23.45?t?ha?1 of vines, respectively. Ukerewe performed well for its DRY (7.09?t?ha?1), while RW11-4923 had the highest mean dry vine yield (5.17?t?ha?1). RW11-2910 and 8-1038 had root-to-vine ratios of 2.0 and 1.5, respectively, suggesting their suitability as breeding parents, to breed DPSVs. Two main phenotypic groups with 10 sub-groups were detected through cluster analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the first four components accounted for 76.33% of the phenotypic variation present among the 51 genotypes. The selected sweetpotato genotypes that had a combination of high storage root yields and heavy vine production should be used as parents in developing DPSVs, concurrently incorporating farmer-preferred traits. 相似文献
18.
为探明甘薯叶光合特性与块根主要性状对不同氮素形态供应的响应特点,以徐薯18为研究对象,在盆栽条件下,设置铵态氮、 硝态氮和酰胺态氮3种氮素处理,研究不同形态氮素供应对甘薯叶光合特性、 块根产量与品质性状影响的差异。结果表明,在移栽后30 d 和50 d 时,酰胺态氮处理叶片叶绿素含量(CCI)为最高,70 d时,铵态氮处理的CCI最高;铵态氮处理显著提高叶片的光合速率与有效辐射(PAR);氮素处理明显提高甘薯块根产量,其中,铵态氮处理较硝态氮和酰胺态氮处理块根产量分别增加10.6%与17.2%,增产显著(P0.05);铵态氮处理提高甘薯块根的淀粉率和蛋白质含量,而酰胺态氮处理增加可溶性糖和还原糖含量;铵态氮处理有利于增加甘薯淀粉最高粘度值（PKV）、 崩解值（BDV）和回复值（CSV）,而硝态氮处理促进最低粘度值（HPV）和最终粘度值（CPV）的上升。 相似文献
19.
在大田条件下,研究了甘薯品种北京553不同时期不同器官干物质的积累与分配规律,并分析其中各矿质元素含量的变化情况。结果表明,甘薯干物质前期积累少,中后期快速积累,并逐渐由地上部转移至块根中。各矿质元素在甘薯不同器官的积累量随植株生长而增加,但分配率不同,前期各元素集中于地上部,中后期逐渐转移至块根中。甘薯一生吸收最多的元素是氮、钾和钙,其中氮和钙主要在前中期积累且分布在地上部,钾则主要在中后期积累且分布于块根。微量元素中,甘薯对铁的需求较大,主要时期是生长中期并多分布于地上部。单位产量的需肥规律与矿质元素的吸收规律一致,可以根据需肥规律来指导生产,合理施肥。 相似文献