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为揭示不同复垦年限和培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素转化特征影响,分别采用间歇淋洗好气培养法、室内恒温控湿好气培养法和硝酸盐消失法研究了5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤矿化、硝化、反硝化作用规律。结果表明:随复垦年限增加,土壤的矿化量(Nt)和矿化势(N0)均有增加,但土壤矿化率(Nt/N)及矿化势占全氮的比例(N0/N)无明显变化;不同培肥措施下,复垦8年土壤生物有机肥配施化肥处理(MCFB)Nt、N0、Nt/N和N0/N分别较单施化肥处理(CF)提高65.22%,65.21%,60.42%和60.76%。土壤硝化率和达到最大硝化速率需要的时间(Tmax)受复垦年限影响较小,不同施肥措施均可提高土壤硝化率,但处理间差异不显著;最大硝化速率(Vmax)随复垦年限增加而增大,复垦4,8年土壤Vmax和Tmax总体以MCFB效果优于其他培肥处理。土壤硝态氮损失率和硝酸盐消失速率随复垦年限的增加而增加,经过7天培养,不同培肥措施下复垦4年土壤硝态氮损失率以单施有机肥处理(M)最高,达78.72%,硝酸盐消失速率以MCFB处理最低,与不施肥对照(CK)一致;复垦8年土壤反硝化作用在不同处理下无显著差异。通过短期氮素转化作用强度比较,复垦土壤硝化作用>反硝化作用>矿化作用。综合来看,培肥对复垦土壤氮素转化作用提升效果明显,生物有机肥配施化肥更有利于土壤有效氮的保持和提高,减少氮素损失。 相似文献
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培肥措施对复垦土壤轻重组有机碳氮的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
为揭示复垦土壤轻重组分有机碳氮随复垦年限和培肥措施变化的特征,采用密度分组方法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MCF)和生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤轻重组分碳氮含量及碳氮比变化规律。结果表明:复垦土壤总有机碳氮与轻重组有机碳氮含量变化趋势总体均表现为随复垦年限的增加而显著提高。经过8年复垦,不同处理间,单施有机肥对总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)与轻组有机氮(LFON)、重组有机氮(HFON)的提高效果总体优于其他处理,与生土相比,增加幅度分别为148.10%,68.09%,163.68%,129.51%,35.00%,92.59%。土壤轻组组分C/N重组组分C/N,土壤轻组组分C/N总体表现为随复垦年限增加而提高,以单施化肥最高,达25.48;重组C/N表现为随复垦年限增加而降低,以单施化肥最低,为6.44。施肥对土壤碳氮库管理指数影响显著,各施肥处理均以生物有机肥与化肥配施处理效果最好。综合来看,在等量养分投入的情况下,单施有机肥更有利于采煤塌陷区复垦土壤总有机碳氮库及轻重组有机碳的积累,单施化肥更大程度促进了轻组组分有机碳和重组组分有机氮的提升幅度。 相似文献
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采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体碳氮分布对施肥的响应 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
为了揭示长期不同培肥措施下采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量的变化规律,通过干筛法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、单施化肥(CF)、有机肥与化肥配施(MCF)、生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤各粒级团聚体分布组成特征以及各团聚体有机碳氮含量的变化规律。结果表明,复垦土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,其中以3~2mm粒级团聚体含量最低,占团聚体总量2%~3%,以2~1mm粒级团聚体含量最高,占团聚体总量25%~31%。不同培肥措施下复垦4年和8年土壤团聚体分布特征无明显差异,但较未复垦生土明显降低了7mm和7~5mm团聚体含量。复垦8年土壤的平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)高于复垦4年土壤,分形维数(D)值低于复垦4年土壤。各培肥处理间以单施有机肥MWD、GMD值最高,D值最低。各培肥处理土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量随粒径减小递增,以0.5~0.25mm粒径团聚体最高,而有机碳储量以2~1mm粒级团聚体最高,分别占24.2%~33.8%和17.0%~33.1%。各处理间有机碳氮含量以单施有机肥处理最高,但不同处理间有机碳氮储量无显著差异。总体表明,采煤塌陷区复垦4年和8年土壤团聚体分布特征及碳氮储量无明显变化,单施有机肥可提高复垦土壤团聚体有机碳氮含量及团聚体稳定性。 相似文献
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土壤有机氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标之一,也是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性双季稻田土壤氮累积、矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究。定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个施肥处理:不施肥(CK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK),施50%化肥+50%有机肥(50F+50M),施30%化肥+70%有机肥(30F+70M),施70%化肥+30%有机肥(70F+30M),于2017年早稻种植前采集耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,采用淹水密闭间歇淋洗法,对土壤氮矿化量和速率进行测定,并采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮矿化势(N_0)、矿化速率常数(k)等。结果表明,长期施肥显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮含量,以有机无机肥配施提升效果最为显著,且随有机肥投入量增加而递增,30F+70M处理较NPK处理显著提高铵态氮、硝态氮及总矿质氮含量,分别提高了47.0%、64.6%和49.7%。连续施肥33年后,施肥显著提高了土壤净矿化速率和土壤矿化氮释放量,排序为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKCK,配施有机肥较施化肥处理显著提高了土壤矿化氮累积释放量和土壤氮素矿化率,分别是化肥处理的2.70和1.41倍。长期施肥均显著提高了土壤氮素矿化势(N_0),提高幅度为65.9%～196.0%,配施30%有机肥(70F+30M)较施化肥处理(NPK)可显著增加水稻土氮素矿化势,降低氮矿化速率常数。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮及铵态氮含量显著影响N_0、N_0/N、累积矿化量及矿化率,土壤氮矿化速率常数(k)与C/N呈现极显著负相关。长期化学氮肥与低比例有机肥配施,使水稻土供氮缓慢而持久,在水稻的生长发育过程中能够不断地补充氮素。 相似文献
