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1.
利用生物信息学方法从50个物种内鉴定出283个蔗糖合酶(SUS)家族成员,对鉴定出的SUS家族成员进行系统发育分析、共线性分析、蛋白理化性质和亚细胞定位分析,以及干旱胁迫下玉米SUS基因在不同组织的表达模式分析,综合全面地分析了SUS基因家族的进化规律。系统发育树分析表明：SUS家族可划分为SUSⅠ、SUSⅡ、SUSⅢ三个亚家族,SUSⅢ内部双子叶植物进化枝明显分为两个拓扑结构相似的进化枝;亚细胞定位结果显示SUS蛋白主要在细胞质和细胞核中发挥作用,且SUSⅢ成员的理化性质与SUSⅠ、Ⅱ之间差异明显;共线性结果表明：SUSⅠ、Ⅱ中的共线性基因分别聚成一个独立的亚群,SUSⅢ的共线性基因聚成两个亚群;RNA-seq数据表明：玉米SUS基因Zm00001d045042、Zm00001d029087、Zm00001d029091、Zm00001d014876在干旱胁迫下呈现差异表达,该表达模式分别与各亚家族的基因结构模式较为一致。综合上述研究,推测出植物SUS基因的进化轨迹,即在蕨类植物到种子植物进化过程中分化出SUSⅢ,在被子植物分化以前出现SUSⅠ和SUSⅡ,且SUSⅢ在双子叶植物中具有... 相似文献
2.
为研究小麦UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶7(UDP-glycosyltransferase 7,TaUGT7)的抗赤霉病功能,利用DNAMAN 6.0软件对Ta UGT7及其同源蛋白进行序列比对,应用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术分析经赤霉菌Fusarium graminearum和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）处理后的苏麦3号小穗中TaUGT7基因的表达特征,利用基因枪在洋葱表皮细胞瞬时表达TaUGT7-eGFP进行亚细胞定位,采用农杆菌介导法在小麦品种Fielder中过量表达TaUGT7基因并进行赤霉病抗性鉴定。结果表明,TaUGT7在氨基酸序列上与已知赤霉病抗性相关UGT相似性较低;TaUGT7在赤霉菌接种24 h后开始被诱导表达,在DON处理2 h后逐步被诱导表达;Ta UGT7蛋白亚细胞定位于细胞膜和细胞核中;qRT-PCR检测发现,TaUGT7在8株独立的过表达转基因株系中均有不同程度的上调表达;与野生型对照相比,过表达株系TaUGT7-395和TaUGT7-457中的平均病小穗率显著下降。... 相似文献
3.
研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura化学感受蛋白SlitCSP2的表达模式、组织定位及与配体结合特性,为揭示SlitCSP2在化学通讯中的功能提供理论依据。利用RT-qPCR检测了SlitCSP2在蛹及雌、雄成虫各组织的基因表达水平;Western blot方法检测了SlitCSP2在幼虫期和雄成虫头部、触角和足部的蛋白表达水平;利用免疫组织化学技术对SlitCSP2在幼虫各龄期的分布情况进行定位分析;利用荧光竞争结合试验检测SlitCSP2与13种非挥发性化合物的结合特性。RT-qPCR结果表明,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫表达量最高,3～6龄表达量逐渐降低;成虫阶段雄成虫足部及胸部和雌成虫头部及翅的表达量最高,且雄成虫头部、足部和胸部的表达量显著高于雌成虫。Western blot结果显示,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫头部（去触角）的蛋白表达水平较高。免疫组化结果表明,SlitCSP2在幼虫阶段主要分布于头部、口器和胸足;在雄成虫中,SlitCSP2主要分布于足部前跗节和足部外骨骼内侧。荧光竞争结合试验表明,SlitCSP2与单宁（Ki＝1.77）、花青素（Ki＝2.34）和叶酸（Ki＝4.56）有很强的结合能力。本研究明确了SlitCSP2在幼虫各龄期和成虫各组织的表达特征。根据免疫定位及荧光竞争结合试验结果,我们推测SlitCSP2可能在斜纹夜蛾寄主选择和解毒过程中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
4.
