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1.
Objective To evaluate the endotracheal tube cuff pressure achieved by four different inflation methods. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals Eighty client owned dogs. Methods After anaesthesia induction, endotracheal intubation was performed using plastic or silicone tubes. A clinician unaware of tube type inflated the cuff by simple digital palpation (method A), thereafter the cuff was deflated and inflated again by a second clinician who tried to reproduce a previously learned cuff pressure of between 19 and 24 mmHg (method B). During method C the cuff was inflated to the minimum occlusive volume at an airway pressure of 20 cm H2O, and in method D the cuff was incrementally deflated until an audible air leak could be heard from the oral cavity at an airway pressure of 25 cm H2O. For all the methods, an operator recorded the actual cuff pressure obtained using a manometer. Heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure were monitored throughout the procedure. Results The mean inflation pressure for plastic tubes was 56 ± 28 mmHg for method A, 20 ± 9 mmHg for method B, 35 ± 32 mmHg for method C and 46 ± 39 mmHg for method D. Pressures using silicone tubes were significantly higher than for plastic tubes, the mean registered pressures being 79 ± 39, 33 ± 16, 77 ± 50 and 92 ± 56 mmHg for methods A, B, C and D. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance None of the methods evaluated in this study can be considered effective for inflating the endotracheal tube cuff to within the optimal range when using silicone tubes. Direct measurement of the cuff pressure with a manometer is therefore recommended.  相似文献   

2.
Nine adult horses were anesthetized for a nonsurvival abdominal adhesion study. Horses were randomly assigned into two groups to receive endotracheal tube cuff pressures of either 80 cm H2O (Group P80) or 120 cm H2O (Group P120). After intubation (Bivona 30 mm ID), anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Horses were ventilated 10 times per minute with a suitable inspiratory pressure to maintain Pe ′CO2 in the 35–40 mm Hg (4.7–6.0 kPa) range. Cuff pressure was continuously monitored with a pressure transducer (TruWave, Baxter) calibrated to the atmospheric pressure and maintained at a constant pressure. Twenty‐five millilitres of methylene blue dye in saline were instilled proximal to the cuff over 5 minutes. The horses were euthanized 123 ± 23 minutes later (mean ± SD). Immediately, the trachea was opened distal to the tip of the endotracheal tube, and the mucosa was observed for evidence of dye leaking past the cuff. The cervical trachea was resected and the lumen exposed by a ventral longitudinal incision. Biopsies (1–2 rings) were obtained at mid‐cuff level and distal to the tip of the endotracheal tube, and placed in formalin for later histologic examinations (H&E stain). Methylene blue stain was not observed distal to the endotracheal tube cuff in any horse. Visual examination of the tracheal mucosa revealed hyperemic or hemorrhagic lesions at the level of cuff contact both ventrally and dorsally. Histologic changes included epithelium damage, submucosal neutrophil infiltrates, and acute submucosal hemorrhages. P80 horses had none or focal to multifocal lesions on the ventral and dorsal aspects of the rings. P120 horses had multifocal to diffuse lesions on all aspects (dorsal, ventral, and lateral). We concluded that the endotracheal tube cuff produced a seal sufficient to prevent leakage at both pressures. Tracheal damages on gross and microscopic examinations were more severe and occurred more frequently at the higher cuff pressure.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveTo compare blind and endoscopic-guided techniques for orotracheal intubation in rabbits and the number of intubation attempts with laryngeal/tracheal damage.Study designProspective, randomized experimental study.AnimalsA total of 24 healthy, intact female New Zealand White rabbits, weighing 2.2 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsRabbits were randomly assigned to blind (group B) or endoscopic-guided (group E) orotracheal intubation with a 2.0 mm internal diameter uncuffed tube. Intramuscular (IM) alfaxalone (7 mg kg–1), hydromorphone (0.1 mg kg–1) and dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg–1) were administered, and additional IM alfaxalone (3–5 mg kg–1) and dexmedetomidine (0.025 mg kg–1) were administered to rabbits with strong jaw tone. An intubation attempt was defined as the advancement of the endotracheal tube from the incisors to the laryngeal entrance. Tracheal intubation was confirmed via capnography and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane for 2 hours. Following euthanasia, laryngeal and tracheal tissues were submitted for histopathology. Quality of anesthesia for orotracheal intubation, intubation procedure and tissue damage were numerically scored. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression, Spearman’s correlation, t test, mixed anova, Mann–Whitney U test, Friedman and Chi square tests as appropriate.ResultsMedian (range) intubation attempts were 2 (1–8) and 1 (1–3) for groups B and E, respectively. More rabbits in group E (91.6%) required additional alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine than in group B (16.7%). Median (range) cumulative histopathology scores were 6 (3–10) and 6 (2–9) for groups B and E, respectively. Scores were highest in the cranial trachea, but there was no difference between groups and no correlation between laryngeal/tracheal damage and the number of intubation attempts.Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth orotracheal intubation techniques were associated with laryngeal/tracheal damage. Although blind orotracheal intubation was associated with a higher number of attempts, the tissue damage was similar between groups.  相似文献   

