共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
面向可持续灌溉农业发展的涝渍盐碱管理 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
发展可持续灌溉农业是实现全球粮食安全、维持民众生计的必要保障条件之一,但因灌溉诱发的农田涝渍盐碱协同危害却对作物生长及产量产生直接和间接影响,严重制约灌溉农业生产力水平,带来农田生态环境负效应.文中在对灌溉诱发的涝渍盐碱共存形成机制、作物生长和土壤特性对涝渍盐碱的响应、涝渍盐碱对作物产量的影响进行综述基础上,从排水、用水、灌溉、土壤、作物、社会经济等各种涝渍盐碱管理途径入手,阐述相关的治理措施与技术应用效果,围绕“节灌、减排、控盐、增效”的面向可持续灌溉农业发展的涝渍盐碱管理目标,从涝渍盐碱共存机制研究、涝渍盐碱共存状况监测评价、涝渍盐碱治理技术组合及集成模式研发、涝渍盐碱危害风险分析与评估等层面上,提出相应的主要研究内容与重点. 相似文献
2.
农田除涝排水技术研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从农田涝灾风险评估、农田除涝排水工程技术、农田除涝排水管理3个方面入手,综述了近年来国内外取得的相关研究成果,并对农田除涝排水技术研究的未来发展进行了展望.明确指出未来的重点方向是：研究变化环境下的农田涝灾演变规律,构建人工-自然复杂条件下的农田涝灾预测评估技术与方法;研究满足作物产量需求和环境保护要求的农田涝灾综合控制标准,提升传统农田除涝治理技术水平与管理模式,探讨现代化除涝技术与传统除涝技术相结合的技术体系;重视农田排水资源的高效利用,研究适宜不同类型区的节水灌溉与控制排水相结合、灌溉排水与沟塘湿地调蓄净化相结合、排水资源循环灌溉再利用与除涝抗旱相结合的农田排水管理模式. 相似文献
3.
闻瑞鑫 《中国农村水利水电》1995,(8)
旱涝灾害是制约棉花生长发育的重要因素。国内外对棉花旱涝为害的研究不少，但对棉花旱涝灾害临界指标的定量研究不多。从生物学特性方面研究棉花旱涝的为害和影响，探讨受旱受涝灾害的临界指标，从而为科学灌溉和排水提供依据，指导生产实践。 相似文献
4.
涝渍灾害是棉花生产中面临的重要自然灾害之一,长江流域棉花蕾期常遭遇多雨天气而产生涝渍灾害。在盆栽条件下,以华棉3109为试验材料,研究了不同涝害胁迫7 d(T1处理)和14 d(T2处理)对棉花生长和产量特性的影响,正常灌水管理作为对照(CK)。结果表明,在涝渍胁迫处理期间,棉花叶片SPAD值、株高、绿叶数、倒四叶功能叶叶面积、开花数、蕾数、结铃数、果枝数和果节数均表现为:CKT1处理T2处理。在处理结束之后(花铃期),受涝渍胁迫棉株株高、茎粗、蕾数、开花数、结铃数、果枝数和果节数等指标都相继出现快速补偿性生长现象。但是随着涝渍胁迫时间的增加,棉花蕾铃脱落率升高,成铃率下降,最终产量构成因素和单株籽棉产量呈下降趋势。 相似文献
5.