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在滴灌条件下,采用连续3年定位增施有机肥小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮、全氮以及土壤矿化和硝化特性的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田增施有机肥条件下土壤氮素转化与各形态氮素特征。结果表明,增施有机肥各处理均可显著增加土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量(P0.05),且明显增加NH+4-N占总氮(TN)比例。在各施肥处理中,以配施6 000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥处理(60%CF+BF2)的矿质氮含量最高;3年连续增施有机肥3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2可明显增加滴灌棉田全氮和微生物量氮含量(P0.05),其中生物有机肥(CF+BF)对提高微生物量氮(MBN)/TN的效果显著,其土壤全氮分别比对照(CK)和单施化肥处理(CF)提高了24.7%~37.1%和13.3%~24.5%,微生物量氮分别增加53.8%~98.5%和32.2%~70.5%。有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤硝化势和矿化能力。土壤增施3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2有机肥对促进滴灌棉田氮素转化,调节不同形态氮素比例及提高氮素肥力有显著效应。 相似文献
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长期施肥下三种旱作土壤有机碳含量及其矿化势比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
8.
长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
利用太湖地区26a的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素分布和C/N的影响,分析了10℃和30℃下不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化过程的差异,拟合了30℃下土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的方程式。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使表层土壤氮素累积量明显增加,0～20cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理。20～30cm土层,化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆+氮处理(CRN)及不施肥对照CK的含氮量高于有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆+有机肥+氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40～50cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)施有机肥或秸秆还田使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0～10cm表层土壤的C/N,CNPK>MNPK,CK>M0,而施秸秆处理MRN的C/N最低。20～50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。(3)在30℃下,土壤矿化过程达到稳定状态需要时间较短,且累积矿化量较高。在10℃下,培养后期的矿化速率高于30℃下的速率,但累积矿化量较低,低温条件引起了土壤氮素矿化率的降低。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式(p<0·01),K值较接近反应矿化初期各处理的矿化潜力,n值的差异反应MRN、MNP以及CNPK、CNP处理在矿化后期有更高潜力。 相似文献
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采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。 相似文献
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生物炭与有机肥、无机肥配施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤理化性状的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究施用生物炭对采煤塌陷复垦土壤的熟化效果,以山西省晋城市采煤塌陷复垦区土壤为研究对象,连续3年采用生物炭与有机肥、无机肥配施等方式研究其对复垦土壤主要理化性状的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理均不同程度改善了土壤的理化性状,有机肥配施生物炭处理明显降低了复垦土壤容重(降幅10%),提高了土壤孔隙含水率(增幅7.14%),但对土壤pH影响不明显。有机肥处理和无机肥处理的土壤全氮、全磷含量差异不显著;无机肥配施生物炭处理与单施无机肥处理相比,速效磷增加了8.33%,速效钾增加了6.34%,增幅较明显,对碱解氮影响则不明显。有机肥配施生物炭,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量增幅不明显;无机肥配施生物炭,真菌数量增幅最为明显(11.7%)。有机肥、无机肥配施生物炭处理玉米产量分别提高了3.03%和2.70%,生物炭的增产作用有限。因此,在复垦土壤上施用生物炭后可以提高有机肥和无机肥的培肥效果,单施生物炭效果不明显。 相似文献
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南方丘陵地区生物黑炭和有机肥配施化肥的应用研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
研究生物黑炭和有机肥配施化肥对旱地作物种植和养分损失的影响,旨在进一步探索高温多雨的南方丘陵地区旱地作物合理施肥和高产高效种植以及资源优化利用的有效途径。采用田间小区试验,设置了5个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥+生物黑炭(CF+B)、有机无机肥配施(OF+CF)和有机无机肥配施且添加生物黑炭(OF+CF+B),探讨了生物黑炭和有机肥施用对春玉米产量、地表氮磷径流损失、作物氮磷肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:生物黑炭或有机肥的施用可显著增产8.2%~11.1%,但有机肥和生物黑炭结合施用增产效果最佳,增产率可高达13.7%。相比CF处理,CF+B处理可显著降低15.9%的氮素径流损失和24.2%磷素径流损失,显著提高26.3%和11.8%的地上部氮磷累积量;OF+CF处理可显著降低17.5%的氮素径流损失和25.0%磷素径流损失,提高36.5%(P0.05)和8.2%(P0.05)地上部氮磷累积量;OF+CF+B处理可显著降低33.3%的氮素径流损失和35.2%磷素径流损失,显著提高52.1%和29.0%地上部氮磷累积量,且氮磷肥料利用率最高,分别达49.1%和26.4%。OF+CF+B处理施肥方式一方面可促进春玉米旺盛生长,增加地表植被覆盖度和增强土壤的抗蚀性,显著降低了地表的径流体积;另一方面可以全面降低土壤氮磷养分溶解态和颗粒态的径流损失,培肥了地力。因此,从产量经济效益和环境效益方面综合来看,认为添加生物黑炭和有机肥部分替代化肥结合化肥施入土壤是最合理的施肥方式,值得在该区域进行推广和应用。 相似文献
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《Journal of plant nutrition》2012,35(1):1-12
