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1.
随着经济的发展,高等学校会计在管理和核算过程中暴露出了越来越多的问题,特别是会计制度方面尤为突出。为了满足社会对高校财务信息的需求,文中指出了高校会计制度面临的问题及适合于高校内部管理需要的改革建议,正确地反映高校会计核算结果,使会计信息真实、完整、清晰、明了,便于会计信息使用者的理解和使用。 相似文献
2.
K S Quirk 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1992,8(1):91-99
There are myriad problems that can arise when training the novice stallion for natural service. Many problems can be avoided by proper early training of the novice stallion. In the final analysis, common sense should prevail. The major ally of common sense is patience. One should keep in mind that the goal is to have a stallion behave in a disciplined manner, allowing for his expression of libido and effective mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. This is accomplished through judicious training and, as with any training process, takes some time and work. Proper training will help circumvent many potential problems and make the ultimate goal of impregnating mares more efficient. 相似文献
3.
P Zwart 《The Veterinary quarterly》2001,23(4):140-147
Many health problems in animals are related to management and feeding. A large number of husbandry problems in reptiles lead to pathophysiological situations. Assessment of the husbandry problems of reptiles involves detective work that can only be achieved as a result of close cooperation and exchange of information between the owner and the pathologist. Reptiles, being ectothermic, depend for their physiological functioning largely on the quality of their surroundings. There are a large number of factors which influence the normal functioning of a reptile both in nature and in captivity. These factors can be described in terms of primary and secondary factors. Primary factors are the construction of terraria, light, heat, food, and water, and grouping of animals. Secondary factors are daylight regimen, arrangement of heating elements, type and composition of food, quality of water, and freedom from stress. Also important are ventilation, humidity, sites for resting and/or hiding, structure of the floor and of rocks, and branches for climbing activities. Hygiene is also an important aspect because poor hygiene often is directly related to problems. All these factors are dealt with in this review. 相似文献
4.
Slater MR 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2001,48(4):273-286
Free-roaming dogs or cats are domestic dogs and cats that are not confined to a yard or house. Free-roaming dogs and cats have long caused major public-health problems and animal-welfare concerns in many countries. Free-roaming dogs have been considered to be more of a problem than cats for several reasons, but the literature addressing dogs focuses primarily on their role in rabies spread and control. Free-roaming cats are becoming more of an issue in countries where free-roaming dog problems are coming under control. The change in perception of pets, beyond their value as a commodity, has also contributed to the increase in concern and attention focused on free-roaming dogs and cats. Epidemiologists have contributed much to these studies of these populations and have potential to contribute even more. The epidemiologic methods and approaches, the experience of epidemiologists in interdisciplinary teams and the importance of considering the separate sub-populations in study design and analysis all are critical in designing and evaluating interventions for free-roaming dogs and cats. In this paper, I will (1) describe a set of useful definitions regarding free-roaming dogs and cats, (2) summarize past and present topics of study in free-roaming dogs and cats, using selected examples, (3) describe the limitations of existing work and how epidemiologists might strengthen and improve this work, and (4) outline areas needing more attention by epidemiologists and why these are important. 相似文献
5.
Objectives : To begin to determine the significance of various dog welfare issues as perceived by veterinary practitioners. Methods : Using an online questionnaire, respondents were asked how frequently they were made aware of 12 welfare issues and how important they felt each one was for each dog affected. Respondents were also asked how much they agreed with statements that the veterinary practitioners in their area, and the veterinary profession, should do more about each issue. Results : Responses were received from 59 practitioners. The most frequently noted problems were “obesity”, “chronic pain/poor mobility” and “breed‐related conditions”. The most important issues for each dog affected were “lack of treatment for suffering”, “abuse or active cruelty” and “malnutrition”. “Breed‐related conditions”, “obesity” and “behavioural problems” were the issues for which there was greatest agreement that veterinary practitioners should do more, both in their area and as a profession. Clinical Significance : This pilot study suggests that the veterinary profession believes that obesity, breed‐related conditions and behavioural problems are important concerns, and that more should be done about them. Although these results cannot be taken as definitive from a study of this size, it does provide a background for such further work involving companion dog welfare and the veterinary profession. 相似文献
6.
