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1.
Forty-nine dogs from Thailand were evaluated for serologic evidence of exposure or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evidence of infection with vectorborne pathogens, including Ehrlichia sp. (Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffi (Bvb), spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia rickettsii), Typhus group (TG) rickettsiae (Rickettsia canada, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Rickettsia typhi), and Babesia sp. (Babesia canis and Babesia gibsonii). All study dogs had at least 1 of 3 entry criteria: fever, anemia, or thrombocytopenia. By immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing, seroreactivity was most prevalent to E chaffeensis (74%) and E canis (71%) antigens, followed by E equi (58%), Bvb (38%), E risticii (38%), R prowazekii (24%), B canis (20%), R rickettsii (12%), R canada (4%), and B gibsonii (4%) antigens. There was 100% concordance between E canis IFA and Western blot immunoassay (WI) for 35 of 35 samples; 2 samples were IFA and WI reactive only to E equi antigens. By PCR amplification, 10 dogs were found to be infected with E canis, 5 with Ehrlichia platys, and 3 with B canis. Sequencing of PCR products was undertaken to compare Ehrlichia strains from Thailand to strains originating from the United States. Partial DNA sequence analysis confirmed infection with E canis and E platys, with identical 16S rRNA sequence alignment to E canis (U26740) and to E platys (M83801), as reported in GenBank. Partial E canis P28.1 and P28.2 amino acid sequences from Thai dogs were divergent from analogous sequences derived from North American E canis (AF082744) strains, suggesting that the Thai dogs were infected with a geographically distinct strain of E canis compared to North American strains. The results of this study indicate that dogs in Thailand have substantial exposure to vectorborne diseases and that coinfection with these pathogens may be common.  相似文献   

2.
The antigenic profile of Ehrlichia canis, E risticii, E sennetsu, and E equi was investigated by the use of protein (western) immunoblot technique. Results of analysis of serum from acutely and chronically infected animals indicated that the 4 Ehrlichia species share a unique 25-kD polypeptide in addition to other peptides. Immune sera from dogs inoculated with E canis recognized a wide range of E canis polypeptide antigens, as determined by western blot analysis. A larger number of E sennetsu polypeptides were detected when homologous antiserum and antiserum to E equi were used. The latter antiserum did not recognize antigens of E canis or E risticii. Antisera to E canis, E risticii, and E sennetsu detected E equi antigens. Data indicate that a 25-kD protein is a common antigen among the species of the genus Ehrlichia and that the ascending order of abundance of immunodominant determinants in the 4 species of Ehrlichia studied would be: E risticii----E equi----E sennetsu----E canis. Implications of these findings for diagnosis of ehrlichial infections and prophylaxis are evident.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of stray dogs in eastern Tennessee seropositive to Ehrlichia canis and examine the correlation between results for an ELISA, indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. SAMPLE POPULATION: Blood samples obtained from 90 adult dogs admitted to an animal shelter in eastern Tennessee. PROCEDURE: Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against E. canis by use of a commercially available ELISA kit, 2 IFA tests, and a PCR assay; testing was performed at the University of Tennessee (TN) and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The PCR amplification was performed by use of DNA extracted from EDTA-anticoagulated blood and primers designed to amplify DNA of Ehrlichia spp. RESULTS: Antibodies against E. canis were detected in only 1 dog by use of the ELISA. By IFA testing at TN, 10 of 90 (11%) dogs were seroreactive against E. canis antigens, all of which had medium to high titers to E. canis. Only 5 of the 10 TN seroreactors were also reactive against E. canis antigens in IFA tests conducted at NCSU, and all 5 had low to medium titers. The DNA of Ehrlichia spp was not amplified in any blood samples by use of PCR assays conducted at the TN or NCSU. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The discordant ELISA, IFA, and PCR results obtained in this study were unexpected and may have been related to exposure of dogs to an Ehrlichia species other than E. canis, such as E. ewingii.  相似文献   

