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1.
东江中上游主要森林类型枯落物的持水特性   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  
为了定量评价森林枯落物的水文功能,通过浸水法和野外观测,调查了东江中上游主要森林植被类型枯落物的蓄积量,分析了枯落物的持水能力与过程。结果表明,枯落物蓄积量介于4.76～12.13t/hm2,表现为针阔混交林杉木林阔叶林马尾松林杂灌林;不同森林类型的枯落物最大持水量为4.89～18.17t/hm2,最大拦蓄量为3.34～14.39t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为2.60～11.66t/hm2,均表现为杉木林针阔混交林阔叶林杂灌林马尾松林。枯落物浸水实验表明,枯落物持水率与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈反函数关系;不同森林类型枯落物持水率和吸水速率随时间的动态变化规律基本相似。随浸水历时的延长,枯落物持水率呈增加趋势,在浸泡10～12h后,持水率增幅趋于平缓;不同森林类型枯落物吸水速率在前2h内变化最快,之后逐渐变缓,24h时吸水基本停止。  相似文献   

2.
对石壁水库库区桉树林、马尾松林、杂木林3种主要林分枯落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明,马尾松林的枯落物储量最大（9．42t／hm^2）,其次为桉树林（7．55t／hm^2）,杂木林最小（7．41t／hm^2）。桉树林、马尾松林、杂木林枯落物未分解层最大持水率分别为184．36％、170．85％、119．90％;半分解层最大持水率分别为209．25％、181．09％、136．04％。各林分枯落物最大持水量为桉树林14．99t／hm^2,马尾松林16．59t／hm^2,杂木林9．32t／hm^2。3种林分枯落物持水量随着浸泡时间的增加按照W=aln（t）＋b关系式增加,吸水速率随浸泡时间的增加按方程V=kt^n下降。研究表明石壁水库库区马尾松次生林枯落物持水量最大,杂木林持水效果最差。  相似文献   

3.
浙江省天台县不同森林类型枯落物及土壤水文特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]掌握浙江省天台县不同森林枯落物和土壤的持水能力,为该区域今后在森林水源涵养等方面提供科学依据。[方法]采用野外调查和室内浸泡法,对天台县8种森林类型(毛竹林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、针叶混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、黑松林、木荷林)枯落物及林下土壤持水性进行了研究。[结果] 8种森林类型的枯落物蓄积量在8.05～23.84 t/hm~2之间;最大持水量变化范围为14.59～35.15 t/hm~2,其大小排序为:木荷林针阔混交林阔叶混交林马尾松林杉木林黑松林毛竹林针叶混交林;8种森林类型林下枯落物持水量与浸泡时间之间变化规律基本一致,持水量与浸泡时间呈对数函数关系,不同森林类型林下枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系;各森林类型土壤容重介于0.83～1.21 g/cm~3,土壤持水力变化范围为200.74～575.70 t/hm~2,其大小依次为:黑松林针阔混交林木荷林杉木林毛竹林马尾松林阔叶混交林针叶混交林。[结论]阔叶林以及含有阔叶树种的森林类型枯落物以及林下土壤持水能力均较强,其中土壤持水能力最强的为黑松林。  相似文献   

4.
珠江流域中游主要森林类型凋落物持水特性   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用野外实地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对珠江流域中游苍梧县的5种森林类型的凋落物累积量和持水量、持水率、吸水速率等持水特性进行了研究。结果表明:不同森林类型凋落物总储量为湿地松(Pinus elliottii)+荷木(Schima superba)混交林(40.18t/hm~2)桉树(Eucalyptus)林(11.77t/hm~2)马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(10.97t/hm~2)红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)林(8.75t/hm~2)大叶栎(Quercus griffithii)林(7.71t/hm~2),且半分解层累积量所占比例均大于未分解层,马尾松林则相反;5种森林类型不同分解程度的凋落物持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系;凋落物最大持水量为13.12~77.09t/hm~2,湿地松+荷木混交林最大,红锥林最小;最大持水率为150.8~187.9%,大叶栎林最大,红锥林最小;有效拦蓄量为8.26~49.31t/hm~2,大小顺序为湿地松+荷木混交林大叶栎林红锥林桉树林马尾松林。综合考虑,研究区5种森林类型中湿地松+荷木针阔混交林持水能力最强,且优势明显,因此,水源涵养林宜优先选择针阔混交林模式。  相似文献   