《Agricultural Water Management》2002,57(3):223-238
In the irrigated areas of semi-arid regions, especially in northwest India, a considerable recharge to the groundwater leads to waterlogging and secondary salinization. In several sub-areas groundwater is mined, water tables fall, and salts are added to the root zone because a high proportion of irrigation water is derived from pumped groundwater of poor quality. Out of 1 million hectares of irrigation induced waterlogged saline area in northwest India, approximately half a million hectares are in the state of Haryana. Taking a homogenous physical environment as a starting point, the way and the extent to which farmers’ activities will affect the salinity and sodicity situation depend on farming and irrigation practices. In the past, soil salinity was mainly associated with high groundwater tables, which bring salts into the root zone through capillary rise when water is pumped. But nowadays, increasing exploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to declining groundwater tables and a threat of sodification and salinization due to use of poor quality groundwater. Farmers in northwest India are facing a situation in which they have to deal with salt volumes that are harmful for water uptake of crops. They are also facing the problem of sodicity, which has an adverse effect on the physical structure of the soil, causing problems of water intake, transfer and aeration. To mitigate the adverse effect of soil salinity on crop yield, the farmers irrigate frequently, either mixing canal water and groundwater, or alternately using canal water and groundwater. Due to differences in environmental parameters in the farming systems, such as groundwater quality, soil types and uneven distribution of irrigation water, income losses to the farming community are not uniform. This paper highlights the economic loss due to environmental degradation through the twin problems of waterlogging and soil salinity, which threaten the sustainability of agricultural production in Haryana state. Our analysis shows that the net present value of the damage due to waterlogging and salinity in Haryana is about Rs. 23,900/ha (in 1998–1999 constant prices). The estimated potential annual loss is about Rs. 1669 million (about US$ 37 million) from the waterlogged saline area. The major finding of the paper is that intensification per se is not the root cause of land degradation, but rather the policy environment that encouraged inappropriate land use and injudicious input use, especially excessive irrigation. Trade policies, output price policies and input subsidies all have contributed to the degradation of agricultural land. 相似文献
6.
Response of maize to three short-term periods of waterlogging at high and low nitrogen levels on undisturbed and repacked soil 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary Crops grown with flood irrigation on slowly draining clay soils are subject to periods of waterlogging during and after each irrigation. The aim of this experiment was to quantify crop responses to these short-term waterlogging events and to assess the modifying effect of different agronomic practices. Maize was grown in undisturbed (U) and repacked (R) profiles of clay loam soil encased in steel cylinders (0.75 m diameter × 1.4 m deep). Two levels of N (high (HN) 300 kg N ha–1, and low (LN) 150 kg N ha–1) were applied as a split dressing. Three periods of flooding (F) of 72, 72 and 48 h were imposed on half the treatments beginning on days 40, 54 and 68 respectively after sowing. The other irrigation regime (C) kept the profile well watered but avoided surface inundation. 相似文献
7.
系统阐述了集流节灌对抑制水害（利于山区的水土保持和平原的雨季排水）、缓解水资源矛盾（水电的时空调节）、提高农作物品质方面的意义。进而提出大力推广集流节灌技术,开发利用农业用水资源,挖掘发展潜力,保证农业可持续发展 相似文献
8.
蓄水控灌模式对水稻产量和水分生产效率的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
蓄水控灌模式主要是基于水稻对旱、涝的双重适应性,通过降低灌溉控制下限,同时抬高稻田的雨后拦蓄深度和延长降雨在稻田的滞蓄时间来提高雨水资源利用效率的一种灌溉模式。以杂交水稻"K优818"为试验材料,采用小区试验进行了3年试验观测,研究了水稻蓄水控灌模式对降雨利用效率、灌排水量、灌排次数、籽粒产量和水分生产效率的影响,并与常规淹水灌溉和控制灌溉试验进行了分析比较。结果表明,蓄水控灌模式可减少灌排次数和灌排水量,雨水利用效率和水分生产效率明显提高,而产量并未降低。但蓄水深度过大,水稻有小幅减产。上述结果表明水稻蓄水控灌是一种节水、高效、省工的灌溉模式,适于南方多雨地区使用。 相似文献
9.