AbstractBecause of the high pH of the soil in semiarid regions, phosphorus adsorption is unfavorable. So, considerable amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used annually, where this fertilizer may affect the plant residues' decomposition. To examine the interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen mineralization in calcareous soil, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of various C:N ratios (20, 40, and 60 or three levels of nitrogen N1:0, N2:11, and N3:43?kg N ha?1, respectively) and the second factor consisted of various C:P ratios (87, 174, and 260 or three levels of phosphorus P1:0, P2:12, and P3:45?kg P ha?1, respectively), under incubation conditions. The results indicated that the cumulative mineral nitrogen content in all treatments, except for N1P2 and N1P3 treatments, started from a positive amount and remained positive until the end of the incubation period. The highest amount of cumulative mineral nitrogen among treatments was related to N3P1 treatment, while the lowest was associated with N2P3 treatment. Mineralization of nitrogen during 60?d of incubation was the dominant phenomenon, except for the N1P2 and N1P3 treatments which remained in the organic phase. The effect of phosphorus on the cumulative mineralization of nitrogen was significant. With increasing the amount of phosphorus, the total inorganic nitrogen diminished. Nitrogen release begins earlier with lower C:N ratios, and therefore the available nitrogen can be released more quickly to the plant. It is generally concluded that, in calcareous soil, the use of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C:N ratio and to improve the mineralization of wheat residues will be a suitable option. 相似文献
13.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):676-688
Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were measured and nitrogen (N) budgets were estimated for 2?years in the fertilizer, manure, control and bare plots established in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grassland in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. In the manure plot, beef cattle manure with bark was applied at a rate of 43–44?Mg fresh matter (236–310?kg?N)?ha?1?year?1, and a supplement of chemical fertilizer was also added to equalize the application rate of mineral N to that in the fertilizer plots (164–184?kg?N?ha?1?year?1). Grass was harvested twice per year. The total mineral N supply was estimated as the sum of the N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and gross mineralization of manure (GMm), soil (GMs), and root-litter (GMl). GMm, GMs and GMl were estimated by dividing the carbon dioxide production derived from the decomposition of soil organic matter, root-litter and manure by each C?:?N ratio (11.1 for soil, 15.5 for root-litter and 23.5 for manure). The N uptake in aboveground biomass for each growing season was equivalent to or greater than the external mineral N supply, which is composed of N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and GMm. However, there was a positive correlation between the N uptake in aboveground biomass and the total mineral N supply. It was assumed that 58% of the total mineral N supply was taken up by the grass. The N supply rates from soil and root-litter were estimated to be 331–384?kg?N?ha?1?year?1 and 94–165?kg?N?ha?1?year?1, respectively. These results indicated that the GMs and GMl also were significant inputs in the grassland N budget. The cumulative N2O flux for each season showed a significant positive correlation with mineral N surplus, which was calculated as the difference between the total mineral N supply and N uptake in aboveground biomass. The emission factor of N2O to mineral N surplus was estimated to be 1.2%. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis suggested that the N2O emission factor increased with an increase in precipitation. Consequently, soil and root-litter as well as chemical fertilizer and manure were found to be major sources of mineral N supply in the grassland, and an optimum balance between mineral N supply and N uptake is required for reducing N2O emission. 相似文献
14.