4.
Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii is a recently recognized zoonotic pathogen that causes endocarditis, granulomatous rhinitis, and granulomatous lymphadenitis in dogs. Isolation of B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) from blood or tissue samples is frequently unsuccessful; therefore, diagnosis is primarily dependent on serologic or molecular testing modalities. Because previous canine serologic studies have used an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), without Western immunoblot (WI) confirmation, the overall objective of this study was to examine the diagnostic use of WI for confirmation of B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) infection in dogs. To confirm that agar-grown and cell culture-grown organisms yielded similar patterns of WI antigenic protein recognition, the 2 preparations were compared using IFA-reactive sera obtained from dogs experimentally infected with B. vinsonii (berkhoffii). Temporal changes in the pattern of antigenic protein recognition were characterized using sera obtained from dogs at various time points after experimental B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) infection. The specificity of B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) WI was examined by testing canine sera that were reactive to B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsii, Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (previously E. equi), or Brucella canis antigens. Clinical accessions including serum samples obtained from B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) culture-positive dogs and B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) culture-negative dogs that were IFA seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens were examined by WI. The results of this study indicate that WI using agar-grown or cell culture-grown B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens produce identical patterns of antigenic protein recognition. After experimental infection, there is a progressive increase in the number of antigenic proteins that are recognized by WI, with the 33-kD antigen representing the first and the most persistent antigen recognized by B. vinsonii (berkhoffii)-infected dogs. Regarding specificity, sera from dogs that were reactive to various heterologous antigens did not recognize B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens by IFA or WI, and sera from dogs experimentally infected with B. henselae did not recognize B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens by WI. Regarding clinical accessions, there was good agreement between B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) IFA test results and WI analysis. Western immunoblot analysis can be used to detect or confirm exposure to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii are agents of emerging human ehrlichioses in North America and are transmitted primarily by Amblyomma americanum ticks, while Ehrlichia canis is the globally distributed cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and is transmitted by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Although E. canis and Ehrlichia ruminantium are endemic in Africa, the presence of ehrlichial agents in dogs and ticks in Cameroon has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ehrlichial infections in Cameronian dogs using a combination of serologic and molecular methods. Peripheral blood was collected, clinical signs and the presence or absence of ticks on dogs (n=104) presenting for various reasons at local veterinary clinics around the Mount Cameroon region were noted. IFA identified 33 dogs (32%) with antibodies reactive with E. canis, and reactivity of these sera with all major E. canis antigens (200, 140, 95, 75, 47, 36, 28, and 19-kDa) was confirmed by immunoblotting. Multicolor real-time PCR detected ehrlichial DNA (E. canis (15) and E. ewingii (2)) in 17 dogs (16.3%), all of which had attached ticks at time of presentation. The dsb amplicons (378 bp) from E. canis and E. ewingii were identical to gene sequences from North American isolates. This study identifies canine ehrlichiosis as a prevalent unrecognized cause of disease in Cameroonian canines.  相似文献   

6.
The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) is used to support a clinical diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in dogs. However, clinicians must interpret the detection of ANAs with caution, particularly in light of increasing evidence that dogs with known bacterial and protozoal infections can have high ANA titers. Retrospectively, medical records were reviewed for all dogs that were concurrently tested for antinuclear antigens and Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii), Ehrlichia canis, or Rickettsia rickettsii antigens between 1990 and 2000. When analyzed on the basis of reactivity to a specific infectious agent, 75% of the B vinsonii (berkhoffii) seroreactors, 16.7% of the E canis seroreactors, and 0% of the R rickettsii seroreactors had concurrent ANAs. Subsequent prospective testing did not detect ANAs in convalescent sera from dogs experimentally infected with B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or R rickettsii. However, 10-20% B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or Leishmania infantum reactive sera from naturally infected dogs contained ANAs. In addition, 45% of sera from dogs that are reactive to multiple vectorborne organisms were more likely to contain ANAs when compared to sera from dogs reactive to only 1 test antigen. When interpreting the relevance of seroreactivity to nuclear antigens, clinicians should recognize that dogs with seroreactivity to B vinsonii (berkhoffii), E canis, or L infantum antigens (especially those with seroreactivity to more than one of these pathogens) may produce ANAs.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a polyvalent ELISA incorporating a highly specific recombinant antigen (p44) for diagnosis of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs and horses. ANIMALS: 32 dogs and 43 horses. PROCEDURE: Results of the ELISA were compared with results of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining and western immunoblotting incorporating whole-cell antigen. RESULTS: For the canine and equine samples, percentages of samples with positive IFA staining, western immunoblotting, and ELISA results were similar. For 29 (91 %) canine samples and 30 (70%) equine samples, results of IFA staining, western immunoblotting, and the ELISA were in complete agreement. Results of the ELISA for 3 canine serum samples known to contain antibodies to Ehrlichia canis and 12 equine serum samples known to contain antibodies to E risticii were negative. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of the present study suggest that a polyvalent ELISA incorporating a recombinant p44 antigen is suitable for detecting antibodies to E equi in dogs and horses.  相似文献   