旱涝交替胁迫对水稻荧光参数与光合特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明控制灌排条件下旱涝交替胁迫对水稻不同生育阶段荧光参数和光合特性的影响,以农田水位为调控技术指标,采用蒸渗测坑进行水稻栽培试验,在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期、乳熟期分别设置先旱后涝胁迫（HZL）、先涝后旱胁迫（LZH）2种旱涝交替胁迫模式,测定叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、主要荧光参数及光合指标的变化。结果表明,旱涝交替胁迫会减少SPAD,其中HZL处理产生的抑制作用更强;分蘖期、拔节孕穗期旱涝交替胁迫光能转化效率、光化学淬灭系数、最大潜在电子传输速率、光饱和点、净光合速率、潜在水分利用效率等荧光参数和光合指标可以恢复甚至超过对照水平,而在抽穗开花期、乳熟期产生不可逆的影响;旱涝交替胁迫下蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别在分蘖期、乳熟期受到抑制,拔节孕穗期得到促进;HZL处理提高了非光化学淬灭系数,其他主要荧光参数和光合指标HZL低于LZH处理。水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期LZH处理对光合作用的补偿作用更大,抽穗开花期、乳熟期HZL处理对光合作用的抑制作用较LZH处理更明显,因此,在水稻生育后期应尽量避免重度的旱涝交替胁迫,尤其要避免发生旱涝急转。 相似文献
10.
The achievement of sustainable irrigation in arid regions requires greater attention to waterlogging, salinization, and degradation of ground and surface waters, which are among the problems that continue to threaten productivity and degrade environmental quality. We consider sustainability to be achieved when irrigation and drainage are conducted on-farm, and within irrigation districts, in a manner that does not degrade the quality of land, water, and other natural resources, either on-farm or throughout an irrigated region. Sustainability may also be described as maintaining the productive resources required for irrigation, so that future generations may have the same opportunity to use those resources as we do. Given the increasing importance of irrigated land for food production, the time has come when it is vital to intercept, reuse, and isolate drainage waters within the regions in which they are generated. Adoption of this strategy can be enhanced by policies that require farmers, and irrigation districts, to consider the off-farm impacts of irrigation and drainage. Such policies include linking water rights with salt rights to require the monitoring and management of both irrigation water and the salt loads in drainage waters. We review the knowledge gained since the early 1970s regarding the economic and agronomic aspects of irrigation and drainage, with a focus on drainage water reduction and sequential reuse of drainage water on salt-tolerant crops. Economic incentives that motivate farm-level and district-level improvements in water management are also reviewed. We conclude that adequate knowledge exists for implementing strategies that focus on water use and salt disposal within irrigated regions, and we recommend policies that will motivate improvements in productivity and enhance the likelihood of achieving sustainability. 相似文献
11.
基于高邮灌区典型区域降雨涝水过程监测,根据灌区特点对水箱模型进行改进,构建了适合于平原稻区稻田涝水过程模拟模型,采用自适应遗传算法对模型参数进行了率定,并对模型在水稻灌区的适应性进行评价.结果表明:稻田水箱模型对稻田涝水过程模拟具有较高精度.率定期,降雨径流模拟值与实测值均方根误差RMSE为0.17~0.28 mm/h,相关系数r大于0.95,模型纳什系数NSE为0.79~0.96.验证期,降雨径流模拟值与实测值之间均方根误差RMSE为0.06~0.29 mm/h,相关系数r超过0.88,模型模拟纳什系数NSE为0.73~0.93;对稻田蓄水深的模拟,均方根误差RMSE为15~20 mm,相关系数均大于0.95,纳什系数NSE为0.84~0.90.因此,改进的稻田水箱模型能够反映稻田的水循环过程,可为南方平原水稻灌区防洪除涝减灾对策的制定提供决策支持. 相似文献
12.