长期有机培肥模式下黑土碳与氮变化及氮素矿化特征 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
土壤氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标,是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。本研究依托黑土长期定位试验,通过取样分析研究了32 a不同培肥模式下黑土碳、 氮及主要活性组分的变化,采用淹水培养法研究了不同施肥模式下黑土氮素的矿化特征。结果表明,施肥显著提高黑土可溶性碳（DOC）、 氮（DON）的含量及其比例。在氮、 磷、 钾化肥的基础上配施有机肥,显著降低了土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）占土壤总氮的比例,提高了土壤微生物量的C/N比值（SMBC/SMBN）,促进了土壤氮的生物固持。施肥32 a后,单施常量和高量有机肥处理的土壤氮的矿化量（Nt）显著提高,分别相当于不施肥的8.2倍和10.2倍,而单施氮或氮磷钾化肥对黑土氮素矿化量无明显影响。施用有机肥显著提高了土壤氮素的矿化率（Nt/TN）,但有机肥配施化肥（氮或氮磷钾）的处理与单施有机肥相比,黑土氮的矿化率显著降低,降低幅度分别为23.5%~32.1% 和14.1%~17.8%。土壤氮素矿化量与土壤有机质、 全氮储量、 活性碳、 氮组分均呈极显著线性相关,但氮素的矿化率随着有机质和全氮含量的提高而提高至0.4% 后基本稳定。表明尽管土壤氮的矿化与有机质的含量直接相关,但土壤有机质的品质同样决定着土壤氮素的矿化能力。施有机氮是提高土壤供氮能力的重要途径。 相似文献
15.
不同施肥对河套灌区瓜田土壤养分及甜瓜生长和养分利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用田间试验研究了内蒙古巴彦淖尔市河套灌区甜瓜一次性施肥、覆膜后灌水淋洗排盐传统种植模式下不同施肥对土壤养分及甜瓜产量、品质和养分利用的效应,不同施肥处理包括不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF,N 445.5 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 399 kg/hm~2,K_2O 54 kg/hm~2)、优化减量施肥(RF,N 240 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2,K_2O 120 kg/hm~2)、控释肥(RSF,控释尿素N 240 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5 150 kg/hm~2,K_2O 120 kg/hm~2)、优化减量施肥+有机肥(RF+OM,增加有机肥15 t/hm~2)、控释肥+有机肥(RSF+OM)6个处理。结果表明:RSF在甜瓜生育期维持较高的土壤氮素水平,与单施化肥相比,RF+OM、RSF+OM处理可以维持土壤有机质含量,培肥土壤。各施肥处理与CK相比,甜瓜产量均显著增加(P0.05),RSF+OM处理产量显著高于CF处理,RF、RSF及RF+OM处理与CF处理相比产量和品质提高,但差异不显著。RF、RSF处理氮素利用效率比CF处理分别提高15.1,21.5个百分点,磷素利用效率分别提高20.4,18.8个百分点。化肥减施及施用控释肥对减少河套地区甜瓜农田灌溉退水中氮素汇入乌梁素海引起的面源污染具有重要的生态环境意义。 相似文献
16.
When fertilizing with compost, the fate of the nitrogen applied via compost (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching, soil accumulation) is relevant both from a plant‐production and an environmental point of view. In a 10‐year crop‐rotation field experiment with biowaste‐compost application rates of 9, 16, and 23 t ha–1 y–1 (f. m.), the N recovery by crops was 7%, 4%, and 3% of the total N applied via compost. Due to the high inherent fertility of the site, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was also low. In the minerally fertilized treatments, which received 25, 40, and 56 kg N ha–1 y–1 on average, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Although total N loads in the compost treatments were much higher than the N loads applied with mineral fertilizer (89–225 kg Ntot ha–1 y–1 vs. 25–56 kg Ntot ha–1 y–1; both on a 10‐year mean) and the N recovery was lower than in the treatments receiving mineral N fertilizer, soil NO ‐N contents measured three times a year (spring, post‐harvest, autumn) showed no higher increase through compost fertilization than through mineral fertilization at the rates applied in the experiment. Soil contents of Norg and Corg in the plowed layer (0–30 cm depth) increased significantly with compost fertilization, while with mineral fertilization, Norg contents were not significantly higher. Taking into account the decrease in soil Norg contents in the unfertilized control during the 10 years of the experiment, 16 t compost (f. m.) ha–1 y–1 just sufficed to keep the Norg content of the soil at the initial level. 相似文献