为探究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera ATP合酶亚基α（ATP synthase subunit α,ATPs-α）对Cry2Ab毒理的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了ATPs-α基因在棉铃虫幼虫不同发育阶段、不同组织及受Cry2Ab诱导后的表达量,并通过在昆虫细胞中过表达和干扰ATPs-α基因验证其在Cry2Ab毒理中的功能。结果显示：ATPs-α基因在棉铃虫各发育阶段和组织中普遍表达,其中在幼虫的1龄和2龄期,以及5龄的中肠、头部和表皮中表达较高。棉铃虫取食Cry2Ab 6 h后,ATPs-α基因表达量开始显著降低,一直持续到36 h;在Sf9细胞系中成功表达ATPs-α蛋白后,显著增强了Cry2Ab的细胞毒力;在美洲棉铃虫H.zea的中肠细胞中干扰ATPs-α基因后,显著降低了Cry2Ab的细胞毒力。表明棉铃虫ATPs-α参与Cry2Ab的毒理过程。 相似文献
5.
为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CarE）编码基因的功能及其RNA干扰（RNA interfering,RNAi）效应,通过棉铃虫转录组数据筛选获得CarE基因,并克隆得到其全长cDNA序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real-timePCR,qPCR）技术检测该基因在棉铃虫不同发育时期和不同组织中的表达水平,同时通过RNAi技术检测其对棉铃虫的致死效果。结果表明,从棉铃虫中克隆获得的HaCarE基因全长cDNA序列为1 677 bp,编码558个氨基酸,编码蛋白质由15个α螺旋和14个β折叠结构组成。qPCR检测结果显示该基因在棉铃虫不同发育时期均有表达,其中在1龄幼虫期的相对表达量最高,随着龄期的增长,相对表达量逐渐降低,在6龄幼虫期和蛹期的相对表达量最低;在5龄幼虫不同组织中,该基因在中肠中的相对表达量最高。注射dsHaCarE能够明显抑制靶标基因的表达,24 h抑制率为75.41%;饲喂dsHaCarE对棉铃虫2龄幼虫有显著致死作用,5 d时死亡率为64.57%,体长与对照组相比减少了23.29%。表明获得的HaCarE基因对棉铃虫生长发育有显著抑制作用,并有较好的致死效果。 相似文献
6.
为探究水稻磷酸核酮糖激酶基因OsPRK在水稻诱导抗虫反应中的功能,以水稻秀水110为材料克隆OsPRK基因的全长,通过生物信息学软件分析其序列特征,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析OsPRK基因在水稻不同组织中的分布情况以及在虫害诱导、激素和机械损伤处理水稻中的表达特征。结果显示,水稻OsPRK基因序列全长为1 212 bp,编码403个氨基酸,分子量为44.86 kD,具有1个磷酸核酮糖激酶保守结构域。OsPRK蛋白亚细胞定位结果显示其定位于叶绿体。OsPRK基因在水稻中的表达具有组织特异性,其在内叶、外叶、内叶鞘、外叶鞘和根系这5个组织中相对于内参基因ACTIN的表达量分别为35.83、20.53、6.25、3.21和0.03。与对照相比,二化螟Chilo suppressalis为害能够强烈抑制水稻茎秆中OsPRK基因的表达;褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens怀卵雌成虫为害1.5、24 h、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera怀卵雌成虫为害1、8、24 h以及机械损伤处理3、6、24 h均能显著诱导水稻茎秆中OsPRK基因的表达;而OsPRK基因的表达量在茉莉酸处理6、12 h时以及水杨酸处理0.5、1.5 h时被显著抑制,在茉莉酸处理48 h和水杨酸处理24 h时被显著诱导。表明OsPRK基因可能参与了水稻对害虫的诱导防御反应。 相似文献
7.
为明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella体内主要化感受体的表达分布特性，通过对特定组织转录组数据分析并结合半定量RT-PCR测定，研究小菜蛾气味受体（odorant receptor，OR）、离子型受体（ionotropic receptor，IR）和味觉受体（gustatory receptor，GR）3类化感受体基因在不同虫态、组织及性别中的表达特异性。转录组数据分析结果显示，共有48个OR、8个IR和15个GR基因在被测组织中表达，不同基因呈现不同的组织表达特异性。通过整合基因组和转录组数据分析共获得62个GR基因，其中48个为全长序列；系统进化树分析结果表明，48个全长GR中3个属于CO2受体，10个属于糖受体，35个属于苦味受体；成虫头（去除触角后）、触角、足、翅、雌成虫产卵器及4龄幼虫头部分别表达19、22、27、21、24和21个GR基因；成虫性别间比较发现，PxylGR2、PxylGR20、PxylGR61基因在雌成虫头部中表达量较高，PxylGR5、PxylGR23、PxylGR34、PxylGR37基因在雌成虫触角中表达量较高，PxylGR37、PxylGR53、PxylGR54基因在雌成虫足中表达量较高，而PxylGR17、PxylGR21和PxylGR22基因在雄性翅中表达量较高。 相似文献
8.