高温与涝交互胁迫对水稻孕穗期生理指标的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
《灌溉排水学报》2019,(3)
我国黄淮以南地区水稻易遭受高温与涝交互胁迫影响。【目的】充分利用雨水资源,降低面源污染,为暴雨后稻田恰遇高温时排水管理方式提供理论依据。【方法】通过盆栽试验,设置5个高温与涝交互胁迫处理(T1:高温,T2:高温与轻涝,T3:高温与重涝,T4:轻涝,T5:重涝)和1个对照(CK:常规灌溉),观测了孕穗期水稻剑叶叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和抗氧化酶系统,研究了孕穗期高温与涝交互胁迫对水稻剑叶生理指标的影响。【结果】①孕穗期高温与涝交互胁迫处理降低水稻叶片叶绿素量,T2处理和T3处理分别较CK降低17.27%和19.54%,但恢复自然生长条件20 d后,T2处理表现出一定的超补偿效应,叶绿素量超过CK,且较CK增加12.22%;②孕穗期高温与涝交互胁迫后,水稻叶片中可溶性糖量先增加后降低,尤其是T2处理,胁迫结束时,较CK增加12.36%,恢复自然生长条件20 d后,较CK降低33.33%(P<0.05);③孕穗期高温与涝交互胁迫会提高水稻剑叶中SOD、POD、CAT活性,胁迫结束时,T2处理(高温与轻涝交互)的SOD、POD和CAT活性分别较CK提高102.08%、43.42%和39.80%(P<0.05)。【结论】孕穗期高温与涝交互胁迫可以降低水稻叶片的叶绿素量,可以增强水稻叶片中抗氧化酶的活性;与单一的高温相比,高温与涝交互胁迫可以降低高温对水稻的伤害,但与单一的淹涝相比,高温与涝交互胁迫起到一定的加剧作用。 相似文献
13.
张兰亭 《中国农村水利水电》1996,(10):20-23
根据在鲁北地区开展的几种主要粮食作物耐渍涝的大田调查和筒栽试验，通过对地表水、地下水和土壤水的动态观测，分析土壤通气率对作物生态的影响，。而提出了玉米、大豆、高粱、谷子不同生育期的耐涝和耐渍的控制标准极限及其高水位允许的持续时间，可为同类地区规划在田排水工程提供设计参数和科学依据。 相似文献
14.
利用星星哨灌区1954-2009年的降水资料,计算降水距平百分率指标(Pa指数)和标准化降水指标(SPI),划分出灌区历年的干旱等级,研究了灌区各干旱等级的变化情况及发展趋势,并运用权马尔可夫链模型预测了灌区未来6年的降水量。研究结果表明:在星星哨灌区56年间,降水量有明显减少趋势,重旱重涝灾害增多,其中:夏季降水量略呈下降趋势,干旱等级略有上升,且旱涝灾害程度加重;秋季降水量减少明显,干旱等级明显上升,旱灾发生次数增加。预测结果表明:在2010-2015年间,灌区降水量总体呈下降趋势,将对灌区农业生产带来较大影响。 相似文献
15.
为了挖掘作物自身的抗渍能力,探索支持南方渍水下番茄生产的途径,在避雨栽培条件下,研究了花前干旱预处理对花后渍水逆境下番茄形态特征、品质和产量的影响.结果表明:番茄苗期正常供水,花后渍水胁迫可显著抑制作物的生长,使产量和品质指标下降;与无干旱锻炼相比,花前干旱预处理可促进作物根系生长,提高果实可溶性糖、可溶性固体物、有机酸、维生素C等品质指标含量;3种花前干旱预处理中,采用对照60％花前干旱预处理的果实产量最高;作物根重、根冠比、可溶性糖、可溶性固体物、有机酸、维生素C和果实密度随花前干旱程度增大而增大,而地上干物质、总干物质重和单果重量则随干旱程度增大而减小;通过主成分分析发现,采用对照50％花前干旱预处理的果实品质综合评价值最大. 相似文献
16.