Use of animal power generally enables farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to increase agricultural production and improve the quality of life. Effective use of working animals depends on an understanding of the capabilities of the animals for work, their husbandry requirements and the factors which can influence their performance. These issues are reviewed in this paper in the context of the use of animal power in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. The type of animal used for work determines power available to the farmer. The performance of donkeys, horses and cattle have been compared in work tests. Equids are more suited to rapid low draught activities where their faster speed can be used to advantage. At higher draught forces, where speed is less important, the additional weight and power of cattle are an advantage. Use of heart rate recovery after work gives a reasonable indication of fatigue and fitness of equids, when test conditions are standardized. Although feed requirements for work are generally low, feed quality can be so poor that animals are unable to eat enough to meet energy needs for work, and so lose weight during the work season. However, improvements in work performance are not always seen following supplementary feeding in the dry season and the economics need to be considered in each case. Food availability, diseases and heat stress, the major constraints to performance of draught cattle and donkeys working in sub-Saharan Africa, are discussed. 相似文献
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In the UK, welfare organisations care for several thousand dogs each year. The successful rehoming of these dogs is a difficult process resulting in some of them being returned to rehoming centres. There have been very few studies examining the underlying mechanisms in the UK. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine those factors which affect the success of rehoming dogs.A prospective cohort study was conducted using a sample of 5750 dogs rehomed by Dogs Trust, a UK based dog welfare charity, during 2005. Dogs were followed up for a period of 6 months after adoption to determine if these dogs were still in their placement home. There was a 78% response rate to the follow-up postal questionnaires sent to the new owners, giving information on 4500 owners. Fourteen percent of adoptions failed. The results showed that behavioural problems are an important factor in the success of adoption such that if dogs had shown aggression towards people and the owners had not sought advice, they had 11.1 times the odds (95% CI: 6.6, 18.8) of being returned compared to those dogs without behavioural problems. Attending training classes significantly decreased the chance that the adoption would be unsuccessful (OR 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.4). It was shown that those owners who found that the effort and work involved in looking after their dog to be more than they had expected, had 9.9 (95% CI: 4.1, 24.6) times the odds of returning their dog than those who found the effort required to be less than they had expected.The results of this study show that there are many factors involved in a successful adoption and it is important that the new owners are informed of what to expect are encouraged to attend training classes and are prepared to work at any behavioural problems that their dog may have. 相似文献
9.
畜牧业可持续发展战略的理论思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
畜牧业的可持续发展作为农业可持续发展乃至全球经济可持续发展的重要组成部分,近年来愈来愈引起世人的重视。本文以目前畜牧业发展过程中暴露的主要问题为着眼点,分别从资源承载和系统功能整合两个方面对畜牧业发展存在的深层次问题进行了分析探讨。以期对我国畜牧业的可持续发展研究能有所启迪。 相似文献
10.
C. E. Tidmarsh 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(1):21-26
The “systems approach” means that decision‐rich parts of any given system are considered quantitatively and in their proper context. This is done by using models of various kinds. A model can be built if an adequate information base exists for the system in question, and if decisions have been taken about the scope and focal point(s) of the model, its application, and its form. The systems approach is illustrated by outlining a general procedure for livestock enterprise planning. Some of the research and extension problems revealed, and new problems created, by this and other models, are mentioned. Two matters of general concern are discussed. It is argued that the quality of leadership in agricultural research leaves something to be desired. Secondly, the class of agricultural scientists seems to be regrettably indifferent to the long‐term effects of its work, and blind to the needs of primitive food producers. The systems approach can contribute to improvement in both areas, as a result of forcing people to define clear objectives and order their priorities. There is a need for grassland and other research workers to state the objectives of their disciplines for the next 30 years. 相似文献
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To describe and then fulfill agricultural animals' needs, we must learn more about their fundamental psychological and behavioral processes. How does this animal feel? Is that animal suffering? Will we ever be able to know these things? Scientists specializing in animal cognition say that there are numerous problems but that they can be overcome. Recognition by scientists of the notion of animal awareness has been increasing in recent years, because of the work of Griffin and others. Feeling, thinking, remembering, and imagining are cognitive processes that are factors in the economic and humane production of agricultural animals. It has been observed that the animal welfare debate depends on two controversial questions: Do animals have subjective feelings? If they do, can we find indicators that reveal them? Here, indirect behavioral analysis approaches must be taken. Moreover, the linear additivity of several stressor effects on a variety of animal traits suggests that some single phenomenon is acting as a "clearinghouse" for many or all of the stresses acting on an animal at any given time, and this phenomenon might be psychological stress. Specific situations animals may encounter in agricultural production settings are discussed with respect to the animals' subjective feelings. 相似文献
13.