为探究Toll-6基因在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella先天免疫中的功能,对克隆鉴定的Toll-6基因序列进行生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测Toll-6基因的时空表达模式及微生物侵染响应模式,体外验证其在微生物结合、病原相关分子模式（pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP）结合和细菌凝集等方面的功能。结果表明：Toll-6基因全长2 313 bp,编码770个氨基酸,预测Toll-6蛋白具有富含亮氨酸重复序列（leucine-rich repeats,LRR）胞外区、跨膜区和Toll/白介素-1受体同源（Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homologous,TIR）胞内等典型Toll受体家族特征;Toll-6基因在不同发育阶段及不同组织中均有表达,其中成虫期表达量最高,4龄幼虫期次之,在4龄幼虫中肠表达量最高;此外,苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis菌株Bt8010侵染小菜蛾4龄幼虫6 h后,Toll-6基因表达被显著抑制,而黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcesc... 相似文献
10.
为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad-complex,BR-C）Z4亚型在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理的棉铃虫幼虫中肠转录组数据克隆获得BR-C Z4的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,对其氨基酸序列和编码蛋白质进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR）技术分析BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫不同龄期、不同组织和2-TD处理6龄幼虫中的表达规律以及其和Ⅳ型几丁质酶（chitinase IV,CHT4）编码基因在4~6龄初、末期幼虫中的表达规律。结果表明,克隆获得的棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的ORF为1 347 bp,编码448个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白质的分子量和理论等电点分别为49.8 kD和7.75,且主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化分析结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z4与家蚕Bombyx mori和烟草天蛾Manduca sexta的BR-C Z4亲缘关系最近。BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫整个生长期均有表达,在3龄期的相对表达量最低而在预蛹期的相对表达量最高;该基因在棉铃虫6龄幼虫的脂肪体、中肠、体壁和头部均有表达,在头部的相对表达量最低,在中肠中的相对表达量最高; BR-C Z4和CHT4基因在棉铃虫4~6龄末期幼虫中的相对表达量均显著高于4~6龄初期幼虫;相关性分析结果显示BR-C Z4和CHT4的相对表达量呈极显著正相关;随着2-TD处理浓度的增加,棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的相对表达量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中15 mg/g浓度处理20 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量达到峰值,而20 mg/g浓度处理6 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的22.73%。推测BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫变态发育和应对2-TD胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
11.
Abstract Six organic amendments and one soil sterilant (Basamid) were screened at different rates to a given amount of soil, for their efficiency to enhance the population of Trichoderma spp. Coffee pulp significantly (P = 0.01) enhanced the population of Trichoderma spp. in the soil compared to other amendments. The enhancement was rate‐dependent with 16 and 22 g carbon giving the optimum population. The Trichoderma species enhanced included T. koningii, T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum. The implications of these results in relation to biological control of soil‐borne plant pathogens are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Physiological parameters were measured after experimental infection of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) with Rhipidocotyle fennica Gibson, Valtonen et Taskinen, 1992 (Digenea) cercariae. The fish were caught from two lakes: a eutrophic bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME)-contaminated lake and an oligotrophic unpolluted lake. The intensity of infection was followed up to 10 days post infection (p.i.) and physiological parameters indicating non-specific stress responses and the condition of fish were examined simultaneously. The mean abundance, the number of parasites per fish, of R. fennica was significantly higher in the fish from the contaminated water during the first two days p.i., probably reflecting the decreased resistance of these fish to infection. The decrease of leukocrit, as well as the increase of the activity of transaminases (GOT and GPT) in infected fish of both groups are suggestive of pathological processes caused by cercariae penetrating the fish. A significantly lower leukocrit value, as well as higher alkaline phosphatase activity and plasma chloride levels were noted in fish originating from the contaminated lake compared to those from the unpolluted lake. No significant differences were noted in haematocrit, plasma protein and calcium values between the fish from the uncontaminated and contaminated lakes, or between the infected and uninfected control fish. 相似文献
13.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
14.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
19.
Pedro W. Crous J.Z. Groenewald Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov. 相似文献
20.
Dr. M. Schulte 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2005,57(2-3):37-46
Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen. 相似文献