Assessing basin irrigation and scheduling strategies for saving irrigation water and controlling salinity in the upper Yellow River Basin, China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Water saving in irrigation is a key concern in the Yellow River basin. Excessive water diversions for irrigation waste water and produce waterlogging problems during the crop season and soil salinization in low lands. Supply control and inadequate functionality of the drainage system were identified as main factors for poor water management at farm level. Their improvement condition the adoption of water saving and salinity control practices. Focusing on the farm scale, studies to assess the potential for water savings included: (a) field evaluation of current basin irrigation practices and further use of the simulation models SRFR and SIRMOD to generate alternative improvements for the surface irrigation systems and (b) the use of the ISAREG model to simulate the present and improved irrigation scheduling alternatives taking into consideration salinity control. Models were used interactively to define alternatives for the irrigation systems and scheduling that would minimize percolation and produce water savings. Foreseen improvements refer to basin inflow discharges, land leveling and irrigation scheduling that could result in water savings of 33% relative to actual demand. These improvements would also reduce percolation and maintain water table depths below 1 m thereby reducing soil salinization. 相似文献
17.
孕穗期高温与涝对水稻光合特性和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】探究孕穗期高温与涝胁迫对水稻光合特性和产量的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,设置3个胁迫处理,分别为涝胁迫(T1,15 cm),高温胁迫(T2),高温×涝胁迫(T3,15 cm),以浅水勤灌为对照(CK),分析了孕穗期高温与涝胁迫条件下水稻光合特性和产量变化。【结果】孕穗期胁迫结束后,T2处理相比CK降低了水稻的光合速率,较降低了30.77%,T3处理会增加水稻叶片的SPAD值和光合速率以及气孔导度,尤其是气孔导度较CK显著增加了51.90%;所有胁迫处理的地上部干物质量都低于CK,直至成熟期,T1、T2和T3处理的地上部干物质量分别较CK显著降低了6.65%、32.40%和12.98%;T2和T3处理均会降低水稻产量,且分别较CK显著减产80.09%和12.33%,千粒质量分别较CK下降了16.31%和11.86%;且T3处理千粒质量和产量分别较T2处理显著增加了5.32%和3.40倍。【结论】水稻孕穗期若遭遇极端高温天气时,可以将田间水层保持在15 cm左右,以缓解高温对水稻造成的热害。 相似文献
18.
杨守民 《中国农村水利水电》1993,(2)
嘉定县地处长江口太湖碟形洼地的东缘。1982年以来,逐步试验推广以除渍为重点的、兼有灌、排、降、控综合功能的农田“三暗”工程,为建设高产、稳产农田创造了良好的水利基础设施。 相似文献
19.
Using shallow saline groundwater for irrigation and regulating for soil salt-water regime 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Drought and fresh water shortage are the main limiting factorsfor sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain.Using saline water for irrigation plays important role forovercoming the constraints and increasing crops yields. Theexploitation and utilization of shallow saline groundwaterenables to regulate the groundwater depth and to promote thetransform of precipitation into available water resources.Thispaper reviews the research and practice on the utilization ofshallow saline groundwater in the part east of South GreatCanal in Haihe River Plain. Findings are presented on the useof saline water, cycling and blending of saline and fresh waterfor irrigation, indexing of crops salt tolerances, regulating forsoil salt-water regime, saline-alkali land reclamation andgroundwater quality freshening. These approaches help therational regulation and utilization of the local water resourcesfor comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging and salinity. 相似文献
20.
生态灌区农田排水沟塘湿地系统的构建和运行管理 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
建设生态型灌区是灌区现代化发展的重要内容。针对传统灌区农业面源污染日益严重的现状,总结了当前利用农田排水沟渠塘堰系统去除农业面源污染的研究进展,探讨了减污型农田排水沟渠塘堰湿地系统的构建方法,其基本特征包括:水利工程属性(排渍排涝及水流的不冲不淤要求),沟塘末端修建控制排水闸(低坝),种植优势植被,生态护岸(护底)工程,排水闸(退水闸)等水工建筑物减污型工况设计。分析了该系统的运行管理方式。 相似文献