4.
Sequelae of routine orotracheal intubation under clinical conditions were characterised in 38 healthy horses presented at three veterinary medical teaching hospitals. Four of these were necropsied and their tissues studied histologically. To minimise variation, 30 mm id cuffed silicone endotracheal tubes or Cole cuffless tubes were used in all patients. Fibreoptic endoscopic examination of upper respiratory and tracheal areas was accomplished pre-intubation, immediately post extubation and after 24 h. Endoscopy revealed that intubation was associated with laryngeal and/or tracheal lesions in all horses. Observations included abundant tracheal mucus, epithelial ecchymoses, basement membrane haemorrhage and mucus covered diphtheritic membrane plaques. Histological examination of lesions from the upper respiratory system of the four necropsied horses confirmed that the damage was comparable to that associated with tracheal intubation and reported in other species.  相似文献   

5.
Endotracheal intubation is commonly performed in horses undergoing general anaesthesia to avoid fluid aspiration and provide mechanical ventilation and inhalational anaesthetic agents. Secondary laryngeal and tracheal trauma following intubation is not rare. This case report describes the successful treatment of a horse with laryngeal and tracheal trauma secondary to intubation during myelography. Based on other clinical reports and clinical experience, movement of the endotracheal tube during myelography was considered the most likely cause of the damage. This case underscores the importance of monitoring horses for development of respiratory signs after general anaesthesia for computerised tomography and myelography.  相似文献   

6.
Laryngotracheal injury associated with nasotracheal intubation in the horse   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Laryngotracheal damage following short-term nasotracheal intubation was studied in 7 healthy horses. A flexible fiberoptic endoscope was used to examine the upper respiratory tract of each horse before nasal intubation with a cuffed silicone endotracheal tube and again at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after extubation. Any abnormalities still evident at 48 hours were evaluated at 7 days after extubation. Mucosal damage involved the nasal meatus (5 of 7 horses), the arytenoid cartilages (5 of 7 horses), the trachea (5 of 7 horses), the dorsal pharyngeal recess (4 of 7 horses), the vocal folds (3 of 7 horses), and the entrance to the guttural pouch (3 of 7 horses). Laryngeal injury was attributable to tube pressure on the arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds. Tracheal damage appeared to be a function of pressure exerted by the inflated cuff on the tracheal mucosa.  相似文献   

7.
As part of a study of possible causes of postoperative pulmonary complications of general anesthesia in the horse, lateral cervical radiographs were taken after endotracheal intubation in nine randomly selected horses. The epiglottis was found to be retroverted in three. Subsequently, the effects of epiglottic retroversion during anesthesia on postoperative laryngeal function were investigated experimentally in three horses by fluoroscopy. No untoward sequelae were observed. Prophylaxis and potential adverse effects of this previously unreported complication of endotracheal intubation in the horse are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Endotracheal intubation is an essential component of general anaesthesia in horses to facilitate delivery of inhalation anaesthetic agent and oxygen, artificial ventilation, and prevent pulmonary aspiration of blood or gastric reflux. Experimental studies have identified a high incidence of tracheal mucosal injury after intubation resulting from direct trauma or local ischaemia from the pressure of the inflated cuff. Recommendations to minimise injury include gentle intubation, disconnection from the anaesthesia machine when moving the horse, and monitoring the endotracheal tube cuff pressure. New studies are needed to evaluate trachea and cuff pressure interactions under current practice conditions, including specialised ventilation modalities such as positive end‐expiratory pressure and continuous airway pressure.  相似文献   