5.
丹江口湖北库区不同林分类型枯落物储量及持水性能   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
对丹江口湖北库区马尾松林、柏木林、松柏混交林、针阔混交林、栎类林5种主要林分类型的枯落物储量、持水量、吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:不同林分类型枯落物现存量具有一定的差异,松柏混交林枯落物储量最大(29.26t/hm2),其次为马尾松林(24.49t/hm2)、针阔混交林(21.93t/hm2)、栎类林(6.56t/hm2),以柏木林枯落物储量最小(9.47t/hm2)。各林分不同层次持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间之间的动态变化规律基本相似,随着浸泡时间的增加,枯落物吸水速率具有差异,0～1h枯落物吸水最快,1～2h逐渐减缓,而到了2～10h枯落物吸水基本饱和,逐渐趋向于0。拟合回归发现,枯落物持水量与浸泡时间按指数方程Q=aln t+b增加,吸水速率与浸泡时间按幂函数V=ktn递减。同时,最大持水量均是半分解层>已分解层>未分解层,而吸水速率则是针叶林分半分解层>已分解层>未分解层,阔叶林为已分解层>半分解层>未分解层。  相似文献   

6.
浙江省典型森林类型枯落物及林下土壤水文特性   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
选择浙江省5种典型林型(杉木林、毛竹林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松林)枯落物及林下土壤作为研究对象,布设30m×30m标准样地,枯落物水文效应测定采用浸泡法,土壤层水文效应测定采用环刀法。结果表明:不同林分类型枯落物蓄积量大小介于10.14～25.07t/hm2,排列顺序分别为针阔混交林>阔叶林>马尾松林>杉木林>毛竹林;最大持水量大小介于21.82～33.64t/hm2,排列顺序为针阔混交林>阔叶林>杉木林>马尾松林>毛竹林;有效拦蓄量大小介于16.8～24.84t/hm2,其排序为针阔混交林>杉木林>阔叶林>马尾松林>毛竹林;5种森林类型枯落物的持水量均随浸水时间而增大并逐步趋于稳定,其关系符合对数函数;前0.5h内枯落物吸水速率最大,1h之后吸水速率急剧降低,而后随着时间的推移,枯落物的吸水速率趋于统一,其关系呈幂函数关系;5种森林类型林下土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、孔隙度、持水能力等指标差异并不显著,土壤持水力均值介于201.86～296.63t/hm2。综合来看,阔叶林及含有阔叶树种的林分持水能力相对高于针叶林。  相似文献   

7.
为探讨退化红壤区植被恢复对枯落物层及土壤层的水源涵养功能影响,进一步揭示退化生态系统植被恢复的功能效应,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别测定了3种恢复模式(木荷纯林、马尾松纯林、马尾松间伐补木荷林)的枯落物层与0—20 cm土层的持水能力。结果表明:(1)马尾松纯林的枯落物层蓄积量最大(7.91 t/hm~2),持水能力最强(15.39 t/hm~2),但持水率不如木荷纯林(246.69%)。(2)马尾松纯林的枯落物层有效拦蓄量和最大拦蓄量均为最大(7.75,10.02 t/hm~2),木荷纯林的最小(3.83,5.36 t/hm~2)。(3)3种恢复模式的枯落物层持水量随浸水时间的变化均遵循对数函数Q=aln(t)+b,R~20.90,枯落物持水速率随浸水时间变化均符合幂函数:V=at~b,R~20.95,拟合效果均较好。(4)马尾松间伐补木荷林、马尾松纯林、木荷纯林0—20 cm土层的水分最大滞留量分别为10.49,9.83,8.28 mm;木荷纯林土壤最大吸持贮水量(38.39 mm)高于马尾松间伐补木荷林(31.13 mm)和马尾松纯林(30.35 mm)。从枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量及土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度多个因素的计算综合推断可知,3种恢复模式中马尾松纯林的枯落物和土壤表层的水源涵养能力最佳,马尾松间伐补木荷林次之,木荷纯林第三。在水土流失较为严重的退化红壤区,种植合适密度的马尾松林,可以通过地表枯落物层有效减缓水土流失。  相似文献   