Attention is drawn to the limitations of conventional methods of controlling important trematode infections such as schistosomosis and fasciolosis. Plant molluscicides could have a role in the future control of these infections. There are, however, major problems with most plant molluscicides in that their use is labour-intensive, in many cases relatively skilled workers are required, they must be applied regularly and arable land may be required for their cultivation. Thus, little progress is to be expected until plant species with sustainable self-delivery systems are identified.Eucalyptus is proposed as a likely candidate. The leaves of many species in this genus have molluscicidal properties and their intermittent fall could effect self-delivery if the trees were planted in appropriate places. Relatively little work has been carried out on this possibility and much more is necessary, especially field trials. Before field trials are started, more laboratory testing is also necessary to determine the LC50 values for different snail species and to study toxicity to non-target organisms. 相似文献
14.
夏德全 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2007,5(2):82-86
高校学生思想政治工作进公寓是近年来高校学生思想政治教育面临的新课题，各校从自身实际出发，结合学校、学生的特点和发展趋势，探索了多种学生思想政治工作进公寓的模式及有效的工作载体，取得一定的成效，但同时也出现一些亟待解决的问题。文中从园区思想政治教育的体制等方面分析了当前学生园区思想政治教育中存在的问题，有针对性的提出了应对措施，强化对学生在生活园区的思想政治教育。 相似文献
15.
陈司谨 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2007,5(2):21-24
高校人力天生具有独立性、非共生性，导致高校人力资源利用的低效性、排他性、延滞性。平等是构建同一情感层面交往、对话的空间和质量的基础。合作意味着工作中的每个人共同学习工作，共同解决问题，相互从合作中受益，共同获得发展。民主化管理，是让员工投入最少的时间和个人的辛劳，学校花费更少的资金和财物，创造更大的效益，完成集体目标，尊重个体权利与自由的同时强调民主管理中集体的文化内涵和伦理道德，从而构建和谐的人力资源环境，和谐的校园氛围，和谐的学校教育。 相似文献
16.
Zhibin ZHANG 《Integrative zoology》2007,2(2):100-110
There is increasing awareness of biocomplexity as a field of study, although there are some disagreements about its definition among biologists. The science of biocomplexity has been influenced greatly by the emergence of the science of complexity, which aims to solve complicated problems in complex systems. In this paper, I review the basic concepts and scientific problems of biocomplexity. I argue that biological systems are adaptive complex systems that tend to become more complicated over time. I hypothesize that complexity is favored by natural selection. There are two relatively independent evolutionary templates for complexity in biological systems: gene‐guided and neural‐guided systems. In general, biology has been overly influenced by gene‐dominant evolution theory, which cannot account for the complex behaviors, social structures, and ecosystems that exist. Sustained energy intake, non‐polynomial (NP)‐hard problems and stability (e.g. thermodynamic, non‐linear and evolutionary stability) are probably the three most important properties of biological systems. Total work is not equivalent to the energy input (non‐equivalence rule) in biological systems because the input energy is re‐used. The total work can be measured using the order energy (ordergy), a function of energy input and the efficiency of energy transformation. Hierarchy may be essential in solving NP‐hard problems and in reducing the instability of non‐linearity in biological systems. 相似文献
17.
R A Rosychuk 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1989,5(1):203-215
As llamas become more common in North America, veterinarians will be called on ever more frequently to deal with their dermatologic problems. Adherence to the basic tenets of the thorough dermatologic work up, including history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cytological examinations, fungal culture, skin biopsies, and assessing response to judiciously chosen trial therapies will offer the best opportunity of arriving at proper diagnoses. Special attention must be paid to the fact that llama skin bears some histological differences that may prove confusing to the uninitiated. A mild degree of hyperkeratosis, a prominent vascular plexus in the superficial dermis that is associated with mild perivascular mononuclear cell accumulations, and regional differences in sebaceous gland size and numbers, all are considered normal findings. Ectoparasites, including sarcoptic mange, chorioptic manage, and pediculosis, appear to be the most common causes of pruritus in the llama. Although ivermectin therapy would appear to be very effective for the treatment of scabies and, indeed, may work well against sucking lice, chorioptic mange and biting lice usually do not respond to this medication. Corticosteroids can be used to treat pruritus in the llama nonspecifically, using the anti-inflammatory dosages established in other species. These drugs are used most appropriately for the management of the allergies that we suspect occur in this species, until better alternative therapies can be developed. Variably pruritic focal areas of alopecia, exudation, and crusting suggest differential diagnoses including bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis, and coccidioimycosis. The diagnosis of bacterial problems often is made by assessing response to antibiotic therapy. Topical disinfectants and/or systemic penicillin or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine are indicated. Dermatophilosis is treated by cleaning and drying the leasions, applying topical antibiotics, and, occasionally, using parenteral penicillin and streptomycin. Dermatophytosis usually is treated with topical antibiotics only. Captan is one of several therapies of choice. There is no therapy presently available for coccidioidomycosis in the llama. Perhaps most perplexing is the fact that one of the most common dermatopathies seen in the llama is an idiopathic keratinizing disorder that, in some cases, is responsive to zinc supplementation. We have no real idea of the pathogenesis of this problem and recognize that some affected animals will not respond to supplementation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
18.