9.
Complications following the use of the cuffless large animal endotracheal tube during general anesthesia in 2 horses are reported. One horse developed laryngeal edema during recovery. The edema was treated successfully with dexamethasone, but severe laryngeal trauma was confirmed 24 hours later at necropsy. The second horse had a swollen tongue and had difficulty eating for 3 days after anesthesia. The condition resolved without treatment. this report is a reminder of the potential damage which can occur from endotracheal intubation.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectiveTo compare cardiopulmonary variables and blood gas analytes in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) during anesthesia with and without abdominal carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation at intra-abdominal pressures (IAPs) 4 and 6 mmHg, with and without endotracheal intubation.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsA total of six intact female Hartley guinea pigs.MethodsA crossover study with sequence randomization for IAP and intubation status was used. The animals were sedated with intramuscular midazolam (1.5 mg kg–1) and buprenorphine (0.2 mg kg–1) and anesthetized with isoflurane, and an abdominal catheter was inserted for CO2 insufflation. Animals with endotracheal intubation were mechanically ventilated and animals maintained using a facemask breathed spontaneously. After 15 minutes of insufflation, the following variables were obtained at each IAP: pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2 (intubated only), peak inspiratory pressure (intubated only), noninvasive blood pressure and blood gas and electrolyte values, with a rest period of 5 minutes between consecutive IAPs. After 4 weeks, the procedure was repeated with the guinea pigs assigned the opposite intubation status.ResultsIntubated guinea pigs had significantly higher pH and lower partial pressure of CO2 in cranial vena cava blood (PvCO2) than nonintubated guinea pigs. An IAP of 6 mmHg resulted in a significantly higher PvCO2 (65.9 ± 19.0 mmHg; 8.8 ± 2.5 kPa) than at 0 (53.2 ± 17.2 mmHg; 7.1 ± 2.3 kPa) and 4 mmHg (52.6 ± 10.8 mmHg; 7.01 ± 1.4 kPa), mean ± standard deviation, with intubated and nonintubated animals combined.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlthough the oral anatomy of guinea pigs makes endotracheal intubation difficult, capnoperitoneum during anesthesia induces marked hypercapnia in the absence of mechanical ventilation. An IAP of 4 mmHg should be further evaluated for laparoscopic procedures in guinea pigs because hypercapnia may be less severe than with 6 mmHg.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the heart rate (HR) and systemic arterial pressure (sAP) effects, and propofol induction dose requirements in healthy dogs administered propofol with or without guaifenesin for the induction of anesthesia.Study designProspective blinded crossover experimental study.AnimalsA total of 10 healthy adult female Beagle dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) butorphanol (0.4 mg kg–1) and administered guaifenesin 5% at 50 mg kg–1 (treatment G50), 100 mg kg–1 (treatment G100) or saline (treatment saline) IV prior to anesthetic induction with propofol. HR, invasive sAP and respiratory rate (fR) were recorded after butorphanol administration, after guaifenesin administration and after propofol and endotracheal intubation. Propofol doses for intubation were recorded. Repeated measures analysis of variance (anova) was used to determine differences in propofol dose requirements among treatments, and differences in cardiopulmonary values over time and among treatments with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.ResultsPropofol doses (mean ± standard deviation) for treatments saline, G50 and G100 were 3.3 ± 1.0, 2.7 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 0.8 mg kg–1, respectively. Propofol administered was significantly lower in treatment G100 than in treatment saline (p = 0.04). In treatments G50 and G100, HR increased following induction of anesthesia and intubation compared with baseline measurements. HR was higher in treatment G100 than in treatments G50 and saline following induction of anesthesia. In all treatments, sAP decreased following intubation compared with baseline values. There were no significant differences in sAP among treatments. fR was lower following intubation than baseline and post co-induction values and did not differ significantly among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceWhen administered as a co-induction agent in dogs, guaifenesin reduced propofol requirements for tracheal intubation. HR increased and sAP and fR decreased, but mean values remained clinically acceptable.  相似文献   

12.

Objectives

To determine the endotracheal tube cuff pressure produced with two inflation techniques, in two brands of endotracheal tube in cats. To determine the inspiratory pressure which produces an audible leak when the intracuff pressure is 30 cmH2O.

Study design

Prospective, clinical, randomized study.

Animals

A total of 40 client-owned healthy adult cats.

Methods

Following induction of anaesthesia, endotracheal intubation was performed with a Parker Flex-Tip PFLP (Parker; n = 20) or Flexicare VentiSeal (Flexicare; n = 20) endotracheal tube. For each cat, the endotracheal tube cuff was inflated using two methods, minimum occlusive volume (MOV) and pilot balloon palpation (PBP). Intracuff pressure was recorded. Cuff pressure was then set at 30 cmH2O and the pressure within the breathing system when a manual breath first caused an audible leak was measured.