8.
川中丘陵区典型林分枯落物层蓄积量及持水特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为定量评价森林枯落物蓄积量和持水特征,结合野外分层采样法和室内浸泡法对川中丘陵区的5种典型林分类型45组枯落物样品分别进行持水试验。结果表明:柏木林的枯落物蓄积量最大为10.07t/hm2,分别为马尾松林、针阔混交林、慈竹林和川杨林的1.13,1.14,1.37,3.00倍,其中各分解层含量表现为半分解层已分解层未分解层。半分解和已分解层吸持水能力相当,均小于未分解层,未分解层中慈竹林的持水率和吸水速率最大,浸水15min的值分别为8.58g/g和92.37g/(g·h)。持水率和吸水速率随浸水时间均呈幂函数变化,2h后吸持水幅度减缓并趋于稳定。枯落物持水深和拦蓄深从大到小依次为柏木林、马尾松林、慈竹林、针阔混交林和川杨林,其中柏木林枯落物层的最大持水深和有效拦蓄深分别为3.61mm和2.23mm,5min持水深约占最大持水的50%。故针叶林枯落物层的生态水文功能较显著,应加强管理和保护。  相似文献   

9.
[目的]揭示人工水土保持林林下枯落物以及土壤持水特征,为太行山区水土保持林的建造和规划提供理论依据。[方法]运用烘干法,室内浸泡法,环刀法等得出不同林分林下枯落物蓄积量、持水量、吸水速率、最大持水能力和拦蓄量,比较了不同林分枯落物和土壤的持水能力。[结果]枯落物总储量范围为9.96~19.19t/hm2,表现为栓皮栎林总储量最大,荒坡总储量最小。枯落物最大持水量变化范围为23.76~66.72t/hm2,栓皮栎—侧柏混交林最大,荒坡最小。栓皮栎—侧柏混交林有效拦蓄量可达51.50t/hm2,在各林分中最大;荒坡有效拦蓄量为19.55t/hm2,在各林分中最小。枯落物持水量、吸水速率均与浸泡时间呈相关关系,前者为对数关系(R0.97),后者为幂函数关系(R0.98)。各林分土壤容重均值介于1.14~1.55g/cm3,总孔隙度介于38.62%~43.76%。各林分土壤有效持水量表现为:刺槐林栓皮栎—侧柏混交林栓皮栎林荒坡,其中刺槐林最大(为106.85t/hm2),荒坡最小(为89.37t/hm2)。[结论]水土保持林持水能力远大于荒坡。  相似文献   

10.
冀北地区典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
以丰宁县4种典型林分为研究对象,主要采用室内浸水法和环刀浸泡法,进行了枯落物的持水量、吸水速度以及土壤物理性质等的测定,并对其水文效应进行了研究。结果显示:枯落物的总蓄积在9.58~11.50t/hm~2,蓄积量大小排序为:杨树针阔混交林杂木林杨树阔叶混交林榆树阔叶混交林;杨树阔叶混交林的最大持水量最大为14.56t/hm~2,其最大持水率最大为295.46%。土壤的平均容重0.77~0.98g/cm~3,其大小顺序为:杨树针阔混交林杂木林杨树阔叶混交林榆树阔叶混交林;土壤总孔隙度48.98%~56.72%,其中最大为杨树阔叶混交林,最小为杂木林;土壤最大持水量在623.67~726.33t/hm~2,其中最大持水量的最大值是最小值的1.16倍。土壤初渗速率其变动范围在23.95~28.12mm/min,其中杨树针阔混交林土壤初渗速率最大为:28.12mm/min,榆树阔叶混交林的土壤初渗速率最小为:23.95mm/min。  相似文献   

11.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.  相似文献   

12.
The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).  相似文献   

13.
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.  相似文献   

19.
A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew.  相似文献   

20.
This study was carried out in a semiarid degraded area to assess the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation with a mixture of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or an allochthonous AM fungus (Glomus claroideum), on the establishment of Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris L. and Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier in this area. Associated changes in the soil microbiological properties and aggregate stability related to these AM inocula were also recorded. Eighteen months after planting, G. claroideum had increased available P in the rhizosphere of both shrub species. In general, both inoculation treatments increased water-soluble C and water-soluble and total carbohydrates, G. claroideum being the most effective inoculum, particularly in R. sphaerocarpa. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing the aggregate stability of R. sphaerocarpa soil, while that of O. europaea was increased only by G. claroideum. Increased (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and -glucosidase) enzyme activities, in particular of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, were recorded in the rhizosphere of both mycorrhizal shrub species. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for stimulating the growth of O. europaea and R. sphaerocarpa (11.6-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively, greater than control plants). The establishment of mycorrhizal shrub species favoured the reactivation of soil microbial activity, which was linked to an increase in aggregate stability.  相似文献   

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