8.
A seroepidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis antigens in free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Israel. Of 84 fox sera assayed, 36% were seropositive for E. canis by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and 24% were positive for H. canis using an enzyme-linked immunosrbent assay (ELISA). Canine ehrlichiosis and hepatozoonosis appear to be endemic in the wild red fox populations in Israel, and foxes may serve as a reservoir for infection of domestic dogs and other wild canine species.  相似文献   

9.
Serum samples from 259 dogs were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Borrelia burgdorferi using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The sera were obtained from submissions to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory during a 14-month period from June 1986 through July 1987. The rate for positive antibody titers to E. canis was 53%, to E. equi was 33%, to R. rickettsii was 38%, and to B. burgdorferi was 18%. Higher percentages of sera serologically positive to E. canis were found in the spring through the fall months, but there were no seasonal variations for E. equi, R. rickettsii, and B. burgdorferi. There was no consistent pattern of titers to the 4 antigens when age-groups of the dogs were compared. Forty-four different breeds were tested.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To detect evidence of Ehrlichia canis infection of dogs from the major population centres of northern Australia, if present. DESIGN: Serological investigation for E. canis. PROCEDURE: The sera of 316 domestic dogs, collected from the northern Australian population centres of Townsville, Cairns, Darwin, Kununurra and Broome from May 1997 to August 1999, were investigated for evidence of infection with E. canis. Samples were tested for antibodies to E. canis using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. The buffy coats from blood of dogs whose serum reacted in the IFA test were subsequently tested with a nested PCR to detect E. canis DNA. When available, blood from these dogs was injected into suckling mice, which were then examined for clinical disease and tested for the presence of E. canis antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 316 samples tested seven reacted in the IFA test for E. canis. None of the dogs from which these samples were obtained exhibited clinical signs of acute or chronic ehrlichiosis. The six positive samples available for testing were negative when tested with the nested PCR. Suckling mice inoculated with blood from three of the dogs whose serum was positive by IFA test showed no signs of clinical disease nor did their give positive reactions in the IFA test. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence of E. canis infection was confirmed in any of the dogs examined. Northern Australia would appear to remain free of this obligate parasite.  相似文献   

11.
Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in 37 dogs by finding ehrlichial morulae in 0.1 to 26.2% of their blood neutrophils and eosinophils. All 37 dogs had clinical signs of arthritis or muscular stiffness. Titer to Ehrlichia canis was determined in sera from 31 of the 37 dogs; 25 dogs had titer ranging from 1:20 to 1:5,120. In the other 6 dogs, titer to E canis was less than 1:10. The most common hematologic abnormality in these dogs, other than rickettsiemia, was thrombocytopenia. Granulocytes infected with ehrlichial organisms were not found in another 10 dogs that had clinical signs of arthritis or muscular stiffness. Of these 10 dogs, 3 had titer to E canis ranging from 1:40 to 1:320. Titer in the other 7 dogs was less than 1:10. Ehrlichial morulae were not found in the granulocytes of 18 healthy dogs. Of these 18 dogs, 9 had titer to E canis ranging from 1:20 to 1:5,120. Titer in the other 9 dogs was less than 1:10 Titer to Borrelia burgdorferi was determined in dogs with granulocytic ehrlichiosis, arthritic dogs without detected rickettsiemia, and in healthy dogs. Low titer determined by 2 laboratories was considered to be nonspecific reaction in all 3 groups of dogs and, thus, did not indicate that the arthritic disorders were attributable to canine borreliosis.  相似文献   