Results

PBP pressure was lower for Parker (36 ± 13 cmH2O) compared with Flexicare (45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.048). MOV pressure was not different between tube types (56 ± 28 versus 66 ± 25 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare, respectively, p = 0.247). MOV produced a higher pressure than PBP for Parker (56 ± 28 versus 36 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.001) and Flexicare (66 ± 25 versus 45 ± 13 cmH2O, p = 0.007). When intracuff pressure was set at 30 cmH2O, 95% of cats did not develop an audible leak until the inspiratory pressure was greater than 10 and 12 cmH2O for Parker and Flexicare tubes, respectively.

Conclusions

PBP produced lower cuff pressures than MOV, although both techniques produced a cuff pressure above that at which mucosal blood flow is believed to be restricted. A cuff pressure of 30 cmH2O may be sufficient to prevent audible leak in most cats if respiratory pressures are kept at 10–12 cmH2O or below.

Clinical relevance

To ensure a safe endotracheal tube cuff pressure, use of a specifically designed pressure gauge is recommended.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of desensitization of the laryngeal mucosal mechanoreceptors on upper airway mechanics in exercising horses. ANIMALS: 6 Standardbreds. PROCEDURE: In study 1, videoendoscopic examinations were performed while horses ran on a treadmill with and without topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucosa. In study 2, peak tracheal and nasopharyngeal pressures and airflows were obtained from horses during incremental treadmill exercise tests, with and without topical anesthesia of the laryngeal mucosa. A nasal occlusion test was performed on each horse while standing during an endoscopic examination for both trials. RESULTS: In study 1, horses had nasopharyngeal collapse while running on the treadmill when the laryngeal mucosa was anesthetized. In study 2, inspiratory upper airway and nasopharyngeal impedance were significantly higher, and peak tracheal inspiratory pressure, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation were significantly lower in horses when the laryngeal mucosa was anesthetized, compared with values obtained when horses exercised without topical anesthesia. Peak inspiratory and expiratory airflows were lower in horses when the laryngeal mucosa was anesthetized, although differences did not quite reach significance (P = 0.06 and 0.09, respectively). During a nasal occlusion test, horses had episodes of nasopharyngeal collapse and dorsal displacement of the soft palate when the laryngeal mucosa was anesthetized. Upper airway function was normal in these horses without laryngeal mucosal anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Receptors within the laryngeal mucosa may be important in maintaining upper airway patency in exercising horses.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To compare and correlate right atrial pressure, which represents central venous pressure (CVP) to jugular vein pressure (JVP) in laterally recumbent horses under anesthesia. Study design Retrospective clinical trial. Animals Seven adult healthy horses (411 ± 8.7 kg). Methods Horses were sedated with IV xylazine and anesthesia was obtained with IV ketamine and diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. All horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency. An 8F catheter introducer was inserted into the right jugular vein to measure JVP. An 8F catheter introducer was inserted into the left jugular vein to be used as the port for a 7F 110 cm catheter that reached the right atrium to measure CVP. Both, CVP and JVP were measured simultaneously with a water calibrated aneroid manometer using the sternum as the 0 cmH2O reference point. Measurements were compared using Spearman correlation and the Bland‐Altman plot. Results Twenty paired samples were obtained over a period of 2 hours. The CVP ranged from 7 to 31 cmH2O, while the JVP ranged from 5 to 30 cmH2O. The Spearman correlation coefficient indicated that CVP and JVP had a strong correlation with r = 0.88. The Bland‐Altman plot showed a bias of 0.7 cmH2O. Conclusion and clinical relevance Jugular vein pressure showed a strong correlation with CVP in healthy, euvolemic, laterally recumbent anesthetized adult horses. Thus, JVP cannot replace CVP but it may be used clinically to monitor CVP in laterally recumbent horses.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo examine the cardiopulmonary effects of two anesthetic protocols for dorsally recumbent horses undergoing carpal arthroscopy.Study designProspective, randomized, crossover study.AnimalsSix horses weighing 488.3 ± 29.1 kg.MethodsHorses were sedated with intravenous (IV) xylazine and pulmonary artery balloon and right atrial catheters inserted. More xylazine was administered prior to anesthetic induction with ketamine and propofol IV. Anesthesia was maintained for 60 minutes (or until surgery was complete) using either propofol IV infusion or isoflurane to effect. All horses were administered dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions IV, and IV butorphanol. The endotracheal tube was attached to a large animal circle system and the lungs were ventilated with oxygen to maintain end-tidal CO2 40 ± 5 mmHg. Measurements of cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures, and body temperature were made under xylazine sedation. These, arterial and venous blood gas analyses were repeated 10, 30 and 60 minutes after induction. Systemic arterial blood pressures, expired and inspired gas concentrations were measured at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after induction. Horses were recovered from anesthesia with IV romifidine. Times to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Data were analyzed using one and two-way anovas for repeated measures and paired t-tests. Significance was taken at p=0.05.ResultsPulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures, and body temperature decreased from pre-induction values in both groups. PaO2 and arterial pH were lower in propofol-anesthetized horses compared to isoflurane-anesthetized horses. The lowest PaO2 values (70–80 mmHg) occurred 10 minutes after induction in two propofol-anesthetized horses. Cardiac output decreased in isoflurane-anesthetized horses 10 minutes after induction. End-tidal isoflurane concentration ranged 0.5%–1.3%.Conclusion and clinical relevanceBoth anesthetic protocols were suitable for arthroscopy. Administration of oxygen and ability to ventilate lungs is necessary for propofol-based anesthesia.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endotracheal tube cuff inflation pressure on the occurrence of liquid aspiration and tracheal wall damage. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten healthy horses, weighing 535 +/- 55 kg. METHODS: Horses were anesthetized, orotracheally intubated, placed in dorsal recumbency, and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen with controlled ventilation for 175 +/- 15 minutes. The horses were randomly assigned to an endotracheal cuff pressure of 80-100 or 120 cm H2O. The cuff pressure was continuously monitored and maintained at a constant pressure. Methylene blue in saline was instilled proximal to the cuff. After euthanasia, the trachea was opened distal to the endotracheal tube tip to check for evidence of dye leaking past the cuff. The cervical trachea was then resected and opened longitudinally for gross and histologic examinations. RESULTS: No blue staining was found distal to the cuff in any horse. Visual examination of the tracheal mucosa revealed hyperemic and hemorrhagic lesions at the site of the cuff contact. Histologic changes included epithelium attenuation or erosion, submucosal neutrophilic infiltration, and submucosal hemorrhages. Lesions were absent or less extensive in the lower cuff pressure group as compared to the high cuff pressure group. CONCLUSIONS: The endotracheal tube cuff produced a seal sufficient to prevent leakage in both groups. Tracheal wall damage was more severe and occurred more frequently in the higher cuff pressure group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tracheal mucosal damage induced by cuff inflation is pressure-dependent. Cuff pressure monitoring is recommended.  相似文献   

