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添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对猪粪堆肥腐熟程度及温室气体排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤通报》2014,(5):1233-1240
以猪粪堆肥为对象,研究添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对猪粪高温好氧堆肥腐熟程度和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,在整个堆肥腐熟过程中,纯猪粪、猪粪与生物质炭分别以12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1比例混合的堆体达到的最高堆肥温度分别为44℃、58℃、63℃、60℃,其中5∶1和2.3∶1比例混合的处理均比12∶1处理提前2天进入高温腐熟阶段,并且提前5天完成腐熟过程;12∶1和5∶1生物质炭处理可显著降低堆体的EC值,但高比例(2.3∶1)添加下EC值超出堆肥安全施用范围;与CK相比,添加生物质炭处理堆体NH4+-N含量较对照提前11天降到最低值并趋于稳定;堆肥结束时,生物质炭添加比例为12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1堆体的NO3--N含量分别比对照提高了53.70%、148.36%和27.61%。且堆肥结束后添加生物质炭12∶1、5∶1和2.3∶1比例的堆体全氮损失率较对照分别降低32.07%、60.78%和50.18%;添加生物质炭显著降低堆体CH4排放总量82.03%~96.93%;5∶1和2.3∶1处理的CO2排放总量较对照显著降低20.21%和41.10%,而12∶1处理与CK相比无显著性差异;12∶1和5∶1处理的N2O的排放总量较CK显著提高66.61%和50.11%,而2.3∶1处理比CK显著降低了40.87%。 相似文献
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为筛选出适合牛粪和秸秆混合物料快速发酵的微生物菌剂,采用槽式堆肥方法,通过设置不接菌种、接种菌剂M1、M2、M3共4个处理,以发酵温度、pH值、发芽指数、有机质、氮、磷、钾等为评价指标,研究菌剂M1、M2、M3对堆肥发酵过程的影响。结果表明:接种菌剂处理达到50℃时间比不接种处理提前4 d,高温维持时间延长10～12 d,接种菌剂处理堆温在50℃以上时间持续了24 d,达到了GB/T 7959-2012标准;发酵过程中接种处理的p H值低于对照,pH值呈现下降、上升、下降、平稳的趋势;接种M1、M2处理的油菜发芽指数达到100%;C/N逐渐下降,30 d时接种处理由最初的27.75∶1下降到14.47∶1～17.27∶1,而对照仅下降到20.55∶1;堆肥结束时,菌剂处理的有机质、N+P_2O_5+K_2O含量与NY525-2012标准接近,发酵产物适合做生产商品有机肥的原料。综合各项指标,菌剂1和菌剂2的发酵效果优于菌剂3,菌剂1和菌剂2更适合牛粪和秸秆混合物料发酵。 相似文献
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为研究不同比例的过磷酸钙添加剂对病死猪堆肥过程中氮素转化和保氮效果的影响,本试验将病死猪尸体、水稻秸秆按一定比例混合后,设置未添加(CK)、添加5%(T1)和10%(T2)过磷酸钙3个处理,进行了为期30 d的堆肥发酵试验。结果表明,各堆体大于50℃的高温均能保持10 d以上,满足堆肥无害化的要求;添加初始物料鲜重的5%和10%的过磷酸钙对降低堆肥的p H值,增加堆肥的铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量均具有明显的效果。堆肥结束时,T1、T2处理的堆肥产品的总氮含量分别比对照高10.7%、10.1%,保氮效果显著。添加5%过磷酸钙处理的堆肥产品在第14 d时种子发芽指数达101.4%,高于对照,过磷酸钙促进了病死猪堆肥的快速腐熟。在病死猪堆肥中添加适量的过磷酸钙,可以降低堆体氮的损失,在堆肥工程中具有较广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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易降解有机质含量对黄瓜秧堆肥腐熟和氮损失的影响 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
蔬菜废弃物无害化处理,尤其对于集约化蔬菜产地,缺乏适用技术,易污染环境,浪费资源,甚至造成后续安全隐患。为实现蔬菜废弃物的安全高效转化,该试验以黄瓜秧为堆肥主原料,以玉米秸秆、淀粉和尿素为调理剂,在控制混合堆肥物料初始碳氮比为25,物料水分质量分数为60%,总物料质量相同的条件下,分析易降解有机质(除木质纤维素之外的有机质)比例对堆肥腐熟进程和氮素损失的影响。试验设置添加易降解有机质的质量分数分别为27%(T1)、36%(T2)、45%(T3)、51%(T4)4个处理,利用自制密闭式堆肥反应器研究了随堆肥进行,不同处理温度、物料损失、有机质降解和二氧化碳释放、p H值、电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)、发芽率指数(germination index,GI)的变化情况,并同时分析了氨气挥发速率、累积排放量和氮素损失率等。