12.
Giemsa-stained, peripheral blood smears of 67 dogs, showing clinical signs typical of babesiosis or reminiscent of concurrent babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, were examined for the presence of Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis. Since Cowdria ruminantium cross-reacts with Ehrlichia, the sera of these dogs were also subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test in which C. ruminantium was used as antigen. Fifty-five per cent of these dogs had mixed infections of B. canis and E. canis, as judged by blood smear examination and serology. The serum of 32% of these dogs with mixed infections reacted positively in the IFA test. Six out of 9 dogs, the blood smears of which were negative for both B. canis and E. canis, were serologically positive for E. canis. Furthermore, sero-conversion from a negative in the initial serum sample to titres of up to 1:160 in a subsequent sample was recorded in 9 out of 13 dogs with suspected mixed infection on blood smear.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine historical, physical examination, hematologic, and serologic findings in dogs with Ehrlichia ewingii infection. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 15 dogs. PROCEDURE: In all dogs, infection with E ewingii was confirmed with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Follow-up information and clarification of information recorded in the medical records was obtained by telephone interviews and facsimile correspondence with referring veterinarians and owners. RESULTS: Fever and lameness were the most common findings with each occurring in 8 dogs. Five dogs had neurologic abnormalities including ataxia, paresis, proprioceptive deficits, anisocoria, intention tremor, and head tilt. Neutrophilic polyarthritis was identified in 4 dogs. No clinical signs were reported in 3 dogs. The predominant hematologic abnormality was thrombocytopenia, which was identified in all 12 dogs for which a platelet count was available. Reactive lymphocytes were seen in 5 of 13 dogs. Concurrent infection with another rickettsial organism was identified in 4 dogs. Of the 13 dogs tested, 7 were seroreactive to E canis antigens. Morulae consistent with E ewingii infection were identified in neutrophils in 8 dogs. Treatment with doxycycline, with or without prednisone, resulted in a rapid, favorable clinical response in the 9 dogs for which follow-up information was available. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that PCR testing for E ewingii infection should be considered in dogs with fever, neutrophilic polyarthritis, unexplained ataxia or paresis, thrombocytopenia, or unexplained reactive lymphocytes, and in dogs with clinical signs suggestive of ehrlichiosis that are seronegative for E canis. Following treatment with doxycycline, the prognosis for recovery is good.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether horses living in tick-infested areas of northeastern United States with clinical signs of borreliosis or granulocytic ehrlichiosis had detectable serum antibodies to both Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia equi. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Serum samples from 51 clinically normal horses, 14 horses with clinical signs of borreliosis, and 17 horses with clinical signs of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. PROCEDURE: Serum B burgdorferi or E equi antibodies were measured by use of an ELISA, immunoblot analysis, or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining. RESULTS: Of the 82 serum samples tested, 37 (45.1%) and 13 (15.9%) had detectable antibodies to B burgdorferi or E equi, respectively. Test results indicated that 12 horses had been exposed to both agents, 11 of these horses had granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The ELISA regularly detected antibodies to the following recombinant protein (p) antigens of B burgdorferi: p29, p37, p39, and p41-G. The use of immunoblot analysis confirmed ELISA results by indicating antibody reactivities to antigens of whole-cell B burgdorferi having molecular masses of predominantly 31, 34, 37, 39, 41, 58, and 93 kd. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses living in areas where ticks (Ixodes scapularis) abound are sometimes exposed to multiple pathogens. Analyses for specific recombinant borrelial antibodies using an ELISA can help separate horses with borreliosis from those with granulocytic ehrlichiosis, even when antibodies to both etiologic agents are detected in serum samples. Analysis using immunoblots is sensitive, and along with ELISA or IFA procedures, is suitable for confirming a clinical diagnosis of each disease.  相似文献   

15.
In contrast to the large body of literature regarding Bartonella henselae in humans and cats, there is little information about B. henselae as an infectious agent in dogs. Due to the paucity of information regarding the B. henselae serology in dogs, we performed a cross-sectional serosurvey using B. henselae antigen in order to compare the seroprevalence between sick and healthy dogs from the south-eastern USA. Ninety-nine sera were collected from clinically healthy dogs. Three hundred and one sera from sick dogs were submitted to North Carolina State University for serologic screening against a panel of arthropod-transmitted organisms. Serological tests were performed using B. henselae (Bh), Rickettsia rickettsii (Rr), Ehrlichia canis (Ec), Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (Bvb), Babesia canis (Bc) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) antigens. Serum B. henselae IgG antibodies were detected in 10.1% of healthy dogs and in 27.2% of sick dogs. The difference in seroprevalence between the two groups was statistically significant. The majority of seroreactive dogs (80%) had low titers of 1:64 or 1:128. In healthy dogs, seroprevalence for Rr was 14.1% and for Bvb was 1%. In sick dogs, Rr seroprevalence was 29.7%, Ec 6.5%, Bvb 4.7%, Bb 1.7% and Bc was 0.85%. Of the sick dogs that were seroreactive to B. henselae antigens, 40.6% were also seroreactive to Rr, 15.0% reactive to Bvb antigens, 14.8% reactive to Ec antigens, 1.8% reactive to Bc antigens and 1.75% reactive to Bb antigens. Sera from dogs experimentally infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, E. canis or R. rickettsii did not cross react with B. henselae antigens, by IFA testing. This study indicates that B. henselae IgG antibodies are prevalent in healthy and sick dogs living in the south-eastern USA. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic relevance of B. henselae infection in dogs.  相似文献   