17.
Laryngeal paralysis in horses has been reported after inhalational anesthesia and can result in significant morbidity/mortality. The cause of the condition is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a standardized anesthetic protocol on laryngeal function and laryngeal/pharyngeal trauma in the peri-anesthetic period in a prospective study. A 30- to 60-second digitalized video clip of laryngeal movement from a standardized endoscopic view was recorded at five time points: before sedation, post-sedation, post-induction, immediately after recovery to standing, and at 24 hours after recovery. A standardized anesthetic regimen was used in all cases. Video clips were randomized and evaluated by two blinded assessors. Each assessor scored each clip for laryngeal function and trauma using previously validated scoring systems. Agreement between assessors was calculated using the mean of the five time-specific weighted kappa statistics. Post-anesthesia laryngeal function and trauma scores were compared with initial scores using the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni adjustment. Spearman's rank coefficient was used to assess correlation between trauma and function scores and between anesthetic duration and laryngeal function and trauma scores.There was no significant effect of anesthesia on laryngeal function. Trauma scores were not significantly higher after tracheal intubation. The trauma scoring system requires further validation. There was no correlation between higher trauma scores and laryngeal function or duration and laryngeal function or trauma.Further work is required to evaluate other variables that may affect laryngeal function after anesthesia, using a larger number of horses with varying degrees of laryngeal dysfunction.  相似文献   