研究结果显示:随着初始混合物料中易降解有机质的增加,堆体的最高温度呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,但根据物料的p H值、EC和GI值判断,易降解有机质比例过高会影响堆肥的腐熟过程,其比例不宜超过45%,其中T3的最高温度最高,高达71.4℃,且有机质减少量和CO2累积排放量最高,表明T3最利于堆肥的起爆反应和无害化目标的实现;然而,易降解有机质的增加会伴随氮素损失,尤其是氨气挥发损失量的增加,其中T3氨气损失累积量最大(380.29 mg),T4的氮素损失率最高(36.01%),即物料中的木质纤维素有利于减少氮素的损失。综上,物料中易降解有机质质量分数为45%最利于堆肥的高温实现,同时对腐熟的影响较小,但氮素损失率高,因此实际生产中可额外添加木质纤维素类膨胀剂,改良物料的物理结构和理化特点,从而在实现高温的基础上减少氮素的损失。 相似文献
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屠宰场不同家畜废弃物堆肥的基本性质差异研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究屠宰场不同家畜废弃物堆肥过程中基本理化性质变化和微生物区系的消长规律。试验结果表明:羊废弃物堆肥升温最快,但整个过程中猪废弃物堆体温度最高;各堆肥在前21 d左右p H值一直呈上升趋势,然后趋于稳定,在21~90 d堆体p H值在7.9~8.5之间变化;随着堆肥的进行,各处理种子发芽指数(GI)逐渐增大,堆肥中后期,羊废弃物堆肥的GI普遍较高,而猪废弃物堆体GI最低;各堆肥草籽种子活力、大肠菌值在堆肥过程中逐渐降低;从开始堆肥后7 d,堆肥细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都有所增加,细菌增幅最大;猪废弃物堆肥真菌数量在整个堆肥过程中高于牛、羊废弃物,呈极显著差异;堆肥中前期3种家畜废弃物放线菌数量差异较小,中后期牛废弃物堆肥放线菌数量最大,而猪废弃物堆肥放线菌数量在堆肥30 d后急剧下降。与生物有机肥国家标准相对照,不同家畜废弃物堆肥90 d后,其p H值、有机碳及养分含量、大肠菌群值、蛔虫卵死亡率均达到国家标准。 相似文献
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沸石添加剂对污泥堆肥过程中的氨挥发及相关因素的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以污泥和秸秆为基本堆肥原料,向其中添加不同比例的沸石(5%和10%),采用密闭室动态吸收法,分析了污泥堆肥过程中的氨挥发速率以及氨挥发的相关影响因素。结果表明:堆肥中添加5%和10%的沸石,与对照相比显著降低了氨挥发累积速率27.9%和48.7%,并且延迟1 d出现氨挥发峰值。沸石添加剂对氨挥发影响因素温度、p H值、EC和NH4+-N均有显著影响,添加沸石缩短堆肥高温期3 d,降低堆肥中后期堆体温度(降幅为0.17~13.5℃),增加堆体0.09~0.22个p H单位,维持堆肥更低电导率(1 876.7~2 636.7μS·cm-1),降低堆体NH4+-N 9.07%~22.2%。污泥堆肥中添加沸石降低了氨挥发累积速率,保留了堆体中的有效氮,在堆肥工程中具有较为广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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以城市污泥+稻草秸秆混合物料为研究对象,运用好氧堆肥方法,研究不同通风量对污泥堆肥过程的影响,测定了堆肥过程中温度、含水率、有机质含量和种子发芽指数的变化规律,分析了堆肥过程中通风与未通风之间的差异性。结果表明:(1)通风能够有效保证堆料升温和维持高温期,温度高达74.20℃,高温持续时间达到6 d,温度上升速率达到24.03℃/d。(2)通风条件下,含水率呈现先升高,后降低,然后趋于稳定的变化规律。(3)堆肥结束后,各处理有机质含量均达到国家标准。(4)通风能够显著影响种子发芽系数,各处理GI值的大小顺序为3号箱2号箱1号箱4号箱5号箱。当通风量为1.00 m~3/h,高温维持时间最长(6 d),种子发芽指数最高(84.25%),堆肥效果最理想。 相似文献
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木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。 相似文献
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采用特制的堆肥箱,对废弃烤烟茎秆与鸡粪的堆肥化利用进行了研究。结果表明,烤烟茎秆＋鸡粪（处理A）混合堆肥处理的堆温保持在50℃以上的时间为10d,而烤烟茎秆＋碳酸氢铵（处理B）处理的仅为2d。堆肥30d时,处理A的碳素含量基本趋于稳定,C／N为15．8;处理B的碳素含量仍不稳定,C／N为23．5;处理A的铵态氮与硝态氮的比值为0．43,处理B的达0．60。堆肥20d时,处理A堆料浸出液浸种后的种子发芽指数比处理B的高15个百分点,差异达极显著水平。堆肥50d时,两处理的种子发芽指数差异不明显,种子发芽率均达到100％。烤烟茎秆与鸡粪堆肥成品的有机质和总养分（N、P2O5、K2O）含量、重金属（As,Hg,Ph,Cd,Cr）含量控制标准等完全达到有机肥质量的要求。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献