16.
The "gold standard" for the detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), is the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. The IFA test however is generally available only in selected laboratories and requires extensive equipment and trained personnel. A double-blind study was conducted to compare the ability of an in-clinic standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit to measure E. canis IgG antibodies in dogs compared with the standard IFA technique. A good correlation was found between the 2 techniques (r2 = 0.8793; P < 0.0001). Evidence for the sensitivity of the ELISA technique for the early detection of E. canis IgG antibodies was demonstrated by comparing the appearance of E. canis antibody titers by the IFA and ELISA techniques after artificial infection of 2 sets of dogs. In both experimental infections, both tests were equally sensitive for the early detection of IgG antibodies against E. canis, and the results correlated well with the appearance of fever and clinical signs. Proposed application of the in-clinic ELISA test is to aid in the diagnosis of CME.  相似文献   

17.
Background: Diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis in Venezuela is normally performed by examination of buffy coat smears (BCS). Characteristic inclusion bodies are frequently observed in leukocytes and platelets from dogs with clinical signs of the disease. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-infection of a dog with Ehrlichia canis and E hrlichia chaffeensis using microbiological and molecular techniques. Methods: Primary cultures of monocytes from a dog showing signs of ehrlichiosis were performed. Ehrlichial inclusions in blood cells were demonstrated by BCS and in cultured cell smears with direct immunofluorescence and Dip Quick staining. Nested PCR analysis was performed with DNA from blood samples and cultures, using primers specific for E. canis and E. chaffeensis. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced to confirm the specificity of the amplifications. Results: The BCS of the naturally infected dog contained intracellular morulae. Ehrlichial inclusions were observed 9 days after inoculation of the primary cultures. After 3 passages with monocytes from a healthy dog, 65% of infected cells, and cells with >60 morulae were observed. A healthy female German Shepherd dog, seronegative for E. canis and E. chaffeensis antigens and without contact to ticks, was inoculated with an infected culture. The animal developed signs of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and became seropositive. Nested PCR results and sequencing of amplified DNA fragments demonstrated the simultaneous presence of E. canis and E. chaffeensis in both dogs. Conclusions: This is the first report of E. chaffeensis in dogs in South America. This organism was previously identified in dogs by PCR only in the United States.  相似文献   

18.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis was detected for the first time in blood samples from Brazilian marsh deers (Blastocerus dichotomus) captured in the marshes of Parana River in Southeast Brazil in 1998. Seven EDTA-blood samples from deers were analyzed by PCR and nested PCR for presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia canis, Neoriickettsia risticii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale. Three samples showed positive reactions for E. chaffeensis and Anaplasma marginale. None contained detectable A. phagocytophilum, E. ewingii, E. canis or Neorickettsia risticii DNA. In Brazil, the wild marsh deer may be a natural reservoir of the agents that cause human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis and ruminant erythrocytic anaplasmosis.  相似文献   

19.
Dogs are susceptible to a number of ehrlichial diseases. Among them, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is an important and potentially fatal disease of dogs caused by the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis. Diagnosis of the disease relies heavily on the detection of antibodies and is usually carried out using the indirect immunofluoresence antibody (IFA) test. The IFA test may be confounded by cross-reactivities between a number of the canine ehrlichial pathogens. This article presents a review of the ehrlichial diseases affecting dogs with reference to their immune responses, host specificities, cross-reactivites and diagnosis. Diagnostic means such as Western immunblot, dot-blot and PCR are discussed. The use of the IFA test as a diagnostic means for E. canis is presented along with its potential pitfalls. The review emphasizes that the disease process, cross-reactivites with other ehrlichial species, multiple tick-borne infections and persistent IFA antibody titers post-treatment, should all be considered when interpreting E. canis serological results.  相似文献   

20.
Nineteen dogs from Greece with chronic ehrlichiosis were studied. The dogs exhibited bicytopenia or pancytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia, seroreactivity to Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) antigens, and had no history of drug or radiation exposure. Anorexia, depression, severe bleeding tendencies, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also hallmarks of the disease. All these animals eventually died, irrespective of the treatment applied. Some dogs were also serologically positive for Rickettsia conorii, Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), and Bartonella vinsonii subspp. berkhoffii. Polymerase chain reaction testing of bone marrow samples revealed E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilia, Anaplasma platys, and L. infantum in some dogs. Concurrent infections did not appear to substantially influence the clinical course and final outcome of the chronic canine ehrlichiosis.  相似文献   

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