Charles G. Brooke Negeen Najafi Katherine C. Dykier Matthias Hess 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(5):696-701
There has been a great interest to identify a microbial marker that can be used to predict feed efficiency of beef cattle. Such a marker, specifically one that would allow an early identification of animals with high feed efficiency for future breeding efforts, would facilitate increasing the profitability of cattle operations and simultaneously render them more sustainable by reducing their methane footprint. The work presented here suggests that Prevotella copri might be an ideal microbial marker for identifying beef cattle with high feed efficiency early in their life span and in the production cycle. Developing more refined quantification techniques that allow correlation of P. copri to feed efficiency of beef cattle that can be applied by lay people in the field holds great promise to improve the economy of cattle operations while simultaneously reducing their environmental impact by mitigating methane production from enteric fermentation. 相似文献
19.
C. Darcel 《Veterinary research communications》1995,19(3):231-252
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of domesticated animals, scrapie in-sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy are more than a scientific curiosity; under certain circumstances their impact on commercial activities can be calamitous. Knowledge of their causation and pathogenesis is still rudimentary, but many consider than an unconventional agent, the prion (a brain protein, PrP), that is not associated with nucleic acid is involved in both. Others believe that conventional viruses, which replicate by virtue of their nucleic acid-defined genes, are involved in the causation and progression of the encephalopathies but that technical problems have prevented their identification. Others postulate even more exotic causative agents. While this paper will particularly address the possibility of a viral aetiology for these diseases, it is also emphasized that our knowledge of the state of the immune system in animals with encephalopathy needs broadening. There are remarkable gaps in our knowledge of the histopathology of these diseases, particularly the nature of the characteristic vacuoles. Much further work is needed on the biochemical changes in the brain and the serum, particularly of the latter as it could lead to an additional means of recognizing clinical cases without waiting for the animal to die with subsequent examination of the brain for characteristic lesions and the presence of protease-K-resistant PrP.Abbreviations AI
artificial insemination
- BSE
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- CJD
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- ET
embryo transfer
- GSSD
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease
- HDV
hepatitis delta virus
- MCF
mink cell focus
- PK
proteinase K
- PrP
prion protein
- PrPSc
scrapie prion protein
- PrP-C
the proteinase-K sensitive homologue in normal brain
- SAF
scrapie-associated fibrils
- TME
transmissible mink encephalopathy 相似文献
20.
Given that aerobic metabolism is the predominant energy pathway for most sports, the respiratory system can be a rate‐limiting factor in the exercise capacity of fit and healthy horses. Consequently, respiratory diseases, even in mild forms, are potentially deleterious to any athletic performance. The functional impairment associated with a respiratory condition depends on the degree of severity of the disease and the equestrian discipline involved. Respiratory abnormalities generally result in an increase in respiratory impedance and work of breathing and a reduced level of ventilation that can be detected objectively by deterioration in breathing mechanics and arterial blood gas tensions and/or lactataemia. The overall prevalence of airway diseases is comparatively high in equine athletes and may affect the upper airways, lower airways or both. Diseases of the airways have been associated with a wide variety of anatomical and/or inflammatory conditions. In some instances, the diagnosis is challenging because conditions can be subclinical in horses at rest and become clinically relevant only during exercise. In such cases, an exercise test may be warranted in the evaluation of the patient. The design of the exercise test is critical to inducing the clinical signs of the problem and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Additional diagnostic techniques, such as airway sampling, can be valuable in the diagnosis of subclinical lower airway problems that have the capacity to impair performance. As all these techniques become more widely used in practice, they should inevitably enhance veterinarians' diagnostic capabilities and improve their assessment of treatment effectiveness and the long‐term management of equine athletes. 相似文献