18.
ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the cardiopulmonary effects of induction of anesthesia with isoflurane (Iso), ketamine–diazepam (KD), or propofol–diazepam (PD) in hypovolemic dogs.Study designProspective randomized cross–over trial.AnimalsSix healthy intact, mixed breed, female dogs weighing 20.7 ± 4.2 kg and aged 22 ± 2 months.MethodsDogs had 30 mL kg?1 of blood removed at a rate of 1.5 mL kg?1 minute?1 under isoflurane anesthesia. Following a 30–minute recovery period, anesthesia was reinduced. Dogs were assigned to one of three treatments: isoflurane via facemask using 0.5% incremental increases in the delivered concentration every 30 seconds, 1.25 mg kg?1 ketamine and 0.0625 mg kg?1 diazepam intravenously (IV) with doses repeated every 30 seconds as required, and 2 mg kg?1 propofol and 0.2 mg kg?1 diazepam IV followed by 1 mg kg?1 propofol increments IV every 30 seconds as required. Following endotracheal intubation all dogs received 1.7% end–tidal isoflurane in oxygen. Cardiopulmonary variables were recorded at baseline (before induction) and at 5 or 10 minute intervals following endotracheal intubation.ResultsInduction time was longer in Iso (4.98 ± 0.47 minutes) compared to KD (3.10 ± 0.47 minutes) or PD (3.22 ± 0.45 minutes). To produce anesthesia, KD received 4.9 ± 2.3 mg kg?1 ketamine and 0.24 ± 0.1 mg kg?1 diazepam, while PD received 2.2 ± 0.4 mg kg?1 propofol and 0.2 mg kg?1 diazepam. End–tidal isoflurane concentration immediately following intubation was 1.7 ± 0.4% in Iso. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in KD and PD compared to Iso and in KD compared to PD. Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure was significantly higher in PD compared to KD and Iso immediately after induction.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn hypovolemic dogs, KD or PD, as used in this study to induce anesthesia, resulted in less hemodynamic depression compared to isoflurane.  相似文献   

19.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of propofol or thiopental induction on intraocular pressures (IOP) in normal dogs.Study designProspective randomized experimental study.AnimalsTwenty-two random-source dogs weighing 19.5 ± 5.3 kg.MethodsDogs were randomly assigned to receive propofol 8 mg kg−1 IV (group P) or thiopental 18 mg kg−1 IV (group T) until loss of jaw tone. Direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gasses, and IOP were measured at baseline, after pre-oxygenation but before induction, before endotracheal intubation, and after intubation.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups with regard to weight, body condition score, breed group, or baseline or before-induction IOP, arterial blood pressure, or blood gases. The baseline IOP was 12.9 mmHg. Before endotracheal intubation, IOP was significantly higher compared to baseline and before induction in dogs receiving propofol. After intubation with propofol, IOP was significantly higher compared to thiopental and was significantly higher compared to before induction. After intubation, IOP was significantly lower compared to before intubation in dogs receiving thiopental. Propofol increased IOP before intubation by 26% over the before-induction score and thiopental increased IOP by 6% at the same interval. The IOP in group P remained 24% over the before induction score whereas thiopental ultimately decreased IOP 9% below baseline after intubation. There was no significant relationship between any cardiovascular or blood gas parameter and IOP at any time. There was no significant relationship between the changes in any cardiovascular or blood gas parameter and the changes in IOP between time points.Conclusions and clinical relevancePropofol caused a significant increase in IOP compared to baseline and thiopental. Thiopental caused an insignificant increase in IOP which decreased after intubation. Propofol should be avoided when possible in induction of anesthesia in animals where a moderate increase in IOP could be harmful.  相似文献   

20.
Reasons for performing study: Standing laparoscopic procedures, facilitated by abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide, are being employed to an increasingly greater extent in horses. However, a sustained increase in abdominal pressure may be life‐threatening. A practical method for intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) assessment is imperative. Although indirect methods for estimating IAP have been extensively studied in man, little work has been performed in veterinary medicine. Objectives: To investigate the utility of gastric manometry for purposes of evaluating IAP in horses. Methods: Gastric pressure (Pga) was estimated by balloon manometry in 8 healthy, mature horses, before and during a 30 min passive pneumoperitoneum induced by right paralumbar puncture. The balloon manometer was positioned within the gastric lumen and inflated using 2 separate volumes of air: 10 and 50 ml. Pga Gastric pressure was determined at baseline (0) and 5, 15 and 30 min after induction of passive pneumoperitoneum. Intra‐abdominal pressure was measured directly by right paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle at baseline and immediately following establishment of passive pneumoperitoneum. Results: Baseline IAP values were negative and increased (P≤0.05) during development of passive pneumoperitoneum. However, recorded Pga measurements for both inflation volumes were positive before (baseline) and during the course of the passive pneumoperitoneum. Measured Pga values did not correlate with IAP at any time. Conclusions and potential relevance: Our results suggest that the indirect method used in human patients for estimating IAP by Pga is not applicable for horses.  相似文献   

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